Theories,theoretical models,truth

This paper was written with two aims in mind. A large part of it is just an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth. Philosophers do not agree on how Tarski's theory is related to their investigations. Some of them doubt whether that theory has any relevance to philosophical issues and in particular whether it can be applied in dealing with the problems of philosophy (theory) of science.In this paper I argue that Tarski's chief concern was the following question. Suppose a language L belongs to the class of languages for which, in full accordance with some formal conditions set in advance, we are able to define the class of all the semantic interpretations the language may acquire. Every interpretation of L can be viewed as a certain structure to which the expressions of the language may refer. Suppose that a specific interpretation of the language L was singled out as the intended one. Suppose, moreover, that the intended interpretation can be characterized in a metalanguage L ⁺. If the above assumptions are satisfied, can the notion of truth for L be defined in the metalanguage L ⁺ and, if it can, how can this be done?     

Complexity, Networks, and Non-Uniqueness

The aim of the paper is to introduce some of the history and key concepts of network science to a philosophical audience, and to highlight a crucial—and often problematic—presumption that underlies the network approach to complex systems. Network scientists often talk of “the structure” of a given complex system or phenomenon, which encourages the view that there is a unique and privileged structure inherent to the system, and that the aim of a network model is to delineate this structure. I argue that this sort of naïve realism about structure is not a coherent or plausible position, especially given the multiplicity of types of entities and relations that can feature as nodes and links in complex networks.     

爱因斯坦、毕加索,科学、艺术

That Maxwell' s electrodynamics the way in which it is usually understood leads to asymmetries that do not appear in the phenomena is well known. Albert Einstein The painter' s studio should be a laboratory. There one does not make art in the manner of a monkey, one invents. Painting is a play of the mind.     

Introduction. Meaningfulness,Volunteers, Citizenship

This introductory article starts by describing the genesis of this special issue and the interconnection of its topics. The editors offer a variety of reading entries into the key-note articles and responses. The article reconstructs the research interests underpinning the idea of integrating meaningfulness, volunteers and citizenship. It highlights the explicit interdisciplinary design of the special issue, and shows how the key-note authors, and their respondents, weave connections between meaningfulness, volunteering and citizenship. And, finally, the editors bring the background understandings of the key-note papers to the foreground, and reconstruct a non-intentional meta-level discussion on two fundamental concepts and their interplay: self and world.     

“磷、膦、钅粦”“氨、胺、铵”系列名词辨析

系统分析和归纳了“磷、膦、钅粦”“氨、胺、铵”系列名词的定义和知识点,探讨了易混淆、错用的各类情况,为科技编辑及其他技术人员正确、规范使用该系列名词术语提供借鉴。     

Symmetry, Quantum Mechanics, and Beyond

The relevance of symmetry to today's physics is a widely acknowledged fact. A significant part of recent physical inquiry – especially the physics concerned with investigating the fundamentalbuilding blocks of nature – is grounded on symmetry principles andtheir many and far-reaching consequences. But where these symmetries come from and what their real meaning is are open questions, at the center of a developing debate among physicists and philosophers of science. To tackle the problems arising in considering the symmetry issue is the main purpose of this paper. Starting with briefly recalling the bases for the discussion – how symmetry enters and operates in physics, its special effectiveness in the quantum domain and the many relevant functions it performs (Sections 1–3), the paper then focus on the general interpretative questions that arise and the sorts of answers that have been given (Section 4).     

生态伦理:变革的、理论的、行动的

生态伦理使思维方式、价值观念和伦理学的某些基本话语发生了变革.在生态伦理付诸实践过程中,可持续发展原则、整体性原则、公正性原则、技术支撑原则对人与自然和谐发展都是必要的,而节制贪欲原则是关键的.     

On Ultrametricity,Data Coding,and Computation

The triangular inequality is a defining property of a metric space, while the stronger ultrametric inequality is a defining property of an ultrametric space. Ultrametric distance is defined from p-adic valuation. It is known that ultrametricity is a natural property of spaces in the sparse limit. The implications of this are discussed in this article. Experimental results are presented which quantify how ultrametric a given metric space is. We explore the practical meaningfulness of this property of a space being ultrametric. In particular, we examine the computational implications of widely prevalent and perhaps ubiquitous ultrametricity.     

必然性、先验性和分析性与二维语义理论

必然性、先验性、分析性是三个不同范畴的概念,与它们对应的领域分别是模态、理性和意义。这三个概念彼此密切关联,形成了建构性的金三角关系,这个金三角遭到了克里普克的破坏,二维语义理论试图恢复这个金三角,它提出了看待可能性的两种方式,在更大的范围内阐明了意义和模态与理性领域的密切联系。     

李约瑟的生平及其贡献

英国杰出的生物化学家，研究中国科学文化史的权威和中国人民的忠实朋友李约瑟博士最近逝世。他的逝世对中国和中国人民而言是重大损失，我们因此科学史和中英友好事业的贡献。特别讨论了他从三十年代以来对中国文化的皈依过程和他的《中国科学技术史》的意义。还指出，李博士的形象和精神为我们提供一个现成的学习榜样。     

Mathematical Naturalism: Origins, Guises, and Prospects

During the first half of the twentieth century, mainstream answers to the foundational crisis, mainly triggered by Russell and Gödel, remained largely perfectibilist in nature. Along with a general naturalist wave in the philosophy of science, during the second half of that century, this idealist picture was finally challenged and traded in for more realist ones. Next to the necessary preliminaries, the present paper proposes a structured view of various philosophical accounts of mathematics indebted to this general idea, laying the ground for a desirable integration of their strenghts.     

分配、承认、参与和能力:环境正义的四重维度

环境正义的理论维度远不止于分配层面,而是集分配、承认、参与和能力等四重内涵于一身的集合体。承认正义是参与正义的前提和条件,参与正义是承认正义的表征和体现。承认正义和参与正义是实现分配正义的基础和保障,分配正义则以能力正义为最终旨归。对环境正义理论维度的分析,不仅有助于深化学界对"正义"和环境正义之"正义"内涵的理解,而且对厘清环境正义运动实践中人们对正义的价值诉求,尤其对反思我国近些年频发的"环境群体性事件",具有重要的启迪意义。     

信息不对称:筛选、组织、创新

科技创新以信息的接受为基础，在“信息爆炸”背景下出现信息不对称的特点：地域分布的不对称、质量与数量的不对称、生产与接受能力的不对称。必须通过信息筛选以提高信源的质量，通过信息接受主体整合，加强信息的组织建构，以因应信息不对称的特点，提高信息接受能力，提高民族的科技创新能力。