塔里木河干流下游地下水变化分析

塔里木河干流下游,尤其是大西海子至台特玛湖河段是塔里木河流域自然环境最为严酷、生态退化最为严重的地区,其生态问题已引起国内外的广泛关注。本文结合前人研究成果和实际调查资料,重点分析干流下游大西海子至台特玛湖段2004—2008年地下水变化动态以及上中游来水对地下水水位和水质的影响。     

黑河干流中游地区地表水和地下水集成模拟与应用

黑河干流中游地区内地下水和河水、泉水的转化以及综合利用具有西北干旱区的典型性.在一维明渠汇流和三维地下水流耦合数值模型的基础上,结合1995—2003年的黑河水位、流量和地下水头监测等数据对模型进行了识别,分析了正义峡站黑河水位和流量、地下水头变化和地表水和地下水综合利用状况,说明模型是可靠的.同时,利用GRACE重力卫星和GLDAS土壤含水量数据反演了2004—2012年地下水储量的变化,根据2004—2007年监测和模拟地下水头对比效果反推了研究区的地下水开采量,模拟发现地下水向黑河排泄水量、泉水溢出量和潜水蒸发量基本呈逐渐下降的趋势.其成果可为黑河干流中游地区水资源管理和综合利用提供服务.     

干旱灌区地表水和地下水联合利用耦合模型研究

通过动态耦合运算分布式地下水模拟模型与水资源优化配置模型的技术路线,建立了干旱灌区地表水和地下水联合利用耦合模型,该模型既可以对灌区地表水和地下水进行优化调度,又可以合理控制区域地下水位.最后将耦合模型应用到黄河流域某灌区,并对灌区2020和2030年的水资源进行了优化配置.同时对不同区域的地下水埋深进行了控制.研究成果可为干旱灌区水资源高效利用、盐碱化防治等方面提供借鉴和参考.     

干旱灌区地表水和地下水联合利用耦合模型研究

通过动态耦合运算分布式地下水模拟模型与水资源优化配置模型的技术路线,建立了干旱灌区地表水和地下水联合利用耦合模型,该模型既可以对灌区地表水和地下水进行优化调度,又可以合理控制区域地下水位.最后将耦合模型应用到黄河流域某灌区,并对灌区2020和2030年的水资源进行了优化配置,同时对不同区域的地下水埋深进行了控制.研究成果可为干旱灌区的水资源高效利用、盐碱化防治等方面提供借鉴和参考.     

喀什市地下水系统确定-随机耦合模拟模型

本文对喀什市地下水系统的数值模拟问题进行了探讨．并利用随机模拟技术处理系统的边界．建立了系统的确定-随机耦合模拟模型．模型运行结果表明．该模型能如实地反映地下水系统状态变化的特性．它为系统的规划、管理问题的进一步研究奠定了可靠的基础．     

基于地表水地下水耦合模型的白马河傍河 水源地开采量评价

目前基于数值模型的傍河水源地开采量评价中,常把河水作为第一类定水头边界,本质上是把河流当成无限水源,在理论上存在一定缺陷。以河流扩散波方程作为模型中的河流边界,取代传统模型中的水位和流量边界。通过模拟河水流量和水位变化模拟地下水与河水之间水量交换,评价地下水开采量。为验证方法合理性,将第一类定水头边界模型和扩散波方程边界耦合模型的评价结果进行对比。结果表明,按耦合模型和第一类定水头边界模型评价本区地下水可开采量分别为2 733万m~3/a、3 942万m~3/a,而本区的年径流总量为3 120万m~3/a;传统的第一类定水头边界模型评价的地下水可开采量超过了流域年径流量,而耦合模型评价的结论更为合理。     

疏勒河干流地表水与地下水水化学特征及相互转化关系

文章在分析疏勒河干流地表水与地下水水化学特征的基础上,识别了疏勒河干流不同地带地表水与地下水的补排关系。分析结果认为:(1)祁连山区,地下水与地表水的转化以地下水向河流排泄为主;(2)南盆地,在山前洪积扇出山河水入渗转化为地下水;溢出带地下水以泉的形式转化为地表水;在农灌区引河水通过田间入渗补给地下水;(3)北盆地双塔灌区,地下水主要接受引水灌溉入渗补给,沿途蒸发排泄并向地势低洼地带排泄。     

