Synthese des Neopodophyllotoxins und der Podophyllinsäure

Summary Methanolysis of podophyllotoxin (I) with ZnCl₂ as catalyst yields podophyllinic acid methyl ester (IV) and neopodophyllotoxin (V), a new isomer of podophyllotoxin. Neopodophyllotoxin which contains the lactone group in the 1,3-position is stereospecifically hydrolyzed by alkali to the hitherto unknown podophyllinic acid (VI).

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12. Mitteilung über mitosehemmende Naturstoffe.     

Purin- und Pyrimidinbasen der Desoxyribonukleinsäure des Ehrlichschen Mäuse-Ascites-Karzinomas

Summary The proportion of purines and pyrimidines in the DNA of the Ehrlich mouse ascites carcinoma is examined and compared with the base proportion of the DNA from liver and kidney of the normal mouse. The following findings were obtained: The DNA of the ascites tumor contains more guanine and less cytosine and thymine than the DNA of the normal mouse. For guanine this difference is statistically significant. The changed base compound is discussed with regard to the changed growing rate in tumors and the altered chromosome structure in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

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Durchgeführt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Wiederherstellung des normalen Herzschlages nach elektrisch erzeugtem Kammerflimmern durch Adenosintriphosphorsäure

Summary (1) In the isolated mammalian heart (rabbit, cat, dog) electrically induced ventricular fibrillation is stopped in practically 100% of the cases by adenosin-triphosphoric acid (ATP) in doses of 0.25–20 mg, and the normal rhythm of the heart is permanently restored (as far as the experiment extends).(2) This effect of ATP follows from a primary blocking, which leads to a complete cessation of the activity of the ventricles with diastolic dilatation of the heart.(3) In as much as adenyl acid from yeast and adenosin (in large doses) also stop ventricular fibrillation, the energetic effect of ATP seems to be of no importance in stopping it; it is a specific effect of the adenyl compounds on the bundle ofHis.     

Über den Umsatz von Anthranilsäure mit Brenztraubensäure

Summary Using series of different reactions it has been possible to demonstrate that the tricarboxylic acid arising from anthranilic acid and pyruvic acid has not the constitution I but is correctly represented by IV. Several derivatives of this tricarboxylic acid were shown to have formulae that are in sharp contrast to those found in literature.     

Der Einfluss der Pantothensäure,des Pantethins und des phosphorylierten Pantethins auf die Carotinbildung beiMucor hiemalis

Summary Pantothenic acid, pantethine, and probably also phosphorylated pantethine stimulate the production of carotenoids by the fungusMucor hiemalis.     

Untersuchung von Adenosintriphosphorsäure (ATP), Adenosindiphosphorsäure (ADP), Adenosinmonophosphorsäure (AMP) und Inosinsäure (IMP) in ruhenden und kontrahierten Froschrektusmuskeln

Summary A method for the estimation of muscle nucleotides is described. The separation of nucleotides has been accomplished by paper ionophoresis at high voltages, as well as by paper chromatography. Even little changes in the nucleotide content such as the changes in a single muscular contraction can be well observed by this method.A decrease of 0.25 µ M ATP/g/contraction (i.e. about of the normal ATP content) has been observed in a contracted muscle, when compared with the ATP content of the resting muscle.     

Über den Aneuringehalt des ungereizten und gereizten Froschnerven nach Vergiftung mit Mono-Jodessigsäure

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Neue Totalsynthese einer razemischen Doisynolsäure

Summary A new synthesis is described of a crystalline 7-methyl-doisynolic acid showing a strong estrogenic activity. This acid is probably identical with the stereoisomer C ofAnner andMiescher. Demethylation of this methoxyacid yields a new doisynolic acid of mp. 113–117° (hemihydrate).

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XIII. MitteilungSynthetische Versuche in der Gruppe der östrogenen Hormone; XII. Mitteilung siehe Chem. listy50, 2004 (1956).     

