Gray Synthetic Evaluation on Moisture Comfort of Sportswear Fabrics under the Condition of Heavy Sweating

Moisture and water transfer under the condition of heavy sweating are analyzed. Four different experiments are made to test moisture resistance, water-keep, wicking effect and drying ability of samples. Then gray analysis method is introduced to evaluate the comprehensive comfort of these fabrics. Result shows chemical fiber with high moisture transfer performance has advantage in water transfer and diffusion, which is suitable for human under the condition of heavy sweating. Though natural fiber can absorb moisture well, it cannot transfer fluid sweat. Therefore natural fiber fabrics such as cotton, wool are unsuitable to make functional sportswear.     

Balance between facilitation and competition determines spatial patterns in a plant population

A considerable challenge in plant ecology is to understand how interactions,such as competition or facilitation,shape the spatial distribution of plants.The‘‘stress gradient hypothesis’’predicts that facilitation and competition will vary inversely across gradients of abiotic stress or consumer pressure.Surprisingly,few previous studies have explored how the balance between facilitation and competition affects spatial patterns along gradients of stress in a plant population based on field experiments.In order to investigate the effects of consumer pressure,facilitation,and competition on the spatial pattern of plant populations,we conducted a restoration succession series field experiment in the Inner Mongolian steppe in which sample sites of graded consumer pressure,specifically grazing stress,were established.We chose to examine the spatial patterns of Leymus chinensis,a dominant species in our experimental site.In order to test the‘‘stress gradient hypothesis,’’we applied the univariate O-ring statistic to analyze local neighborhood density at different spatial scales.We used the pair-correlation function to detect the characteristics of point patterns using complete spatial randomness,the Poisson cluster process,and the nested double-cluster process.We found that the local densities of L.chinensis were higher under high stress than lower stress environments.This demonstrated the‘‘stress gradient hypothesis’’in that facilitation and competition varied inversely across gradients of consumer pressure.However,we found nodifferences in the spatial patterns of L.chinensis based on complete spatial randomness when interactions shifted from facilitation to competition along gradients of consumer pressure.Furthermore,we detected the characteristics of point patterns using the Poisson cluster and nested doublecluster processes.The results showed the spatial patterns of L.chinensis to fit well with the nested double-cluster model under highly stressful conditions,while in lower stress environments they were best approximated by the Thomas process.Our results illustrate that a shift in interactions from facilitation to competition along gradients of consumer pressure can shape spatial patterns and that a combination of the Poisson cluster process and nested doublecluster process can detect spatial pattern characteristics which cannot be detected by complete spatial randomness.     

Diamond synthesis from a system of chromium-carbide and Ni70Mn25Co5 alloy

In order to ascertain the mechanism of interaction between carbide and metallic catalyst and formation of diamond under high pressure and high temperature, and find a new method to synthesize diamond with special properties, it is necessary to investigate the reaction behavior of different carbides and metallic solvent_catalysts under high pressure and high temperature. A system of Cr-3C-2 powder and Ni 70Mn 25Co 5 alloy in weight ratio of 1∶6 was treated under 6 0 GPa and 1 500℃ for 20, 30 or 60 min respectively. X_ray diffraction of the samples indicated the Cr 3C 2 decomposed partially after high pressure and temperature treatment, and Cr 7C 3, Cr and diamond formed respectively. There was not any trace of graphite in the samples. The result suggested that the separated carbon atoms could form diamond directly without conversion process of graphite into diamond. The observation of SEI, WDX and EDX also showed that diamond crystals were synthesized in the system, which have perfect surfaces and shapes, with the average grain size of about 40 μm. The properties of the crystals are being investigated.     

A method for estimating the contribution of evaporative vapor from Nam Co to local atmospheric vapor based on stable isotopes of water bodies

During the summer monsoon season,the moisture of precipitation events in southern and central regions of the Tibetan Plateau is mainly moisture from the Indian Ocean transported by the Indian monsoon and terrestrial vapor derived from the surface of the Tibetan Plateau.However,the respective contributions of these two types of moisture are not clear.From June to September,the excess deuterium values of precipitation and river water in the Nam Co basin are higher than those for the southern Tibetan Plateau.This reflects the mixing of evaporation from Nam Co and local atmospheric vapor.On the basis of theory for estimating the contribution of evaporative vapor from surface water bodies to atmospheric vapor and relative stable isotopes in water bodies (precipitation,river water,atmospheric moisture and lake water),this study preliminarily estimates that the average contribution of evaporation from the Lake Nam Co to local atmospheric vapor has varied from 28.4% to 31.1% during the summer monsoon season in recent years.     

