福建省邵武市眼病流行病学调查

目的 调查邵武市盲和低视力的患病率及白内障、角膜病、青光眼、屈光不正和儿童盲等常见眼病在人群中的患病情况及流行病学特征.方法 采用分层-分级-整群随机抽样,随机抽取12个行政村(居委会),共调查15411人.其中城区3个单位,4411人,占样本总量的28.6%;山区5个单位,5142人,占样本总量的33.4%;近郊4个,5858人,占38.0%.结果 在14118例受检者中,视力严重损害者共436例,624只眼.其中,白内障415只眼,占66.51%.其它依次为角膜病(6.09%)、眼底病(5.93%)、青光眼(5.13%)、屈光不正和弱视(4.65%)、眼外伤(4.49%)和翼状胬肉(2.88%).结论 本调查结果提示我省防盲治盲工作的重点应以治疗白内障为主,以及青光眼、眼底病等我省致盲率较高的眼病和儿童盲及低视力与屈光不正等.在眼病流行病学调查的基础上制定切实可行的我省防盲治盲规划是消除可避免盲的关键.     

刊中报

我国每半分钟增加一名盲人根据世界卫生组织的定义,视力残疾分为“盲”和“低视力”两种。“盲”指的是最佳矫正视力低于0.05,低视力指的是最佳矫正视力界于0.05-0.3之间。全世界视力残疾者的总数为1.6亿左右,其中5000多万为盲人,其余为低视力者。我国是全世界盲人最多的国家,全国盲人总数已超过1300万,占全球总数的1/4,现在我国每年大约有100万人失明,这意味着几乎每半分钟就会增加一名盲人。如果按目前的趋势继续发展下去,到2020年,我国的盲人将增加4倍。夏日防火8项注意1.随时检查电源线路是否破损;2.在家时不可在床上吸烟,随手熄灭烟蒂;…     

运动负荷对动作内隐记忆影响的实验研究

借助加工分离实验程序,以视障运动员为实验组,盲和低视力生为对照组,非语言为实验材料．实验结果表明,（1）运动负荷影响动作外显记忆,但几乎不影响动作内隐记忆;（2）在运动负荷状态下,盲生的自动提取成绩最好,其次是视障运动员,低视力学生最差．     

影响单眼SSVEP控制的视力因素研究

基于稳态视觉诱发电位脑机交互方法的脑控机器人研究是国际上的热点话题.从20名被试中选取8名双眼具有不同视力差的被试,完成长时间单眼SSVEP机器间协作控制.通过总平均时长为11分41秒的实验得到双眼和单眼SSVEP控制的平均准确率分别为86.85%和82.74%.本研究显示,对于传统SSVEP刺激范式长时间单眼SSVEP机器间协作任务控制的准确率可以满足基本控制要求,被试双眼视力差值较大时会降低SSVEP控制的准确率.本研究结果可望应用于基于单眼SSVEP可穿戴设备的开发以及单眼SSVEP控制的相关研究,期望为脑控多机器人协作任务推向实用化控制打下一定的基础.     

汕头地区城乡中小学生立体视状况的横断面调查

目的:了解汕头地区城乡中小学生的立体视现状及相关影响因素。方法:横断面研究,随机分层整群抽样调查。在汕头地区调查9所城乡中小学校,共7537人。对双眼视力(含矫正)≥0.8的学生,用Titmus立体视觉检查图测定立体视锐度,结合视力与眼位检查。并按年级、性别、城乡及不同类型眼位的立体视情况进行归类,统计学方法分析总结。结果体检人数7464人,双眼视力(含矫正)≥0.8为4901人,占体检人数的65.66%;其中有立体视者占99.10%,黄斑中心凹立体视比例为71.83%,农村小学生黄斑中心凹立体视比例为71.83%,城市小学、农村中学与城市中学生分别为64.05%、66.34%、69.32%,不同眼位立体视情况比较发现正位眼学生黄斑中心凹立体视比例最高(71.79%),内隐斜视学生黄斑中心凹立体视比例最低(63.19%);logistic回归模型分析立体视与年级、年龄、城乡等因素有部分相关性。结论:在本调查人群中黄斑中心凹立体视比例低于国内其他文献报道;学生中立体视比例在各年级、年龄、城乡等因素中分布不均衡。     

海南岛黎族人群的地中海贫血病调查报告

本文报告海南岛陵水县黎族人聚居地1015人的地中海贫血病调查结果。调查结果发现55例HbF含量增高者(血红蛋白F电泳区带携带者),占调查人数5.4％。其中2岁以下年龄者10例,只有2例可以排除地中海贫血病。本文还采用DE5 2纤维素微柱层析法随机测定895例黎族人的HbA_2含量,大多数人的HbA_2在2.6％左右(男性2.60±0.92％,女性2.68±0.97％),其中有85例HbA_2含量超过3.8％,占受检人群9.5％。     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术治疗近视疗效分析

目的：分析1年来准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）治疗近视的效果.方法：对500例双眼或单眼屈光度在-0.50~-19.50D的近视行LASIK手术治疗.术后1月、3月、6月、12月随访复查,考察视力恢复情况.结果：术后裸眼视力和屈光度在1~6月内趋于稳定,术后1年平均裸眼视力远大于术前平均裸眼视力.结论：LASIK治疗近视效果理想,具有安全、有效及预测性佳、术后稳定性好的优点.     