Über Ester der Polygalakturonsäure

Summary Polygalacturonic acids (pectic acids) can easily be esterified by epoxides (ethylene oxide, 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol, epichlorhydrin, etc.) in the presence of water. Under favorable conditions the degradation of the macromolecules is negligible. Some properties of the glycol esters of polygalacturonic acid which are similar to those of the methyl esters of polygalacturonic acid (pectinic acids) are described. The glycol and glycerol esters, however, are not saponified by the enzyme pectase. These compounds react much more rapidly with formaldehyde than pectinic acid which does not possess primary hydroxyl groups.     

Gewebsreaktionen nach Implantation von Hyaluronsäure

Summary A report is given on the histological findings after the application of hyaluronic acid to the tibiae of adult guinea pigs. The possible importance of these findings for human medicine is briefly discussed and the results so far obtained in humans are given.

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Vorläufige Mitteilung     

Cysteamin-N-essigsäure,ein neuer Strahlenschutzstoff

Summary The preparation of cysteamine-N-acetic acid, a new X-ray protecting substance, is described and some pharmacological properties are given.     

Folsäure als Cofaktor biologischer Reaktionen

Summary Tetrahydrofolate requiring enzymes catalyze three types of biochemical reactions,viz. formylation, hydroxymethylation, and methyl group formation. Their chemistry and mechanism of action is discussed on the molecular level. There is evidence, from model reactions, that the ethylene diamine grouping in tetrahydrofolic acid is the active center of the cofactor. Its condensation with one-carbon compounds, together with those of the labile hydride ion of the tetrahydropteridine ring, make clear the enzymatic steps by which the one carbon fragment is activated, transferred, and reduced. In cell metabolism, these cycles are geared together by the key compound N(5), N(10)-methylene tetrahydrofolic acid. Through a TPN-linked oxidation, N(10)-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid is produced, from which energy can be derived; by intramolecular reduction, the methyl group is formed.

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Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten auf der gemeinsamen Tagung der schweizerischen, deutschen und französischen Biochemiker, Zürich (Schweiz), 12, 10, 1960.     

Die Ligninsulfosäure und ihre technische Verwertung

Summary For a long time the lignin-sulfonic acids, obtained in very large quantities in the manufacture of sulphitepulp, have engaged the interest of chemical research workers for economic and scientific reasons. for both fields the determination of the constitution of the lignin-sulfonic acids and the knowledge of the processes taking place between lignin and sulfonic acid are of basic importance.During the last years our institute was able to gain a broader conception of the whole problem by means of model experiments, For the first time it was possible to achieve progress in this direction through a combination of oxidative and hydrolytic decomposition and the complete elimination of the sulfonic acid radical.Although researchers of the whole world have been working on this problem for years, no progress of any greater importance in the utilization of lignin-sulfonic acid has been made. Nevertheless experiments on the production of artificial materials from lignin-sulfonic acid as a base are very promising. By high pressure hydrogenation valuable products are obtained, although at high costs. The production of vanillin is far advanced (especially in the United States) and yields a new success of by-products which may be used with much success in combination with artificial materials, e.g. press plates.

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Aus dem I. Chem. Laboratorium der Universität Wien, Organische Abteilung und Abteilung für Chemie des Holzes. Diese Arbeit schließt sich an die Publikation vonA. v. Wacek, Exper. 2, 171 (1946), an.     

Effekt der Perjodsäure auf die Erythrocytenmembran

Summary M/2 up to M/500 HJO₄ produces a very peculiar ductility of native erythrocyte membranes, whereas a similar effect is hardly observed on the membranes of trypsin-treated erythrocytes. This observation demonstrates indirectly, probably for the first time, the morphological existence of a loose protein-layer assumed by one of the authors to be present on the surface of erythrocytes.     

Oxydation von Bernsteinsäure durch Leber akut urämischer Ratten

Summary The oxydative desamination of amino acids in the liver of acute uremic rats is increased. Simultaneously the citric acid cycle in the liver of these rats is stimulated. It is suggested that the ketone-acids formed by the increased amino acid degradation are removed by the activated citric acid cycle.