Analysis on the change of water potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> Oliv. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. Russkii Jabl</Emphasis> under different irrigation volumes in temperate desert zone

The measurement of plant water potential is considered to be a direct approach to confirming the irrigation time in present irrigation systems.In this current study,two shelter forests species in the Junggar Basin (Central Asia),Populus euphratica and P.Russkii Jabl,were studied.We monitored leaf water potential (ψl),stem water potential (ψs) and soil water potential (ψsoil) under different irrigation conditions.The characteristics of the variation in leaf and stem water potential (ψl and ψs) of P.euphratic...     

Rational groundwater table indicated by the ecophysiological parameters of the vegetation： A case study of ecological restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim River

The eco-physiological response and adaptation of Populus euphratica Oliv and Tamarix ramosissima Ldb during water release period were investigated. Nine typical ＇areas and forty-five transects were selected along the lower reaches of Tarim River. The groundwater table as well as plant performance and the contents of proline, soluble sugars, and plant endogenous hormone （ABA, CTK） in leaves were monitored and analyzed. The groundwater table was raised in different areas and transects by water release program. The physiological stress to P. euphratica and T. ramosissima had been reduced after water release. Our results suggested that the groundwater table in the studied region remained at -3.15 to -4.12 m, theproline content from 9.28 to 11.06 （mmol/L）, the soluble sugar content from 224.71 to 252.16 （mmol/L）, the ABA content from 3.59 to 5.01 （ng/g FW）, and the CK content from 4.01 to 4.56 （ng/g FW）, for the optimum growth and restoration of P. euphratica indicated by the plant performance parameters and the efficiency of water application was the highest. The groundwater table in the studied region remained at -2.16 to -3.38 m, the proline content from 12.15 to 14.17 （mmol/L）, the soluble sugar content from 154.71 to 183.16 （mmol/ L）, the ABA content from 2.78 to 4.86 （ng/g FW）, and the CK content from 3.78 to 4.22 （ng/g FW）, for the optimum growth and restoration of T. ramosissima indicated by the plant performance parameters and the efficiency of water application was the highest. The rational groundwater table for the restoration of vegetation in the studied region was at -3.15 to -3.38 m.     

Ideal root architecture for phosphorus acquisition of plants under water and phosphorus coupled stresses: From simulation to application

Under water and phosphorus (P) coupled stresses, root architecture may be related to P acquisition efficiency of plants. Understanding the relationship between root architecture and P acquisition efficiency may provide basic information for improving P acquisition efficiency of plants. In the present study, we quantitatively described the effects of root architecture on P acquisition efficiency by computer simulation together with controlled biological experiments so as to determine an ideal root architecture for efficient P acquisition under water and P coupled stresses. Our results indicate that under given soil water conditions, the ideal root architecture for P acquisition efficiency of a tap root plant (as represented by common bean) is an 搖mbrella-shape?root system whose basal roots tend to be shallow in the P-rich topsoil and tap roots tend to be deep for water in the subsoil. Meanwhile, the ideal root architecture for a fibrous root plant (as represented by upland rice) is a beard-shape?root system with the moderately dispersed yet uniformly distributed adventitious and lateral roots so as to keep most roots in the topsoil for P and a few roots in the subsoil for water.     