剡江流域地下水与地表水联合调度模型

以宁波剡江流域为例，建立了地下水与地表水联合调度模型，给出了联合调度的优化方案，并与其单独开发进行了对比，结果表明，联合调度是提高主流域水资源利用率的有效途径。     

引黄灌区地表水与地下水联合优化运行分析

引黄灌区经过四五十年的大规模开发和建设,水资源的开发利用格局和下垫面条件等发生了深刻变化,目前单纯依靠水文资料及常规计算方法已很难正确评价人类活动影响下的水资源量及其时空分布规律,探索和研制适用于人类剧烈活动影响下的引黄灌区水资源统一评价模型。为全国水资源的二次评价提供新的理论和技术途径,乃是当务之急。本项研究主要是针时人类大规模活动影响下引黄灌区下垫面条件和水循环规律的深刻变化．首次将概念性水文模型与地下水动力学模型有机地结合起来,建立起引黄灌区地表水与地下水统一评价的联合调度优化分析,为解决大埋深条件下引黄灌区水资源的精细评价提出一种新的方法。     

1961-2005年塔里木河中游径流量损耗分析

运用定量计算与定性分析的方法,对塔里木河中游段径流量变化做了变异系数和趋势分析,探讨了塔里木河中游径流损耗的特点和原因．分析了径流变化对生态环境的影响,得出了1961--2005年塔里木河中游径流量、耗水量变化趋势、中游耗水量和中游径流量之间有明显的正相关结论．     

地下水数值模拟中的参数灵敏度分析

将局部灵敏度分析和全局灵敏度分析引入地下水数值模型的参数灵敏度分析中,并以塔里木河下游为例,选取含水层渗透系数、给水度、河床沉积物渗透特性系数及模型输入项的河流水位进行地下水数值模拟中的参数灵敏度分析.分析结果表明,河流水位对地下水数值模型的影响最为显著,而其他参数的影响则相对较小,全局灵敏度分析计算出的参数总灵敏度较小.这说明地下水数值模型比较稳定,可以用于模拟塔里木河下游地下水水位变化情况.     

Physiological response of natural plants to the change of groundwater level in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Based on the analysis of the three-year (2000-2002) monitoring data of the four times intermittent stream water conveyance to the lower reaches of Tarim River where the stream flow was dried up for more than 30 years and the measurement of PRO, SOD and POD in plants collected from 24 vegetation plots, it is concluded that the stream water conveyance plays an important role in lifting groundwater level. The groundwater nearby the watercourse was raised from 5～8 m in depth before the stream water conveyance to 2.5～5 m after stream water conveyance. The physiological response of Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica to the change of groundwater is sensitive and represents a grads change obviously. The growth of the plants in the lower reaches of Tarim River is stressed by drought to various degrees. Lengthways, the drought stress exposed to the plants increases with groundwater depth from the upper sections to the lower sections; and breadthwise, the drought stress exposed to the plants is increased with the increase of distance away from the river channel of stream intermittent water releases and of the groundwater depth. Combining the field investigation and the analysis of the plots, it is considered that the stress groundwater depths for the Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica are 3.5 m, 5 m and 4.5 m respectively.     

沁河流域地表水与地下水转换的模拟

黄河中游的沁河流域中下游水文地质情况复杂,地表水地下水转换频繁。为研究该流域水资源形成转换规律,建立了一个基于相似水文响应单元的物理性分布式水文模型,模拟了人类活动用水影响下的水文过程,用简化的渗流模型模拟成层岩溶地区地下水运动。经参数率定和1986—1998年长系列模拟,结果显示:沁河流域水资源量主要受降水影响,地表水与地下水转换量占地下水资源量80%以上。超采地下水导致地下水位下降,引起地表径流量显著减少。成层岩溶影响到多个水文过程,地表水与地下水转换随着岩溶发育而动态变化。     

