草原火烧后植物的养分损失

草原植物火烧后剩下７．５％,即损失了９２．５％的地上现存量。不同元素的火听信经差异显著,碳元素损失量大,其次是氮元素,而磷元素的损失相对较小,金属元素中损失最大的钾,轻金属元素与重金属元素相经 失要大得多,多年生植物的火员失率低于一年生植物。     

Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon

The distribution of sources and sinks of carbon among the world's ecosystems is uncertain. Some analyses show northern mid-latitude lands to be a large sink, whereas the tropics are a net source; other analyses show the tropics to be nearly neutral, whereas northern mid-latitudes are a small sink. Here we show that the annual flux of carbon from deforestation and abandonment of agricultural lands in the Brazilian Amazon was a source of about 0.2 Pg Cyr(-1) over the period 1989-1998 (1 Pg is 10(15) g). This estimate is based on annual rates of deforestation and spatially detailed estimates of deforestation, regrowing forests and biomass. Logging may add another 5-10% to this estimate, and fires may double the magnitude of the source in years following a drought. The annual source of carbon from land-use change and fire approximately offsets the sink calculated for natural ecosystems in the region. Thus this large area of tropical forest is nearly balanced with respect to carbon, but has an interannual variability of +/- 0.2 PgC yr(-1).     

QPSK/OQPSK调制信号频谱扩散问题的仿真及实验研究

使用数值仿真和电路实验的方法,对QPSK(quadrature phase shift keying)和OQPSK(offset quadrature phase shift keying)调制信号通过功率放大器后的频谱扩散问题进行了探讨,对比了2种调制信号的raw-cm(raw cubic metric)参数和PAPR(peak to average power ratio)参数的变化.针对三阶非线性放大器模型的计算机仿真结果表明:当OQPSK调制信号的PAPR参数比QPSK调制信号的PAPR参数改善0.58 dB时,其临道功率谱扩散指标却恶化了0.08 dB;实验结果也证明,在信号的PAPR参数指标获得改善的同时,并不意味着信号通过功率放大器之后的频谱扩散性能一定会获得改善,在所举案例的情况下甚至是恶化的.另一方面,仿真和实验均证实,在信号的raw-cm参数获得改善时,信号通过放大器后的频谱扩散性能也获得了相应的改善.     

不同刈割条件下的人工草地羊草叶片的再生动态研究

运用组织转化理论和分析方法，研究了人工草地上不同刈割起始时期、留茬高度以及刈割频率对羊草叶片伸长率、萎蔫率、发生率和枯死率的影响。结果表明：不同刈割起始时期之间，刈后第一周至第四周叶片伸长率和发生率差异均显著（P＜0．05），叶片萎蔫率和枯死率差异均不显著；不同刈割次数间除第一周叶片萎蔫率差异显著（P＜0．05），第四周叶片萎蔫率差异极显著（P＜0．01）外，其他各参数差异均不显著；留茬高度间除6月份刈割处理第一周、第二周叶片伸长率差异极显著（P＜0．01），6月份刈割处理第四周叶片伸长率、第一周叶片发生率及8月份刈割处理第四周叶片伸长率差异显著（P＜0．05）外，其他各参数差异均不显著。最佳刈割时期和最佳刈割强度要综合多种因素来确定，根据本实验结果，仅就叶片的再生动态角度考虑，6月份开始刈割，留茬高度8cm，叶片再生速率最快。     

CDMA信号前向链路频谱增生和邻道功率比估计

利用幂级数和和高阶累计量的统计方法,估计出基于IS-95模型CDMA(码分多址)信号前向链路通过弱非线性RF功率放大器产生的频谱增生和邻道功率比的严谨表达式,由此获得了经该放大器特征模型变换的输出信号自相关函数的解析表达式.用三阶截断点IP3表征了包含带内和带外电抗的记忆效应三阶非线性.估计方法是基于CDMA信号前向链路时域模型,其信号的功率谱密度和其他统计特性均由该模型导出.频谱增生和邻道功率比的估计结果可直接用于工程设计,这对于确定射频功率放大器最佳的工作条件有其重要参考价值.     