An experiment study of quartz-coesite transition at differential stress

In order to study quartz-coesite transition under the conditions of differential stress, experiments of quartzite deformation were carried out using a triaxial testing system with a Griggs type solid medium pressure vessel. Analyses on the plastically-deformed samples under optical microscope and Raman spectra show that fine-grained coesite was present in the region of samples adjacent to the pistons at temperatures of 950--I000~C, confining pressure of 1.3 GPa, differential stress of 1.5--1.67 GPa, and total strain of 75%--81%. It is evident that the transition pressure of quartz-coesite at differential stress and intensely-strained conditions is far lower than the pressure for coesite stability at isostatic pressure. In other words, the stress condition of coesite occurrence is not unique. The decrease in confining pressure for quartz-coesite transition under differential stress conditions is controlled by a combined effect of the maximum principal stress that provides a high stress environment, and differential stress that causes sample deformation. Coesite was produced in the plastically-deformed samples in this study, but it can occur in both semi-brittle and plastic deformation regimes as seen in previous studies. Phase transition in semi-brittle deformation regime is caused by local mechanical instability induced by shear deformation, and phase transition in plastic flow regime is due to strain instability induced by the presence of a high dislocation density within intensely-deformed quartz crystals.     

Correlation analysis and QTL identification for canopy temperature, leaf water potential and spikelet fertility in rice under contrasting moisture regimes

Canopy temperature (CT), leaf water potential(LWP) and spikelet fertility (SF) of a set of RILs (F9) from the cross between Zhenshan97B and IRAT109 were investigated under two soil moisture regimes in a drought screen facility. In water stress condition, CT was negatively correlated with SF (r = -0.2867) and LWP (r = -0.2740), and LWP was positively associated with SF (r = 0.1696). These results indicated that the plant with high drought tolerant ability could maintain higher LWP and lower CT, leading to highe rSF. A total of 44 main effect QTLs were associated with CT,LWP and SF. The accumulated contributions of QTLs for CT,LWP and SF were 87.85%, 15.06%, 79.46% under well water condition and 72.61%, 87.68%, 33.29% under stress condition, respectively. Totally 45 pairs of digenic interactions were detected. The accumulated contribution of digenic epistasis on CT, LWP and SF were 55.69%, 47.15%, 48.15% under well water condition and 53.44%, 57.94%, 54.62% under water stress condition. Compared with other drought tolerance QTL mapping researches in rice, 19 main effect QTLs were found to be located at the same or closely conjoint regions.     

Plants water status of the shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway

The plant water consumption and irrigation management are the core issue of the sustainable growing of the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt in the hyperaride Taklimakan Desert. The stem sap flow, water status and water consumption of shelterbelt plants were studied, then, the issue of the water save in the process of shelterbelt irrigation management was discussed by measuring the sap flow of shelterbelt plants with a stem sap flow gauge. The stem sap flow exhibited a distinct diurnal course with maximum values between 10:00 and 15:00, and minimum values between 00:00 and 03:00. Generally, sap flow was lower at night than during the day. The daily average stem sap flow of Calligonum arborescens, Tamarix ramosissima and Haloxylon ammodendron (diameter 1.9―2.0 cm) was 67.2 g·h-1, 77.05 g·h-1 and 61.54 g·h-1 respectively. The sap flow was influenced by environmental factors, and the solar radiation, wind velocity, temperature and relative humidity were significantly correlative with plant stem sap flow. The annual water consumption of 8-a Calligonum arborescens, Tamarix ramosissima and Haloxylon ammodendron was 1937.80 kg, 1253.39 kg and 1026.96 kg, while daily average water consumption was 9.69 kg, 6.27 kg and 5.13 kg respectively. Under drip irrigation, soil moisture content of the shelterbelt in different months indicated no obvious fluctuation, and soil moisture was adequate. The predawn and midday plant water potential reflected that the plant water status was in good conditions. There is still some water-saving space if optimizing the present water management, integrating water resources conservation and protection performance.     

Highly efficient use of limited water in wheat production of semiarid area

To obtain a greater yield per unit rainfall is one of the most important challenges in dryland wheat production. Highly efficient use of limited water may be one means of achieving this goal. This paper reviewed wheat physiological adaptation and benefits associated with water deficit and variable conditions. In addition, it reveals the compensatory effect of limited irrigation and fertilizer supplement on wheat water-use efficiency (WUE) and highlights the breeding of new varieties for high WUE that could improve wheat productivity under water-limited environments in the semiarid area. Considerable potential for further improvement in wheat productivity in semiarid area seems to depend on effective conservation of moisture and efficient use of this limited water. Different crops, soil and water management strategies should be adjusted according to the conditions that prevail in the various semiarid areas. By combining soil and water conservation approaches with regulating the cropping system by cultivating drought-tolerant and water-saving cultivars, the increase in wheat productivity could be achieved.     