10例脑积水的病因、临床及CT表现

本文报道我院自1996年7~1997年12月间收治的经CT证实10例脑积水病人的病因、临床及CT表现，对于引起脑积水的病因，各种疾病所致脑积水的临床表现及CT表现上脑积水的分类进行了讨论。1临床资料1．1性别与年龄本组病例男7例，女3例，年龄为32~69岁，其中30~39岁组3人，占30％，49岁1人，占10％，60~69组6人，占60％。1．2既往史既往有高血压病史6例，脑血栓2例，蛛网膜下腔出血1例，癫痫2例，结脑1例，脑外伤1例。1．3起病形式以头痛、呕吐发病者6例，其中3例为活动中突然发生头痛、呕吐。以脑血栓后渐出现痴呆，强哭强笑，尿便失禁等缓慢…     

先天性白内障一家系报道

先天性自内障是目前儿童低视力和致盲主要原因，病因有多种，可由环境和遗传因素造成。其中约26％-51％的先天性白内障由遗传因素决定的。2008年3月我院发现一遗传性白内障家系．现报告知如下。     

《环境生态与可持续发展》公选课的教学效果分析

对环境类公选课——《环境生态与可持续发展》选课学生的专业、年级分布及成绩作了分析。结果表明：选课学生以文科专业为主,占总选课人数的84．8％;理工科学生人数占总选课人数的15．2％。文科专业学生平均成绩为85分,理工科专业学生平均成绩为83分。选课学生以三年级和二年级为主,三年级人数占总人数的44．0％,二年级学生占34．4％,一年级选课学生比例为20．0％。各年级学生平均成绩随着年级的增高而降低。     

超声乳化白内障摘除术治疗急性闭角型青光眼

为了探讨单纯超声乳化白内障摘除术治疗急性闭角型青光眼的疗效,对住院178眼能药物控制眼压在21mmHg以下的急性闭角型青光眼患者行单纯超声乳化白内障摘除术.结果表明:术后3个月内平均眼压为12mmHg,比术前平均眼压48mmHg有明显下降;术后视力:<0.1者16眼占9%,0.1～0.2者18眼占10%,0.3～0.4者59眼占33%,0.5以上者85眼占48%,比术前视力有明显的提高.研究显示:单纯超声乳化白内障摘除术可治愈房角关闭早期青光眼或可缓解的急性闭角型青光眼,且有比较好的疗效.     

Neuropsychology: pitch discrimination in the early blind

Do blind people develop superior abilities in auditory perception to compensate for their lack of vision? They are known to be better than sighted people at orientating themselves by sound, but it is not clear whether this enhanced awareness extends to other auditory domains, such as listening to music or to voices. Here we show that blind people are better than sighted controls at judging the direction of pitch change between sounds, even when the speed of change is ten times faster than that perceived by the controls--but only if they became blind at an early age. The younger the onset of blindness, the better is the performance, which is in line with cerebral plasticity being optimal during the early years.     

超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶体植入术1560例临床观察

对1999年10月至2004年12月开展超声乳化白内障手术以来,年龄40岁以上的白内障患者1 560例1 620眼进行分析总结.结果显示:术后1周视力>0.3者1 474眼,占91%,>0.5者1 377眼,占85%,>1.0者243眼,占15%.并发症为后囊膜破裂者占1.91%,前囊膜撕裂者占1.1%,化脓性眼内炎2眼.超声乳化白内障手术效果显著.     

垃圾焚烧厂的环境空气、飞灰和土壤二噁英水平研究及风险评价

为评价珠三角某垃圾焚烧厂内工人和周边村民的二噁英健康风险,采集并分析了该垃圾焚烧厂的厂内环境(空气和飞灰)邻近敏感点(邻近村落)环境(空气和土壤)的二噁英(PCDD/Fs)质量水平,运用美国环保署(USEPA)风险评价体系和蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo simulation)对厂内工人、邻近敏感点村民(成人、青少年和儿童)在呼吸吸入、皮肤接触和经口摄入等暴露途径的健康风险进行评估.结果表明:(1)该垃圾焚烧厂固化飞灰中的PCDD/Fs毒性当量(以I-TEQ计)范围为8.99~240.00 ng TEQ/kg,环境空气中的为0.03~0.20 pg TEQ/m3,邻近敏感点土壤中的为0.81~2.04 ng TEQ/kg. (2)飞灰、厂内环境空气和邻近敏感点环境空气的PCDD/Fs单体分布特征更加接近,土壤中PCDD/Fs单体分布稍有差别. (3)厂内工人和村民(成人、青少年和儿童)的致癌风险(CR)合计第95%值范围为4.55×10-7~6.04×10-6,为可接受风险范围(＜10-5);非致癌风险(HI)合计第95%值范围为4.61×10-3~4.28×10-2,远低于1,非致癌风险极低;(4)厂内工人和成人村民的CR较高, 第95%值分别占风险安全值的60%和39%.厂内工人的CR从环境空气吸入(包括在厂内和敏感点)和飞灰意外经口摄入方式占比最高,分别达55.12%和38.43%;成人村民的CR中从环境空气吸入占主导(占97.79%).建议加强对环境空气二噁英监控和飞灰经口摄入的风险管控.     

