金沟岭天然和半天然混交林林分空间结构比较

使用角尺度、混交度和大小比数3个林分空间结构参数,对长白山过伐林区特有的半天然落叶松(Larix olgensis)-云杉(Picea jazoensis)-冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)混交林和未受人为干扰的原始天然混交林进行了空间结构分析和比较。结果表明,两种林分具有相同的平均角尺度0.52,林木皆为团状分布;半天然落叶松云冷杉混交林的平均混交度为0.64,呈现中度混交特征;从胸径大小比数来看,林分中针叶树种具有胸径优势,尤其是云杉的胸径优势最突出,红松(Pinus koraiensis)则分化严重,生长处于劣势。原始天然混交林的平均混交度为0.83,高于半天然落叶松云冷杉混交林,呈现强度混交特征;从胸径大小比数看,阔叶树种胸径优势明显,针叶树种中只有冷杉处于优势,红松和云杉都处于劣势。     

六盘山华北落叶松人工林多样性、生产力研究

根据对宁夏西部六盘山林区人工营造的华北落叶松林典型样地的抽样调查,分析了3种不同类型的华北落叶松林群落中的植物多样性、生产力及其相互关系.结果表明:华北落叶松纯林多样性最小.而落叶松阔叶混交林多样性较大.华北落叶松纯林内的植物种数仅为混交林的53%～60%,植物总数量也只有混交林的16%～38%.落叶松-阔叶混交林总生物量为华北落叶松纯林的152.71%;落叶松-油松-阔叶混交林总生物量为华北落叶松纯林的72.14%.落叶松-油松-阔叶混交林乔木层生物量占其总生物量的比例最大,而华北落叶松纯林最小.3种林型中,草本层生物量所占比例最小.伴生树种是阔叶树,其林地生产力比伴生种有油松等针叶树种的生产力高.在3种不同的落叶松林中,多样性与生产力均表现为正的幂指数函数关系,物种多样性和生产力之间的相关关系达到了显著水平.本文所研究的多样性和生产力之间的关系与许多学者的研究结论所认可的单峰关系不一致,也许只是在单峰关系的左半边,即处于上升阶段.     

帽儿山针阔混交林及纯林土壤碳代谢微生物群落特征研究

【目的】评价帽儿山地区纯林与混交林(红皮云杉纯林、长白落叶松纯林、胡桃楸和红皮云杉混交林、胡桃楸和长白落叶松混交林、水曲柳和红皮云杉混交林、水曲柳和长白落叶松混交林)土壤生态系统中参与土壤碳代谢的微生物群落特征。【方法】借助Biolog^MT技术,比较了纯林与混交林之间根际土壤微生物对不同碳源类型的利用情况。【结果】不同林型土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)呈现阔叶林高于针叶林,胡桃楸针-阔混交林型中针叶林土壤微生物AWCD值优于与水曲柳混交林型。胡桃楸针-阔混交林中,针叶林的Shannon指数显著地高于水曲柳针-阔混交林。Simpson优势度指数与Shannon多样性指数变化趋势较为相似。羧酸、氨基酸和糖类这3类碳源是导致微生物代谢呈现差异的主要碳源。长白落叶松、红皮云杉与水曲柳混交后对糖类、羧酸和氨基酸3种主要碳源的利用程度均有所下降,可能是导致AWCD值较低的原因之一。【结论】胡桃楸针-阔混交林比水曲柳针-阔混交林以及针叶纯林更有利于土壤微生物群落的碳代谢功能发挥。     

小陇山林区欧洲云杉引种育苗技术初探

欧洲云杉是小陇山林业实验局继日本落叶松后的引种育苗树种。2002年11月,小陇山林业实验局种苗站从捷克进口100kg欧洲云杉良种,次年在全局进行了育苗试验,并取得初步成效。试验表明:欧洲云杉在小陇山林区的气候和生境条件下生长良好,生长速度明显高于同属青海云杉和本林区的乡土树种油松、华山松等,具有显著增产潜力。欧洲云杉育苗成功,对培育后备森林资源,丰富林区树种和西北国土绿化树种具有重要意义。     