CDMA信号前向链路频谱增生和邻道功率比估计

利用幂级数和和高阶累计量的统计方法，估计出基于IS-95模型CDMA(码分多址)信号前向链路通过弱非线性RF功率放大器产生的频谱增生和邻道功率比的严谨表达式，由此获得了经该放大器特征模型变换的输出信号自相关函数的解析表达式。用三阶截断点IP3表征了包含带内和带外电抗的记忆效应三阶非线性。估计方法是基于CDMA信号前向链路时域模型，其信号的功率谱密度和其他统计特性均由该模型导出。频谱增生和邻道功率比的估计结果可直接用于工程设计，这对于确定射频功率放大器最佳的工作条件有其重要参考价值。     

Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

There is extensive evidence indicating that new neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region of the brain that is important for learning and memory. However, it is not known whether these new neurons become functional, as the methods used to study adult neurogenesis are limited to fixed tissue. We use here a retroviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein that only labels dividing cells, and that can be visualized in live hippocampal slices. We report that newly generated cells in the adult mouse hippocampus have neuronal morphology and can display passive membrane properties, action potentials and functional synaptic inputs similar to those found in mature dentate granule cells. Our findings demonstrate that newly generated cells mature into functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain.     

Distribution of spatial and nonspatial information in dorsal hippocampus

The hippocampus in the mammalian brain is required for the encoding of current and the retention of past experience. Previous studies have shown that the hippocampus contains neurons that encode information required to perform spatial and nonspatial short-term memory tasks. A more detailed understanding of the functional anatomy of the hippocampus would provide important insight into how such encoding occurs. Here we show that hippocampal neurons in the rat are distributed anatomically in distinct segments along the length of the hippocampus. Each longitudinal segment contains clusters of neurons that become active when the animal performs a task with spatial attributes. Within these same segments are ordered arrangements of neurons that encode the nonspatial aspects of the task appropriate to those spatial features. Thus, anatomical segregation of spatial information, together with the interleaved representation of nonspatial information, represents a structural framework that may help to resolve conflicting views of hippocampal function.     

脊柱三维运动离体实验加载技术研究进展

脊柱稳定性可以通过脊柱节段三维运动范围的大小来评价。脊柱三维运动实验加载是离体脊柱在近生理环境下的三维运动范围测量的基础。文章从人体脊柱三维运动实验加载要求和加载装置设计两个方面总结了加载技术研究现状,分析了现有加载技术中的主要长处与不足,为将来脊柱三维运动实验加载技术的研究提供参考。,     

局部应用氨甲环酸在脊柱外科手术中的安全性和有效性研究

目的探讨局部应用不同浓度氨甲环酸在脊椎外科手术中的安全性和有效性.方法建立脊椎后路减压动物模型,随机将模型动物分成生理盐水组(A)、氨甲环酸25 mg/m L组(B)、氨甲环酸50 mg/m L组(C)和氨甲环酸100 mg/m L组(D),在术后1,3,7 d观察大鼠行为学运动变化及体感诱发电位变化;同时观察止血效果,统计各组的出血量.结果行为学中发现高浓度氨甲环酸100 mg/m L组在术后7 d的运动能力恢复较差,体感诱发电位中潜伏期延长,波幅降低;氨甲环酸50 mg/m L组运动能力恢复较好,体感诱发电位中潜伏期缩短,波幅延长;上述两组止血效果相当,均优于生理盐水组和氨甲环酸25 mg/m L组.结论 50 mg/m L的氨甲环酸止血效果好,安全.     

