Deep roots of the Messinian salinity crisis

The Messinian salinity crisis--the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea between 5.96 and 5.33 million years (Myr) ago--was one of the most dramatic events on Earth during the Cenozoic era. It resulted from the closure of marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the causes of which remain enigmatic. Here we use the age and composition of volcanic rocks to reconstruct the geodynamic evolution of the westernmost Mediterranean from the Middle Miocene epoch to the Pleistocene epoch (about 12.1-0.65 Myr ago). Our data show that a marked shift in the geochemistry of mantle-derived volcanic rocks, reflecting a change from subduction-related to intraplate-type volcanism, occurred between 6.3 and 4.8 Myr ago, largely synchronous with the Messinian salinity crisis. Using a thermomechanical model, we show that westward roll back of subducted Tethys oceanic lithosphere and associated asthenospheric upwelling provides a plausible mechanism for producing the shift in magma chemistry and the necessary uplift (approximately 1 km) along the African and Iberian continental margins to close the Miocene marine gateways, thereby causing the Messinian salinity crisis.     

珠江口盆地新近系层序发育影响因素分析

在精细的层序地层格架下,通过对地震、测井等资料进行分析,探讨了构造运动、海平面升降以及沉积物供给对珠江口盆地层序发育的影响。结果表明:新近系经历了3次大的构造运动,构造运动造成盆地的整体抬升或局部抬升,形成层序边界的区域构造不整合,控制了二级层序发育的周期旋回。海平面的升降控制三级层序发育模式,在一个变化周期内,当海平面下降至坡折以下往往伴随着河流回春作用,在陆坡下形成由斜坡扇、盆底扇、低位楔组成的低位体系域;当海平面小幅度地下降至陆架坡折附近或短暂下降到坡折以下,低位期沉积则以泥质浊流沉积和滑塌体为主,斜坡扇和盆底扇不发育;当海平面未下降至陆架坡折带之下时,不发育低位体系域。沉积物供给量影响层序中准层序组类型,形成进积、退积和加积3种地层叠置方式。构造运动、海平面升降以及沉积物供给3个主控因素从不同级次影响着层序发育的过程,形成了珠江口盆地不同特征的层序样式。     

秦皇岛全新世海岸的演化和现代海岸的保护

秦皇岛海岸东自山海关西至洋河口。经过六十年代与八十年代两个时期对岸带的调查与实验分析资料的对比,作者认为其全新世时期的发育演化分为四个阶段:1)距今七千年前的海退阶段,2)距今七千年至五千年的海进阶段,3)距今五千年至三千年的海退阶段,4)距今三千年来的海进阶段。本文还论述了海岸带现代侵蚀问题,认为遭受侵蚀的原因有:海面的上升,沿海河流建水坝和茌河床及岸带大量挖砂使海岸带泥沙供应减少。此外,还对海岸的保护提出了具体的建议。     

12.4万年以来山东半岛东北部沿海地区的构造抬升速率

在综合考虑新构造运动和全球海面变化与海岸带地区地貌发育关系后,根据现代地貌面、海岸线和相关沉积等所反映的海面变化与全球海面变化的对比,推算了山东半岛东北部沿海地区的新构造抬升速率。结果表明,12.4万年以来牟平-即墨断裂带两侧的构造抬升速率有明显差异,断裂带西侧沿岸为0.50mm/a,断裂带东侧沿岸仅为0.15mm/a。     

Coupled spatial variations in precipitation and long-term erosion rates across the Washington Cascades

Past studies of tectonically active mountain ranges have suggested strong coupling and feedbacks between climate, tectonics and topography. For example, rock uplift generates topographic relief, thereby enhancing precipitation, which focuses erosion and in turn influences rates and spatial patterns of further rock uplift. Although theoretical links between climate, erosion and uplift have received much attention, few studies have shown convincing correlations between observable indices of these processes on mountain-range scales. Here we show that strongly varying long-term (>10(6)-10(7) yr) erosion rates inferred from apatite (U-Th)/He cooling ages across the Cascades mountains of Washington state closely track modern mean annual precipitation rates. Erosion and precipitation rates vary over an order of magnitude across the range with maxima of 0.33 mm yr(-1) and 3.5 m yr(-1), respectively, with both maxima located 50 km west (windward) of the topographic crest of the range. These data demonstrate a strong coupling between precipitation and long-term erosion rates on the mountain-range scale. If the range is currently in topographic steady state, rock uplift on the west flank is three to ten times faster than elsewhere in the range, possibly in response to climatically focused erosion.     