4种类型水曲柳人工林叶片-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征比较

【目的】利用生态过程中多重化学元素的平衡关系,揭示营养元素相互作用的变化规律,了解多重化学元素质量平衡及其对生态交互作用的影响。分析4种类型水曲柳人工林间树种叶片-凋落物-土壤以及同一水曲柳人工林不同组分间碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的含量及其生态化学计量特征,为水曲柳人工林的混交树种选择、叶片-凋落物-土壤中的养分调节及水曲柳人工林的合理施肥提供理论参考。【方法】在东北林业大学森林培育实验站,以天然林带状皆伐后营造的29年生水曲柳纯林、长白落叶松水曲柳混交林、红皮云杉水曲柳混交林和红松水曲柳混交林为对象,野外样地调查取样,室内测定叶片、凋落物、土壤的有机C、N、P含量,分析比较了4种类型水曲柳人工林叶片-凋落物-土壤的C、N、P含量及其化学计量比[碳氮、碳磷、氮磷质量比,即m(C):m(N),m(C):m(P),m(N):m(P),分别表示为C/N、C/P、N/P]特征。【结果】水曲柳与长白落叶松叶片的N、P含量显著高于红皮云杉和红松叶片中的N、P含量; 水曲柳纯林凋落物的N、P含量显著高于3种混交林凋落物的N、P含量; 4种林型土壤C、N、P含量差异显著,C以长白落叶松水曲柳混交林土壤的为最高,N、P以水曲柳纯林土壤的为最高,C、N、P皆以红松水曲柳混交林土壤的为最低; 4种林型叶片到凋落物的C、N、P含量平均降低率分别为18.98%、32.12%与21.95%; 凋落物到土壤的C、N、P含量平均降低率分别为81.37%、50.73%与3.49%; 混交林叶片到土壤的C、N、P含量平均降低率分别为84.90%、66.55%与24.67%; 红皮云杉和红松叶片的C/N、C/P显著高于水曲柳、长白落叶松叶片,N/P皆以长白落叶松、红皮云杉和红松显著低于水曲柳; 凋落物C/N和C/P以红皮云杉水曲柳混交林和红松水曲柳混交林显著高于水曲柳纯林和落叶松水曲柳混交林,N/P以水曲柳纯林高于3种混交林; 土壤C/N和C/P皆以落叶松水曲柳混交林显著高于其他3种林型。C/N以凋落物最高,土壤最低; C/P和N/P以叶片最高,土壤最低。【结论】从提高养分利用效率,促进树木生长和保护土壤角度综合考虑,相对于红松与红皮云杉,水曲柳与长白落叶松具有更好的养分利用效率与生长速度,长白落叶松水曲柳混交林和水曲柳纯林林下土壤中的C、N、P含量也相对高于红皮云杉水曲柳混交林与红松水曲柳混交林。因此,对水曲柳人工林的混交树种应优先选择长白落叶松。基于水曲柳人工林叶片-凋落物-土壤的C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量在不同组分中的变化情况,应注意林下土壤N、P肥的补施。     

长白山3种主要林型林分生长过程研究

利用924株冷杉、844株云杉、183株白桦、158株山杨和227株落叶松解析木的数据,建立了长白山优势树种的直径生长方程。在相同的立地条件下,利用长白山245块云冷杉林、32块杨桦次生林和260块落叶松人工林固定样地,结合优势树种的直径生长方程,分析了长白山3种主要林型林分的平均直径、树高、单位面积林木平均株数和蓄积的生长过程。另外,用未参与建模的28块云冷杉林、4块杨桦次生林和30块落叶松人工林固定复测样地对拟合的3种林型林分生长过程模型进行检验,结果显示预估的相对误差为3.26%~4.96%,估计精度为95.04%~96.74%。     

祁连山南坡青海云杉林的分布规律

通过二类资源调查数据总结了青海湟水流域祁连山南坡的青海云杉林的分布及生境、组成与结构、林型、生长规律及更新与演替。调查结果表明:云杉林分布地区属于山地森林气候,分布区降水量在400 mm左右,海拔2 560～3 060 m;多为同龄的单层纯林,是乔木层主要的建群种;林型有草类青海云杉林、灌丛青海云杉林、青海云杉-红桦混交林、青海云杉-白桦混交林、青海云杉-糙皮桦混交林、青海云杉林-山杨混交林、青海云杉-青杨混交林共7种;在郁闭度大的林分中天然更新一般较差,只有低海拔地段的青海云杉-白桦、红桦混交林下更新较好;在自然条件下,青海云杉林内其他树种难以生长,也抑制本身幼苗的生长,可通过封山育林、造林等人为干扰,更新成为相对稳定的针阔混交林或复层林更为有利于各类生态效益的发挥。     

长白山3种主要林型林分生长过程研究

利用924株冷杉、844株云杉、183株白桦、158株山杨和227株落叶松解析木的数据,建立了长白山优势树种的直径生长方程。在相同的立地条件下,利用长白山245块云冷杉林、32块杨桦次生林和260块落叶松人工林固定样地,结合优势树种的直径生长方程,分析了长白山3种主要林型林分的平均直径、树高、单位面积林木平均株数和蓄积的生长过程。另外,用未参与建模的28块云冷杉林、4块杨桦次生林和30块落叶松人工林固定复测样地对拟合的3种林型林分生长过程模型进行检验,结果显示预估的相对误差为3.26%~4.96%,估计精度为95.04%~96.74%。     

不同落叶林林下凋落物的分解与养分归还

用分解袋法研究胡桃楸、落叶松纯林及其混交林下叶凋落物的分解及养分归还速率。结果表明：在1个生长季内，3种林分叶凋落物分解速率从大到小依次为：胡桃楸纯林、混交林、落叶松纯林。胡桃楸纯林叶凋落物归还氮的速率最快，落叶松纯林叶凋落物归还磷、钾的速率最快。二组成混交林后，混交林叶凋落物归还氮的速率较落叶松纯林明显提高，而归还磷、钾的速率较胡桃楸纯林明显提高。胡桃楸与落叶松混交后叶凋落物养分归还速率较其各自纯林的有所提高，可能是混交林增产机理之一。     

对马尾松生态效应与混交林生长的研究

马尾松是我国南方山地主要的造林树种之一,速生且适应性强,深为山区林农喜爱。但由于马尾松能在瘠薄的立地生长,因而马尾松常被营造于地力条件差的陡坡、土层薄的石质山等地,致使林树形成低残林马尾松,在增加稀疏林套种杜英和香樟后,有利于改善林分结构,促进马尾松树高生长和蓄积量。阐述的是马尾松杜英混交林、马尾松香樟混交林和马尾松纯林生长状况、林分植被生物多样性和土壤理化性质的研究。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-