Organization of cell assemblies in the hippocampus

Neurons can produce action potentials with high temporal precision. A fundamental issue is whether, and how, this capability is used in information processing. According to the 'cell assembly' hypothesis, transient synchrony of anatomically distributed groups of neurons underlies processing of both external sensory input and internal cognitive mechanisms. Accordingly, neuron populations should be arranged into groups whose synchrony exceeds that predicted by common modulation by sensory input. Here we find that the spike times of hippocampal pyramidal cells can be predicted more accurately by using the spike times of simultaneously recorded neurons in addition to the animals location in space. This improvement remained when the spatial prediction was refined with a spatially dependent theta phase modulation. The time window in which spike times are best predicted from simultaneous peer activity is 10-30 ms, suggesting that cell assemblies are synchronized at this timescale. Because this temporal window matches the membrane time constant of pyramidal neurons, the period of the hippocampal gamma oscillation and the time window for synaptic plasticity, we propose that cooperative activity at this timescale is optimal for information transmission and storage in cortical circuits.     

变压器铁损和铜损的几种测定方法

用多种方法对变压器的铁损和铜损进行了实验测定,并进一步分析了实验结果,认识了铁损和铜损的实质.     

Theta-paced flickering between place-cell maps in the hippocampus

The ability to recall discrete memories is thought to depend on the formation of attractor states in recurrent neural networks. In such networks, representations can be reactivated reliably from subsets of the cues that were present when the memory was encoded, at the same time as interference from competing representations is minimized. Theoretical studies have pointed to the recurrent CA3 system of the hippocampus as a possible attractor network. Consistent with predictions from these studies, experiments have shown that place representations in CA3 and downstream CA1 tolerate small changes in the configuration of the environment but switch to uncorrelated representations when dissimilarities become larger. However, the kinetics supporting such network transitions, at the subsecond timescale, is poorly understood. Here we show in rats that instantaneous transformation of the spatial context does not change the hippocampal representation all at once but is followed by temporary bistability in the discharge activity of CA3 ensembles. Rather than sliding through a continuum of intermediate activity states, the CA3 network undergoes a short period of competitive flickering between preformed representations of the past and present environment before settling on the latter. Network flickers are extremely fast, often with complete replacement of the active ensemble from one theta cycle to the next. Within individual cycles, segregation is stronger towards the end, when firing starts to decline, pointing to the theta cycle as a temporal unit for expression of attractor states in the hippocampus. Repetition of pattern-completion processes across successive theta cycles may facilitate error correction and enhance discriminative power in the presence of weak and ambiguous input cues.     

Presynaptic mechanism for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

Experiments analysing the statistical properties of synaptic transmission, before and after the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), suggest that expression of LTP largely arises in a presynaptic mechanism--an increased probability of transmitter release.     

NMDA application potentiates synaptic transmission in the hippocampus

The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) class of glutamate receptor plays a critical role in a variety of forms of synaptic plasticity in the vertebrate central nervous system. One extensively studied example of plasticity is long-term potentiation (LTP), a remarkably long-lasting enhancement of synaptic efficiency induced in the hippocampus by brief, high-frequency stimulation of excitatory synapses. LTP is a strong candidate for a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. The site of LTP induction appears to be the postsynaptic cell and induction requires both activation of NMDA receptors by synaptically released glutamate and depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. It is proposed that this depolarization relieves a voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of the NMDA receptor channel, resulting in increased calcium influx which is the trigger for the induction of LTP. This model predicts that application of a large depolarizing dose of NMDA should be sufficient to evoke LTP. In agreement with a previous study, we have found that NMDA or glutamate application does potentiate synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. This agonist-induced potentiation is, however, decremental and short-lived, unlike LTP. It is occluded shortly after the induction of LTP and a similar short-term potentiation can be evoked by synaptically released glutamate. We thus propose that LTP has two components, a short-term, decremental component which can be mimicked by NMDA receptor activation, and a long-lasting, non-decremental component which, in addition to requiring activation of NMDA receptors, requires stimulation of presynaptic afferents.     

负重深蹲起练习对少年运动员脊柱和半月板的损伤

负重深蹲起练习是发展腿部力量的传统训练方法。根据少年运动员生理特点,负重深蹲起练习常可引起与脊柱活动关联的肌肉和韧带的损伤以及半月板的撕裂伤等。因此应慎重选用。发展腿部力量可选用腿举训练等代替之。