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5. Mitteilung über Untersuchungen der Rest-N-fraktionen bei Urämie

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Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds durchgeführt.     

Zur Pathogenese des Urämiesyndroms. Brenztraubensäure,Acetoin und 2,3-Butylenglykol in Blut von Patienten mit Nieren- und Leberkrankheiten

Summary Acetoin and 2, 3-butylene glycol in blood of renal and hepatic patients are raised, when consciousness is disturbed. There is no correlation between blood levels of acetoin and 2, 3-butylene glycol and the degree of impairment of consciousness. Simultaneous determinations of acetoin and 2, 3-butylene glycol in blood and cerebrospinal fluid show that alterations of the cerebral pyruvic acid metabolism are difficult to detect in circulating blood.

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Mit Unterstützung des «Schweizerischen Nationalfonds» und der Firma F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co., AG, Basel.

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5. Mitteilung. — 1. Mitt.:H. Thölen, F. Bigler undH. Staub, Path. Microbiol.24, 262 (1961). — 2. Mitt.:F. Bigler, H. Thölen undH. Staub, Helv. physiol. Acta19, C11 (1961). — 3. Mitt.:H. Thölen, F. Bigler undH. Staub, Exper.17, 359 (1961). — 4. Mitt.:F. Bigler, H. Thölen undH. Staub, Schweiz. med. Wschr.91, 1259 (1961).     

Zur Wasserpermeabilität des Protoplasmas

Summary The permeability of cells to dissolved molecules is given by the permeation constant ofCollander (cm·h^–1), whilst the permeability to water is measured by a filter constant (cm·Atm.^–1·h^–1). Therefore these constants are not comparable, and it is impossible to calculate quantitative data on the semipermeability of a cell.In this paper the permeation process is considered as a counterdiffusion of dissolved molecules into the cell and water out of the cell. From the two resulting diffusion equations formulae and a graphic method are derived, which permit to calculate the permeation constant of water, when the permeation constant of a given substance entering the cell is known. These constants are comparable and their ratio is a conclusive measure of the semipermeability.     

Zur Pathogenese des Urämiesyndroms1. Über den Einfluss von Tyramin auf die Acetoinsynthese aus Brenztraubensäure in Rattenleberhomogenat2

Summary Tyramine enhanced the production of acetoin from pyruvate in rat liver homogenates. A stimulation of acetoin synthesis was only observed, when tyramine was oxidized during the incubation. Tyrosol (p-hydroxyphenylethanol) stimulated acetoin synthesis whereasp-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and ammonia were ineffective.

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Mit Unterstützung des »Schweizerischen Nationalfonds» und der Firma F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. AG, Basel.

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8. Mitteilung. 1. Mitt.:H. Thölen, F. Bigler undH. Staub, Path. Microbiol. (Basel)24, 262 (1961). — 2. Mitt.:F. Bigler, H. Thölen undH. Staub, Helv. physiol. Acta19, C 11 (1961). — 3. Mitt.:H. Thölen, F. Bigler undH. Staub, Exper.17, 359 (1961). — 4. Mitt.:F. Bigler, H. Thölen undH. Staub, Schweiz. med. Wschr.91, 1259 (1961). — 5. Mitt.:H. Thölen, F. Bigler, A. Heusler, W. Stauffacher undH. Staub, Exper.18, 454 (1962). — 6. Mitt.:F. Bigler, H. Thölen undH. Staub, Schweiz. med. Wschr.92, 746 (1962). — 7. Mitt.:F. Bigler, H. Thölen undH. Staub, in Vorbereitung.     

Zur Biochemie des Gewächshaustabaks

Summary Tobacco, cultivated under glass, does not produce any rutin and only about a seventh of the normal amount of chlorogenic acid. UV-treatment increases the formation of chlorogenic acid up to the normal level, while the synthesis of rutin cannot be stimulated. In addition there is a conspicuous morphogenetic influence in the UV-treated plants.