川鄂湘边区沉降史定量分析

运用回剥分析技术对川鄂湘边区沉降史作了定量研究 .研究表明 :川鄂湘边区的沉降作用受构造作用、海平面变化及沉积负载控制 ,共经历了 4个快速沉降期、4个缓慢沉降期、2个隆升期和1个块断差异沉降期 .快速沉降期对应于构造的强烈活动和海平面的快速上升 ,缓慢沉降期对应于构造活动的减弱 ,而隆升期往往对应于挤压上升和海平面的快速下降 .震旦纪 -早古生代沉降作用明显受构造作用控制 ,晚古生代的低沉降幅度可能是同期海平面变化引起的 ,三叠 -侏罗纪的沉降作用受控于同期的构造活动 ,同时海平面变化也对此时期的沉降作用有一定影响     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组孔隙类型和充填特征——以天全县龙门剖面为例

龙门剖面震旦系灯影组位于四川盆地西南部,总体上为一套障壁海岸相渤坪沉积．孔隙的发育主要受控于古岩溶作用,在纵向上具有旋回性,主要受控于海平面的升降变化和构造运动的括升剥蚀．储层沥青在古风化面附近含量较高,且沥青的含量和产状的分布与储层储集性能有较好的正相关关系．通过对含沥青段和不合沥青段的对比研究发现,优质储层形成的条件是油气充注前孔隙保存较好,且有一定的构造高度．油气的充注可以使得储集空间得以保存,未被油气充注的储集空间在随后的地质历史中也被各种矿物充填．     

潮汐分汊河口盐水入侵类型探讨—以长江口为例

长江河口具有分汊、心滩、串沟和江心沙岛等地貌形态，系典型的潮汐分汊河口。咸潮入侵形式有外海直接入侵、倒灌、漫滩归槽和浅滩通道水体交换等四种类型，形成其特有的盐度时空变化规律，导致南支主槽存在一个氯离子含量比其上下游均要高的高氯度带，以及大潮期盐度低，小潮或寻常潮期间盐度反而高等特殊现象。     

中上扬子晚奥陶世赫南特期岩相古地理

晚奥陶世赫南特期发生了全球性的气候变冷事件.中上扬子地区典型沉积为观音桥组,富产全球广泛分布的赫南特动物群,对应冰盖扩张引起的全球海平面下降阶段.根据岩性、沉积构造、生物组合及其保存状态,赫南特阶划分出潮坪相及浅海陆棚相.湖坪相主要沉积观音桥组炭泥质灰岩、钙质泥岩,底栖生物繁盛.浅海陆棚相主要沉积五峰组上部Normal...     

西藏普兰地区第四纪以来冰锯作用研究

为了验证西藏普兰地区冰川作用对地形演化的影响, 选取纳木那尼峰、喜马拉雅山和冈底斯山3个区域, 利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据和遥感影像, 对现代冰川与末次冰盛期(LGM)古冰川平衡线高度(ELA)、冰川作用区坡度与高程的关系以及冰川分布的高程频谱进行计算和分析。结果显示, 研究区内冰川剥蚀作用显著、坡度降低最明显的地带位于LGM古冰川平衡线附近, 并在一定程度上限制山脉的高度。根据冰川地貌特征参数和前人研究结果, 认为气候是影响冰锯作用的主要因素。冰期时, 研究区内西风急流南移, 风速增强, 降水量增多, 为冰川发育创造良好条件, 冰锯作用也增强。对于构造抬升强烈的山脉(如纳木那尼峰), 虽然冰锯作用得到加强, 但是构造抬升增加的山脉高度不会完全被冰锯作用抵消。     

Significant decadal-scale impact of volcanic eruptions on sea level and ocean heat content

