分布式格林-安普特降雨径流模型研究

构建了一种基于网格计算流域蒸散发及产汇流的分布式格林-安普特降雨径流模型,并选择陕北黄土高原地区两个半干旱流域为研究区域,研究该模型在半干旱地区的应用效果。结果表明：在两个半干旱流域,分布式格林-安普特降雨径流模型的应用效果好于GA-PIC模型和格林-安普特模型,尤其对于洪峰的模拟精度更高;分布式格林-安普特降雨径流模型中基于网格的坡面汇流与河道汇流模块能够更准确地计算出径流汇集到流域出口断面的时间;分布式格林-安普特降雨径流模型能更精确地计算出流域不同位置的产流过程,并准确地模拟流域产流面积分布情况;半干旱地区降雨时空分布不均,超渗产流主要受降雨强度的影响,降雨观测精度对径流预报精度影响较大。     

考虑空间变异性的统计产流模型研究

针对控制产流过程的降雨等主要因素在空间分布不均匀的特征,提出了考虑空间变异性的统计产流模型．引入一个新的概率密度函数描述每个时段降雨的空间变化,采用土壤下渗容量曲线描述流域土壤下渗能力的空间变化,利用土壤水蓄水容量曲线表征土壤蓄水容量空间分布不均匀性．采用超渗产流模式根据降雨与下渗能力的联合概率分布计算地表径流的空间统计分布,通过推导得到计算地表产流量的准解析表达式;采用蓄满产流模式根据下渗与土壤蓄水容量曲线计算地下径流．选用黄河支流伊河东湾流域的资料对模型进行了验证,并将其结果与新安江模型产流结果进行对比,表明模型在该半湿润地区具有一定的适用性．     

湿润地区中小河流山洪预报方法研究与应用

针对湿润地区中小河流,提出2套山洪预报方案:一是对于有资料地区,建立基于新安江模型的山洪预报方案;二是对于无资料或资料缺乏地区,采用API-Nash模型,即采用降雨-径流经验相关法进行产流预报,采用Nash模型进行汇流预报。以皖南山区屯溪流域为例,分别用2套方案对流域的次洪过程进行模拟。研究结果表明：2套方案均取得良好的应用效果,洪量合格率比较一致;对于洪峰合格率和确定性系数,新安江模型的模拟结果优于API-Nash模型。     

城市暴雨径流计算模型的建立和检验

基于城市降雨径流规律的研究，建立了城市暴雨径流计算模型（包括城市产流、地面汇流和管渠汇流三个部分）。在产流计算中，不透水区用变径流系数法，透水区用下渗曲线法；地面汇流用非线性运动波法；管渠汇流用动力波法。经北京和西安三个小区的实测资料检验，证明模型精度较高，可用于城市雨水控制和管理等场合的径流模拟。     

湿润地区地下水丰富流域降雨径流模型

一、问题的提出在我国南方湿润地区,广泛地使用蓄满产流的方法计算次洪径流量,获得成功。其中,对于有实测水文资料的地区,一般使用相关的方法,即根据实测资料,点绘降雨径流相关图R=f(P,W_o),其中P,R为次洪径流量及降雨量,W_o为雨前流域蓄水量;或其筒化形式R=f(P+W_o)。但是,近年来的实践说明,在地下水丰富的流域,由相关法计算误差甚     

古树包滑坡坡面径流饱和-非饱和渗流的有限元分析

坡面径流产流规律的研究对预防滑坡和边坡排水具有重要的理论意义和一定的实用价值。本文基于有限元理论,采用Galerkin法建立了坡面径流饱和—非饱和渗流方程,对滑坡坡面径流饱和—非饱和渗流进行了耦合分析。以清江古树包滑坡治理工程为例,首先建立了数学模型,模拟了降雨入渗过程,研究了降雨强度、初始体积含水率对坡面径流产流规律的影响。结果表明：降雨强度越大,开始产流经历的时间越短,坡面径流的最大水深越大;初始体积含水率越大,产流开始时间和达到平衡的时间也会提前。     