Condensation of Water Vapor on Waterproof Breathable Fabrics

Condensation occurs when the local vapor pressure rises above the saturation vapor pressure at the local temperature in theory. A new measuring apparatus were made to obtain temperature and relative humidity simultaneously for the purpose of investigating the mechanism of condensation occurred on the fabrics. The experiment conducted at the standard condition of temperature of 20℃ and relative humidity of 65%. The result obtained from experiment showed that condensation could occur under the situation closed to saturation line as the temperature on fabric may be lower than dew point of water vapor in the measuring box depending on the experiment conducted at an ambient environment temperature of 20℃ The range of fabrics studied showed that PTFE laminated fabrics except nylon gingham PTFE laminated fabric facilitates the loss of water vapor and therefore prevent condensation. It is necessary to develop studies from a wide range of fabrics, especially breathable fabrics and under bad experiment conditio     

Influence of external constraint and rolling geometry on deformation banding of copper single crystals with {123}<634> orientation

In order to further understand the similarity and difference between deformation mechanisms of single crystals and polycrystalline materials, the influence of external constraint and rolling geometry on the deformation behaviour of copper single crystals with {123}<634> orientation was investigated by embedding them into metal frames of different strengths. The metal frames were made of aluminum and mild steel, respectively. The results show that the deformation banding degree of the crystal increases with the strength of metal frame and shear strain. For the crystals rolled under lower γ_g (γ_g is the ratio of the geometrical redundant shear strain to the normal rolling strain), the deformation is homogeneous. For the crystals rolled under higher γ_g, the deformation is extremely inhomogeneous. The deformation is more homogeneous in the crystals rolled in steel frames than that rolled in aluminum frames. The S-orientation is more stable in the crystals rolled under lower γ_g than that rolled under higher γ_g.     

Site type classification for the shelter-forest ecological project along the Tarim Desert Highway

Site types of the afforestation region of the shelter-forest ecological project along the Tarim Desert Highway were classified based on the natural conditions and windblown sand damages. The extremely severe environment, the irrigation with saline water, and large-scale linear project makes this classification of site types most unique and significant. It adopted a three-level classification system integrating the dominant factors and restrictive factors in regard to their impacts on plant survival and growth as well as on the protective property. Six site type districts were classified based on the medium-scale geomorphic unit, the windblown sand damages, and the major production facilities; 21 site type groups were obtained according to the small-scale geomorphic type, terrain, and wind regime; 36 site types were further classified based on the salt contents of the underground water and soil types. Especially, in this study, spatial distribution of the six site type districts along the desert highway is continuous, which is unique and different from that of most other classifications. In addition, the salt-stress tolerance threshold of the main afforestation plant species to underground water have been set to 8 g/L and 15 g/L according to selective breeding tests and the salinity spatial distribution of the underground water. Thus, the underground water with salinity lower than 8 g/L is defined as light saline water in this area.     

Indian monsoon influences altitude effect of δ~(18)O in precipitation/river water on the Tibetan Plateau

The δ^18O variation in precipitation acquired from 28 stations within the network of Tibetan Observation and Research Platform （TORP） is studied, with the focus on the altitude effect of δ^18O in river water during monsoon precipitation in an effort to understand the monsoon influence on isotopic composition in annual river water. It is found that δ^18O in precipitation on the Plateau is influenced by different moisture sources, with significant Indian monsoon influence on δ^18O composition in plateau precipitation and river water. The δ^18O of water bodies in the monsoon domain is generally more depleted than that in the westerly domain, suggesting gradual rainout of southwesterly borne marine moisture in the course of long-distance transportation and lifting over the Himalayas. The lapse rate of δ^18O in river water with altitude is the largest during monsoon precipitation, due to the increased temperature vertical gradient over the southern Plateau region controlled by monsoon circulation. The combination of δ^18O in river water in monsoon （wet） and non-monsoon （dry） seasons shows a larger lapse rate than that in non-monsoon （dry） season alone. As the altitude effect of δ^18O in precipitation and river water on the Tibetan Plateau results from the combined effect of monsoon moisture supply and westerly moisture supply, the δ^18O composition and its altitude effect on the Plateau during monsoon seasons should be considered in the reconstruction of paleoelevation of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Non-classical diffusion model for heat and mass transfer in laser drying