Ocean thermal expansion contributes significantly to sea-level variability and rise. However, observed decadal variability in ocean heat content and sea level has not been reproduced well in climate models. Aerosols injected into the stratosphere during volcanic eruptions scatter incoming solar radiation, and cause a rapid cooling of the atmosphere and a reduction in rainfall, as well as other changes in the climate system. Here we use observations of ocean heat content and a set of climate simulations to show that large volcanic eruptions result in rapid reductions in ocean heat content and global mean sea level. For the Mt Pinatubo eruption, we estimate a reduction in ocean heat content of about 3 x 10(22) J and a global sea-level fall of about 5 mm. Over the three years following such an eruption, we estimate a decrease in evaporation of up to 0.1 mm d(-1), comparable to observed changes in mean land precipitation. The recovery of sea level following the Mt Pinatubo eruption in 1991 explains about half of the difference between the long-term rate of sea-level rise of 1.8 mm yr(-1) (for 1950-2000), and the higher rate estimated for the more recent period where satellite altimeter data are available (1993-2000).     

安哥拉宽扎盆地白垩系油气成藏条件及勘探潜力

以安哥拉宽扎盆地的构造演化、沉积充填特征研究为基础,重点开展了宽扎盆地的盐上和盐下构造单元划分及盆地油气成藏基本条件研究,系统总结了宽扎盆地的白垩系油气成藏模式,指出了有利勘探区。宽扎盆地经历了裂谷阶段、过渡阶段和被动陆缘阶段的构造沉积演化阶段,不同的构造演化控制着宽扎盆地的盐上、盐下构造单元变化及生储盖条件的变化,形成了盐下自生自储运聚成藏模式和盐上下生上储跨越式运聚成藏模式。宽扎盆地临近大西洋枢纽带以西及附近深海的盐下地垒（高地）与盐岩分布厚盐区的叠置区域是盐下油气聚集的有利区带,其勘探潜力大。宽扎盆地盐上Albian阶碳酸盐岩及砂岩发育的盆地近海区域是盐上有利勘探区。     

黄土高原构造侵蚀期研究

根据野外调查和实际测量资料，研究了黄土高原构造侵蚀期和期内造成的侵蚀。资料表明，黄土高原约160万年以来发生了6次构造侵蚀期，各次侵蚀期下切深度存在差别，深度变化一般在5－130m之间。黄土高原构造侵蚀期与海、湖盆地构造侵蚀期不同，它所造成的侵蚀主要限于沟谷、丘陵区和塬边。构造侵蚀期的多次发生是黄土高原分割和沟谷发育的主要原因。     

川西南部地区中二叠统栖霞组岩相古地理特征

基于四川盆地西南部地区的野外露头、钻井、测井等资料,对该地区栖霞组的岩性及岩相古地理特征进行了分析,结果显示,四川盆地西南部地区栖霞组主要发育台内浅滩和开阔海微相,并将栖霞组划分为2个沉积旋回,分别代表栖霞期的2次海平面升降变化.其中第二沉积旋回———海平面下降阶段为栖霞期最重要的成滩期,该时期浅滩广泛发育,岩性主要为亮晶生屑灰岩,局部高地发育白云岩,经后期东吴运动改造,有望成为具有良好的储集物性特征的储集层.     

四川盆地西南部茅口期岩相古地理

根据野外露头、钻井、测井等资料, 对四川盆地西南部茅口组的岩性特征及岩相古地理进行了分析。结果表明,四川盆地西南部地区茅口组为台内浅滩和开阔海微相环境,并可划分出3 个沉积旋回,代表了茅口期的3 次海平面升降变化。其中第二沉积旋回海平面下降阶段为最重要的成滩期,这一时期浅滩广泛发育亮晶生屑灰岩,局部高地发育白云岩,经后期东吴运动改造,有望成为具有良好的储集物性特征的储集层。     

