Ni-金刚石复合镀层的制备

通过复合电镀方法,在镀镍液中加入粒径为40 μm的金刚石粉体制备Ni-金刚石复合镀层.采用阴极动电位极化方法、扫描电镜和显微硬度计探讨镀液温度、pH、镍离子浓度、电流密度和金刚石粉体质量浓度对镀层质量的影响,优化Ni-金刚石复合镀的工艺参数;采用X线衍射分析仪表征优化后复合镀层的结构.研究结果表明:优化的镀液组成和工艺参数为:NiSO4·6H2O 132 g/L,NiCl2 15 g/L,H3BO3 30 g/L,镀液温度(50±1)℃,pH 3～4,阴极电流密度4 A/dm2,金刚石粉体质量浓度30 g/L;优化后的复合镀层表面平整,晶粒细小均匀,且金刚石粉体的质量分数为62.7％;与纯Ni镀层的晶粒相比,Ni-金刚石复合镀层的晶粒明显细化.     

镁合金焦磷酸盐镀铜工艺的研究

镁合金上电镀耐蚀金属一般要经过电镀铜的过渡层以提高后镀金属的均镀性能和结合力.焦磷酸盐电镀铜是一种环保型电镀工艺,通过电镀锌后再电镀铜能获得结合力和致密性较高的镀层.镀锌液以硫酸锌为主盐,焦磷酸钾为配合剂,柠檬酸铵作辅助配合剂兼导电盐,电流密度2~3A.dm-2,温度在40℃时得到的锌镀层耐蚀性能较好,镀铜电流密度在0.5~2A.dm-2之间得出的镀层耐蚀性能较好.用研究的焦磷酸盐镀铜工艺代替氰化镀铜工艺作为过渡铜镀层的无氰镀工艺.     

表面磨粒群螺旋排布电镀锯丝制造的实验研究

为了获得高性能的电镀金刚石锯丝,实验研究了悬砂法制备表面磨粒群螺旋排布锯丝的电镀工艺,分析了预镀阴极电流、上砂阴极电流密度与上砂时间对锯丝复合镀层外观质量与锯丝表面磨粒分布情况的影响规律,并采用试制锯丝进行了锯切实验。研究结果表明,镀底层的阴极电流密度为5.0A/dm2时,镀层与钢丝基体表面有着良好的结合强度;上砂阶段采用阴极电流密度为5.0A/dm2,其电镀时间为7~8min,可得到良好的镀层和磨粒分布效果。钢丝基体预镀前在表面绕绝缘线,合理地选择工艺参数可以获得磨粒群在钢丝基体表面螺旋排布的基本结构,试制的新型锯丝在锯切中具有良好的容屑与排屑效果。     

Cu-Sn-Zn三元无氰仿金电镀工艺研究

采用焦磷酸盐Cu-Sn-Zn三元碱性仿金镀体系新工艺,通过改进镀液配方,进行正交试验,得到最佳工艺条件为:实验温度37℃,pH值8.5,电镀时间45 rain和电流密度0.20 A/dm2.以仿金镀速率、外观状况作为衡量标准,重点研究了镀液温度、电流密度对仿金镀镀速和镀层颜色的影响及电镀时间对镀层厚度的影响.结果表明,在其它条件既定的情况下,延长电镀时间可得到传统电镀镀层厚度20倍的镀层.     

锌酸盐镀锌镍合金添加剂研制及其镀液性能研究

以碱性锌酸盐为基液,加入适量的镍盐、络合剂和自制的添加剂,即得碱性锌酸盐镀Zn-Ni合金的电镀液.通过霍尔槽实验优选出最佳的镀液配方和工艺条件,并对镀液的分散能力、阴极电流效率、沉积速度、稳定性和镀层的耐腐蚀性等进行了测试.结果表明:该镀液成分简单、操作方便,分散能力为77.16%,平均阴极电流效率为75%,平均沉积速率为34.88μm/h,所得Zn-Ni合金镀层结晶均匀细致、光亮平整,耐腐蚀性能好.     

焦磷酸盐镀铜工艺研究

通过铜镀层做基体材料的中间层或底层,可以获得许多具有特殊性能的镀层。氰化镀铜是应用最为广泛的底层镀铜工艺,但是氰化镀液中含有剧毒物.焦磷酸盐镀铜是替代氰化镀铜的最重要电镀工艺,但它的最大缺点在于附着力不好.文章用电化学方法研究了工艺条件对焦磷酸盐镀铜的镀层性能(特别是结合力)影响.结果表明:镀液的温度、搅拌速度、电流密度直接影响镀层性能;最佳工艺条件为:温度45℃,时间60 min,搅拌速度200 r/min,阴极电流密度1.5A/dm2。本研究结果为焦磷酸盐镀铜提供了实用的参考价值.     

用阴极附加电流在极板和镀槽底面上同时制得非晶薄膜的机理研究

近年来,用电沉积法制取非晶合金镀层的工作已经引起了人们的注意。但是,已有的直流电镀、特殊波型电源电镀、化学镀中阴极电流效率低和镀层内应力大等问题一直未能解决。本文从探讨解决前一问题的机理出发,设计了一个不甚复杂的装置,让一个适当频率的交变电流通过直流电镀的阴极板,以造成阴离子放电沉积的无序性。实验表明,这不仅有效地提高了阴极电流效率,而且特别值得注意的是,在镀槽底面上获得了比阴极沉     

Ni-SiC复合镀层的制备及耐蚀性研究

用电沉积法在碳钢表面制备Ni-SiC复合镀层.考察镀液中SiC的质量浓度,阴极电流密度,施镀温度和搅拌速度等工艺参数对复合镀层耐蚀性的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和电化学工作站分别对镀层的表观形貌、组成和耐蚀性进行测定.结果表明,复合镀层的表面平整致密,由金属Ni和SiC颗粒组成;对比碳钢基体和镍镀层,复合镀层的耐蚀性能最佳.     

电镀工艺对Ni-W装饰性代铬镀层色泽的影响

在柠檬酸溶液体系中,通过电沉积制备出了Ni-W合金装饰性代铬镀层.借助XRD,SEM,EDS等检测分析手段,探讨了合金镀层出现光亮浅蓝色的原因,并研究了电流密度、镀液温度、电镀时间等工艺参数对合金镀层色泽的影响规律.研究发现,镀层中Ni,W形成了置换型固溶体,在试验条件下得到的Ni-W合金装饰性代铬镀层中,W的质量分数对镀层色泽有很大的影响.正交试验优化结果表明:在镀液中Ni盐和W盐质量比例为1:3,镀液温度为40～60℃,pH为6左右,电镀时间超过4 min的条件下,可以在较宽电流密度范围内得到与镀铬层外观色泽相近的Ni-W合金装饰性代铬镀层.     

电镀工艺对Ni-W装饰性代铬镀层色泽的影响

在柠檬酸溶液体系中,通过电沉积制备出了Ni-W合金装饰性代铬镀层.借助XRD,SEM,EDS等检测分析手段,探讨了合金镀层出现光亮浅蓝色的原因,并研究了电流密度、镀液温度、电镀时间等工艺参数对合金镀层色泽的影响规律.研究发现,镀层中Ni,W形成了置换型固溶体,在试验条件下得到的Ni-W合金装饰性代铬镀层中,W的质量分数对镀层色泽有很大的影响.正交试验优化结果表明：在镀液中Ni盐和W盐质量比例为1∶3,镀液温度为40-60℃,pH为6左右,电镀时间超过4 min的条件下,可以在较宽电流密度范围内得到与镀铬层外观色泽相近的Ni-W合金装饰性代铬镀层.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-