人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土坡地产流产沙特征研究

基于人工模拟降雨研究三峡库区径流小区在大雨强下产流产沙对15°,25°两种坡度的响应特征.结果表明:在降雨过程中,产流时间随着坡度的增加而变短.径流流速随着产流历时的增加,先增加,后减小.径流量随着产流历时的增加而增大,且坡度越大其值越大.在产流过程中径流携带的侵蚀泥沙量呈现先陡增、再陡降,最后趋于稳定的现象,25°坡度下侵蚀泥沙量峰值较大,峰值出现时间也相应提前.建立径流流速与侵蚀泥沙量的回归模型,15°坡度下径流流速随着侵蚀泥沙量的增加而减小,25°坡度下径流流速随着侵蚀泥沙量的增加而变大.     

基于数值试验的山坡尺度降雨产流关系

山坡是流域水文响应的基本单元,对山坡降雨产流关系特别是山坡降雨产流的阈值现象的研究,有助于增进山坡水文过程的了解,进而改进流域的降雨径流模拟。本研究利用经过野外实验详细验证的二维山坡水动力学数值模型THRM,借鉴统计物理的思路,将土壤水分运动由微观网格升尺度到宏观山坡。通过数值试验分析山坡尺度降雨径流关系的特征,结果显示:山坡尺度降雨径流响应普遍存在阈值-线性的两阶段规律,即降雨低于某阈值时不产流,大于该阈值后降雨量与产流量呈现线性关系。数值试验还揭示了降雨阈值出现的过程机理,即降水入渗至土壤-基岩界面,填满基岩地形的凹陷后,交界面土壤水分达到近似饱和状态,山坡达到蓄满状态,土壤基岩交界面成为水流的优先通道而开始产流。山坡产流的降雨阈值可以认为是使山坡蓄量空间充满的降雨量。定义山坡蓄满后降雨量与产流量的相关系数为山坡产流系数,研究表明降雨阈值随着坡度的增加而减少,而山坡产流系数随着坡度的增加而增大。     

基于蓄满超渗时空动态组合的网格新安江模型

为使网格新安江(Grid-XAJ)模型更好地应用于半干旱半湿润地区洪水模拟及预报,通过降雨和土壤含水量动态产流因子之间的判定关系,动态识别产流过程中网格的主导产流模式,构建基于蓄满超渗时空动态组合的网格新安江模型(Grid-XAJ-SIDE),并以半干旱的绥德流域为研究区域,将Grid-XAJ-SIDE模型与Grid-XAJ模型和网格格林安普特模型(Grid-GA)进行对比验证。结果表明:3个模型径流深模拟结果都较好,合格率均在80.0%以上;Grid-XAJ-SIDE模型的洪峰合格率(66.7%)比Grid-XAJ模型(53.0%)和Grid-GA模型(40.0%)有明显提升;Grid-XAJ-SIDE模型能更好地考虑降雨、土壤含水量对产流时空分布的影响。     

格林-安普特降雨径流模型改进及初步应用

将基于土壤及降雨资料计算得出的具有物理基础的下渗能力分布曲线引入格林-安普特降雨径流模型,选择中国和美国2个半干旱流域作为研究区域,将改进后的格林-安普特模型与原模型及新安江模型进行模拟对比,研究改进后模型的应用效果及其在半干旱地区的适用性。结果表明:在2个半干旱流域,改进格林-安普特模型模拟结果均好于原始格林-安普特模型及新安江模型;增加的具有物理基础的下渗能力分布曲线能够更好地反映流域内各位置下渗能力随降雨和时间变化的特点,更加精确地计算出流域内下渗量及产流量;半干旱地区洪水多由短时强降雨引起,产流主要以超渗地面径流为主,降雨观测精度和降雨强度对模型模拟精度影响较大;改进格林-安普特降雨径流模型能够在半干旱地区洪水预报中发挥作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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