塔里木河下游数字地下水埋深模型的构建

根据数字地面模型的概念,利用航空拍摄的地面高程数据和地下水观测孔观测得到的地下水水位数据,建立了塔里木河下游地区的数字高程模型和数字地下水水位模型,并在这两个数字模型的基础上得到了塔里木河下游的数字地下水埋深模型．从数字地下水埋深模型获得的地下水埋深分布状况可知,地下水埋深大于10m的面积占统计面积的65％．     

The utilization of water resources and its variation tendency in Tarim River Basin

Water resources efficient utilization is the key to ecological improvement and economic development in Tarim River Basin. It is necessary to analyze the water resources utilization and its variation tendency in the whole river basin. Based on the monitored data and formation at eight meteorological stations and fifteen hydrological stations, the method of time series, regression analysis are applied to analyzing the water resources utilization and variation trend in the headstreams and mainstream areas especially in recent 10 years. The quantitative results indicate that inflows of the headstream areas have an increasing trend to different extent in the past 40 years. The runoff increasing trend is more significant from1994 to 2002, which show the water resources condition in the headstreams is at an advantage. However, under the condition of water increase with the volume of 25×10^8 m^3 in headstreams in recent 10 years, the mainstream water flowing from the headstreams has increased less than 0.9985×10^8 m^3. In addition, the runoff at the different hydrologic stations along the Tarim River has a significant linear de- creasing trend. It is shown that the degraded trend of ecological environment in the mainstream areas hardly changes even if the Tarim River Basin is in the special water period for ten consecutive years.     

近50年洮河干流径流量分布特征及变化趋势分析

根据洮河干流4个水文站1956-2009年的逐月径流量资料,从不均匀性和集中程度等方面分析了径流量年内分配的变化特征,并采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法分析了流域月、年径流量变化的趋势性.结果表明:洮河干流径流量在枯水季节和丰水季节相差较大,年内分配极不均匀.从时间上来看,1980年以后各水文站径流量的不均匀性和集中程度有所缓解,径流量的集中期有提前的趋势.从空间上来看,洮河流域下游比上游具有更高的不均匀性和集中度,说明越向下游径流量年内分配越不均匀.另外,不均匀性和集中度的相对变化幅度整体有升高趋势.1980年以后洮河干流各月径流量普遍减小,汛期减少尤为明显,且上游枯水期减少趋势大于下游,下游汛期减少趋势大于上游,春、夏季减少趋势大于秋、冬季.洮河干流径流量的年际变化较为剧烈,1980年以后洮河干流年径流量明显减小,且下游减少趋势大于上游.其中,下巴沟、岷县、李家村、红旗站年径流量分别以每年0.14×108,0.28×108,0.35×108,0.37×108m3的速率递减,递减量分别占多年平均径流量的0.91%,0.84%,0.88%,0.81%.     

1961—2013年塔里木河干流流域潜在蒸散发动态变化及其定量气候驱动

为研究气候变化对塔里木河干流流域潜在蒸散发的影响。选取塔里木河干流流域内10个气象站1961—2013年逐日地面气象数据,运用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall非参数检验和优势分析方法分析塔里木河干流流域不同时段潜在蒸散发动态变化及其定量气候驱动。结果表明：1961—2013年,塔里木河干流流域年、季潜在蒸散发均呈减少趋势,以1976年前冬季减幅最大,1976年后春季增幅最大,1976年为年潜在蒸散发的突变点。塔里木河干流流域年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度和降水量均极显著增加,日照时数极显著减少,且1976年前平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和日照时数的减幅均小于1976年后的增幅,1976年前相对湿度和降水量的增幅均小于1976年后的增幅。塔里木河干流流域潜在蒸散发的变化是由多种气象因子综合作用的结果,日照时数是年、季潜在蒸散发减少的主要气候驱动因子。1976年前,春、夏、冬、年潜在蒸散发的减少主要受日照时数的减少控制为主,贡献率分别为100.00%、67.56%、51.41%和52.20%,秋季潜在蒸散发的增加主要受日照时数的增加控制为主,贡献率为45.62%;1976年后...     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica ofiv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.