A numerical analysis of the laser drying process by employing a generalized, Maxwell-Cattaneo equation to treat both heat and mass transfer was presented. Calculations were performed to illustrate the non-classical transport of heat and moisture. The effect of the heat flux density and the initial moisture content on water removal was also investigated. The results indicate that the nonequilibrium mass diffusion plays an important role during the very early stages of moisture removal, especially at the surface of the medium. Away from the surface, the non-Fickian model shows a delay in the reduction of the moisture content. The calculation resuits also show that the initial moisture content of the medium has a considerable effect on water removal.     

Isotopic evidence for the moisture origin and composition of surface runoff in the headwaters of the Heihe River basin

We investigated the moisture origin and contribution of different water sources to surface runoff entering the headwaters of the Heihe River basin on the basis of NECP/NCAR(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) re-analysis data and variations in the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios(δ D and δ 18O) of precipitation,spring,river,and melt water. The similar seasonality in precipitation δ 18O at different sites reveals the same moisture origin for water ...     

Temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas

The study of the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor has the important significance to show the response to climate change in the Taklimakan Desert. The series of monthly atmospheric water vapor from 1961 to 1998 are reconstructed using the observation data including the precipitation, ground water vapor pressure data over the period of 1961 to 2006 from 27 observation stations in its surrounding areas and meteorological data from the Tazhong station during 1999-2006. Then the relationship between atmospheric water vapor and ground vapor pressure is calculated and validated using the observation data for the period of 1976 to 2006 from 5 sounding stations (Hotan, Kuqa, Ruoqiang, Kashgar, and Minfeng). The temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas is studied and then its distribution is generated. Results show that high value zone of atmospheric water vapor is mainly distributed in the northern Taklimakan Desert and the oasis-marginal belt of western desert and the value ranges from 14 to 15 mm. The low value center of atmospheric water vapor is in the hinterland of the desert and the value is only 7―8 mm. The annual variations of atmospheric water vapor show generally the increasing trend. How- ever, the variation of atmospheric water vapor in the surrounding areas and the hinterland of the desert is insignificant during 1961―1986. The atmospheric water vapor changes abruptly after 1986 and increases clearly in the two regions. The variation trend accords with that of the precipitation’s increasing significantly in southern Xinjiang for the recent 50 years. There is great error between the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of atmospheric water vapor and real data in theTaklimakan Desert.     

Experimental evidence for formation water promoting crude oil cracking to gas

Crude oil cracking to gas is the key to determining the exploration potential and strategy for deep hydrocarbon resources.Identifying the factors that affect the threshold and potential of crude oil cracking to gas as well as other possible influencing factors will provide the scientific basis for deep hydrocarbon exploration.A comparison of pyrolysis simulation experiments of crude oil,hydrous crude oil,and various water media under a constant temperature(350℃) and pressure(50 MPa) shows that water plays a large role in crude oil cracking to gas.(1) When water is added,the gas yields increase significantly,including those of alkane gases and non-hydrocarbon gases:the yield of alkane gases increases 1.8-3 times;the yields of H2 and CO2 also increase significantly.This means that water takes part in the process of crude oil cracking to gas,and supplies hydrogen.Therefore,the presence of water will dramatically enhance the potential of crude oil cracking to gas.(2) Mg2+ ions in the formation water promote the crude oil + water reaction to some extent and increase the total yield of alkane gases and the yields of both H2 and CO2 ;more interestingly,the i-C4/n-C4 and i-C5/n-C5 ratios increase significantly.This indicates that Mg2+ ions in formation water act as a catalyst,and a disproportionation reaction is involved in the crude oil + water reaction.This study helps us to understand the factors influencing crude oil cracked gas and to evaluate the hydrocarbon resources in deep sedimentary basins.