Response of rice cultivation to fluctuating sea level during the Mid-Holocene

Archaeological analysis of a section of ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan for diatoms, seeds and phytoliths has shown that the highest local sea level in eastern China during the Holocene appeared before 7.0 ka BP. Entering the Mid-Holocene, as seawater regressed, a vast wetland plain appeared in the coastal area, where farmers of the Neolithic Hemudu culture cultivated rice. However, there were still several sea-level fluctuations in the Mid-Holocene, of which the biggest were from 6.4 to 6.3 ka BP and from 4.6 to 2.1 ka BP. In addition, in the period dominated by wetland grass vegetation, 6.3 to 4.6 ka BP, smaller fluctuations appar- ently pushed the coastline back on to the land. Even though the sea-level rises associated with these shoreline transgressions did not have the intensity of the highest sea level period, there still would have been profound impacts on the lives and production activities of people living in the region. Archaeological evidence from ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan shows that larger sea-level rise events pushed seawater onto the land and inundated large areas of rice fields, whereas weaker sea-level rise events resulted in the intrusion of seawater along rivers, causing an increase in soil salinity and a decrease in rice yields. The impact of sea-level rise on rice cultivation caused changes in local diet. In regions where rice production fell, the prevalence of gathering and hunting rose. High sea levels in the early Holocene imply that the origin of rice cultivation in the eastern coastal plain is likely to have been in small nearby mountain basins.     

The new finding of Neogene marine low resistivity light oil field in the western part of Pearl River Mouth Basin

Based on the new finding of Wenchang L low-resistivity light oil field, the finding process, reservoir characteristics and pool-forming pattern were studied. The oil-rock correlation, neritic reservoir type, hydrocarbon conduct system and dominant migration and accumulation direction,and new techniques were discussed. The results showed that large amount of hydrocarbon generated by shallow lacustrine mudstone and shale of Eocene Wenchang formation could migrate from sag to Qionghai uplift distantly; neritic shoal-bar reservoir have developed in the 1st member of Zhujiang formation, dip-sag faults and regional good marine sandstone layers of the 1st and the 2nd member of Zhujiang formation have constituted hydrocarbon conduct system in Qionghai uplift; the late fault system which were controlled by Dongsha tectonic movement constructed the connection between lower hydrocarbon and upper neritic shoal-bar reservoir. Therefore, the pool-forming pattern with "vertical migration and accumulation, secondary structure-lithology-dominated" was proposed. Finally the enlightenment of explorating new findings was discussed.     

水位调控下微咸水灌溉后包气带水盐运移特征

为缓解西北干旱区灌溉压力和浅层水咸化问题,通过石羊河流域下游某试验场原位试验研究水位调控和微咸水灌溉双重条件下的包气带水盐运移规律。结果表明：水位调控能起到减蒸抑盐作用,随灌溉水电导率增加抑盐效果减弱。微咸水灌溉后,水位调控可以减弱盐分在浅层的积累。因此,对于淡水资源短缺、土壤盐渍化和浅层水咸化区域,灌溉期可以采用水位调控和微咸水结合的灌溉方式,不仅缓解了深部淡水资源的使用压力,而且改善了微咸水灌溉后浅层土壤盐渍化问题。     

阿拉善地区华北板块北部陆缘区成矿作用的研究

本文从构造环境与成矿作用关系的角度，论述了研究区不同构造单元的成矿特征。宗乃山－沙拉扎山岛弧区有利于寻找热液型、矽卡岩型的铁、铜矿床和多金属矿床；查干础鲁－霍尔森边缘海蛇绿混杂带是寻找铬铁矿的有利地带；雅布赖－巴音诺尔公大陆弧区的成矿作用比较复杂，随着构造的演化有铜、镍－铜、铁－钨、锡和萤石等矿化的演变过程。与边缘海洋壳俯冲有关的那仁哈拉韧性剪切带很可能形成原生金矿。     

Plate-wide stress relaxation explains European Palaeocene basin inversions

During Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic times, many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rifts and basin structures in the interior of the European continent underwent several phases of inversion (the process of shortening a previously extensional basin). The main phases occurred during the Late Cretaceous and Middle Palaeocene, and have been previously explained by pulses of compression, mainly from the Alpine orogen. Here we show that the main phases differed both in structural style and cause. The Cretaceous phase was characterized by narrow uplift zones, reverse activation of faults, crustal shortening, and the formation of asymmetric marginal troughs. In contrast, the Middle Palaeocene phase was characterized by dome-like uplift of a wider area with only mild fault movements, and formation of more distal and shallow marginal troughs. A simple flexural model explains how domal, secondary inversion follows inevitably from primary, convergence-related inversion on relaxation of the in-plane tectonic stress. The onset of relaxation inversions was plate-wide and simultaneous, and may have been triggered by stress changes caused by elevation of the North Atlantic lithosphere by the Iceland plume or the drop in the north-south convergence rate between Africa and Europe.