乙酸戊酯合成条件的优化研究

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂,对以乙酸和正戊醇为原料合成乙酸戊酯的反应条件进行了研究,并分析了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、回流温度诸因素对收率的影响.实验结果表明,硫酸氢钠是合成乙酸戊酯的良好催化剂;最佳反应条件为:乙酸、正戊醇和硫酸氢钠的摩尔比为1∶1.25∶0.04,反应时间为45min,回流温度为112~140℃.满足上述条件酯收率可达96.4%.     

己二酸二甲酯的合成研究

以己二酸和无水甲醇为原料,一水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成了己二酸二甲酯,考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯化反应的影响,确定了合成已二酸二甲酯的最佳反应条件:n(己二酸):n(无水甲醇):n(一水合硫酸氢钠)=1:5:0.29,回流分水60 min,己二酸二甲酯收率达97.48%,纯度在98%以上.实验结果表明,一水合硫酸氢钠对合成己二酸二甲酯具有良好的催化活性.     

己二酸二甲酯的合成研究

以己二酸和无水甲醇为原料,一水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成了己二酸二甲酯,考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯化反应的影响,确定了合成己二酸二甲酯的最佳反应条件：n(己二酸)：n(无水甲醇)：n(一水合硫酸氢钠)=1：5：0．29,回流分水60 min,己二酸二甲酯收率达97．48％,纯度在98％以上。实验结果表明,一水合硫酸氢钠对合成己二酸二甲酯具有良好的催化活性。     

对氨基苯甲酸乙酯制备实验的改进

对氨基苯甲酸乙酯的制备是典型的有机实验,本文采用一水合硫酸氢钠为绿色催化剂,考察了催化剂用量、反应时间、酸与醇摩尔比对酯化反应产率的影响。结果表明:反应条件为:一水合硫酸氢钠3.0g,反应时间2.0h,n(对氨基苯甲酸):n(乙醇)=1.0:8.0,产率可达68.3%。     

硫酸铁催化合成乙酸苄酯

探讨以硫酸铁为固体催化剂,由冰乙酸和苯甲醇为原料合成乙酸苄酯。采用平行实验法对影响反应的因素进行了考察。结果表明反应的最佳条件:n(苄醇)∶n(乙酸)=2.5∶1.0。催化剂用量1.25g(以0.1mol原料为基准),反应时间2.0h,回流温度87~94℃。在此条件下,合成的产品最高的产率可达到67.1%左右。     

由复合催化剂催化合成硬脂酸乙酯

硫酸氢钠和浓硫酸能够作为酯化反应的催化剂,本文研究了以硬脂酸和无水乙醇为原料,硫酸氢钠和浓硫酸为复合催化剂合成硬脂酸乙酯。最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比n(硬脂酸)∶n(无水乙醇)为1∶8,催化剂用量为1.4 g,复合催化剂中硫酸氢钠与浓硫酸之比为1.8:1,反应时间120 min,酯化率最高可达82%。     

无水三氯化铁催化合成对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯

以对叔丁基苯甲酸和甲醇为原料 ,无水三氯化铁作催化剂 ,采用蒸馏分水工艺 ,回流温度下合成对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯。讨论了催化剂用量、反应时间、醇酸摩尔比等因素对反应转化率的影响。最佳反应条件为 :n(甲醇 )∶n(对叔丁基苯甲酸 ) =5∶1,催化剂用量 8.4 % (相对于对叔丁基苯甲酸 ) ,反应时间为 3小时 ,反应温度为回流温度 ,产品转化率为 92 .5 %。经沸点测定、折光率测定予以确证     

柠檬酸三丁酯的催化合成及优化

以柠檬酸、正丁醇为原料,一水合硫酸氢钠和助催化剂以一定配比作为催化剂催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯。重点讨论催化剂的配比、用量、酸醇摩尔比和反应温度及反应时间等因素对酯化反应的影响。其优化工艺条件为:催化剂用量为总加料量的4.0%～4.5%,其中一水合硫酸氢钠和助催化剂的物质的量比为1.0∶0.1,醇酸摩尔比为0.46∶0.1,反应终点温度T=(145～150)℃,反应时间t=1.5 h,酯化率达97%以上,该催化剂廉价易得,活性高,操作方便,催化剂固体成分可重复使用5次,再生容易,酯化率高,腐蚀性小,环境污染小。     

AlCl3*6H20催化合成醋酸异戊酯

以异戊醇和冰乙酸为原料,采用六水合三氯化铝作催化剂合成醋酸异戊酯.考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响.确定了三氯化铝作为催化剂的最佳反应条件n冰乙酸∶n异戊醇＝1∶0.7(摩尔比),六水合三氯化铝用量为0.6 g,反应时间为3.0 h,转化率(以0.2 mol冰乙酸计)达94.2%.     

己二酸绿色合成的实验教学研究

以磷钨酸为催化剂,30%H2O2为氧化剂,反应体系中无需加入其他相转移催化剂,催化氧化环己酮合成了己二酸。考察了催化剂的用量、反应物配比及反应时间对己二酸收率的影响。确定了最佳反应条件:当n(环己酮)∶n(H2O2)∶n(磷钨酸)=240∶1125∶1时,一定温度下回流反应3h,产率可达60.4%。加入一定量的硫酸氢钠可以使产率达到65.5%。该方法克服了目前使用浓硝酸或高锰酸钾氧化存在的污染大,反应时间长,后处理麻烦等特点,实验表明这是一条合成己二酸的绿色途径,可用于大学基础有机化学实验课中。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~