Restoration of vision after transplantation of photoreceptors

Cell transplantation is a potential strategy for treating blindness caused by the loss of photoreceptors. Although transplanted rod-precursor cells are able to migrate into the adult retina and differentiate to acquire the specialized morphological features of mature photoreceptor cells, the fundamental question remains whether transplantation of photoreceptor cells can actually improve vision. Here we provide evidence of functional rod-mediated vision after photoreceptor transplantation in adult Gnat1?/? mice, which lack rod function and are a model of congenital stationary night blindness. We show that transplanted rod precursors form classic triad synaptic connections with second-order bipolar and horizontal cells in the recipient retina. The newly integrated photoreceptor cells are light-responsive with dim-flash kinetics similar to adult wild-type photoreceptors. By using intrinsic imaging under scotopic conditions we demonstrate that visual signals generated by transplanted rods are projected to higher visual areas, including V1. Moreover, these cells are capable of driving optokinetic head tracking and visually guided behaviour in the Gnat1?/? mouse under scotopic conditions. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for restoring vision after retinal degeneration.     

Interocular rivalry revealed in the human cortical blind-spot representation

To understand conscious vision, scientists must elucidate how the brain selects specific visual signals for awareness. When different monocular patterns are presented to the two eyes, they rival for conscious expression such that only one monocular image is perceived at a time. Controversy surrounds whether this binocular rivalry reflects neural competition among pattern representations or monocular channels. Here we show that rivalry arises from interocular competition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging of activity in a monocular region of primary visual cortex corresponding to the blind spot. This cortical region greatly prefers stimulation of the ipsilateral eye to that of the blind-spot eye. Subjects reported their dominant percept while viewing rivalrous orthogonal gratings in the visual location corresponding to the blind spot and its surround. As predicted by interocular rivalry, the monocular blind-spot representation was activated when the ipsilateral grating became perceptually dominant and suppressed when the blind-spot grating became dominant. These responses were as large as those observed during actual alternations between the gratings, indicating that rivalry may be fully resolved in monocular visual cortex. Our findings provide the first physiological evidence, to our knowledge, that interocular competition mediates binocular rivalry, and indicate that V1 may be important in the selection and expression of conscious visual information.     

盲人按摩从业人员健康现状及对策研究

我国有盲人820万,从事按摩工作的有12万,占整个社会盲人从业人员93%。但是盲人按摩工作者健康状况普遍不佳,许多按摩工作者过早换上职业病、慢性病;更有一些高级按摩人才英年早逝。造成盲人按摩从业人员健康状况不佳主要与按摩人员工作环境因素、工作性质因素和按摩师自身技术因素密切相关。残联、盲协、卫生部门等社会各界应关注重视盲人从业人员健康状况,从多方面给予他们支持、帮助,以从根本上提高他们的健康状况,使盲人按摩从业人员能更好的运用自己的专业技能服务社会。     

Human inspired lighting control in robot systems with the intention of glare avoidance

This paper presents some human-inspired strategies for lighting control in a robot system for best scene interpretation,where the main intention is to avoid possible glares or highlights occurring in images. It firstly compares the characteristics of human eyes and robot eyes. Then some evaluation criteria are addressed to assess the lighting conditions. A bio-inspired method is adopted to avoid the visual glare which is caused by either direct illumination from large light sources or indirect illumination reflected by smooth surfaces. Appropriate methods are proposed to optimize the pose and optical parameters of the light source and the vision camera.     

Adaptive visual metamorphosis in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent crab

Hydrothermal vents along the mid-ocean ridges host ephemeral ecosystems of diverse endemic fauna including several crustacean species, some of which undergo planktonic development as larvae up to 1,000 m above and 100 km away from the vents. Little is known about the role of vision in the life history of vent fauna. Here we report that planktonic zoea larvae of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron possess image-forming compound eyes with a visual pigment sensitive to the blue light of mesopelagic waters. As they metamorphose and begin to descend to and settle at the vents, they lose their image-forming optics and develop high-sensitivity naked-retina eyes. The spectral absorbance of the visual pigment in these eyes shifts towards longer wavelengths from larva to postlarva to adult. This progressive visual metamorphosis trades imaging for increased sensitivity, and changes spectral sensitivity from the blue wavelengths of the larval environment towards the dim, longer wavelengths produced in the deeper bathypelagic vent environment of the adults. As hydrothermal vents produce light, vision may supplement thermal and chemical senses to orient postlarval settlement at vent sites.     

海南汉族、黎族人类切除修复交叉互补基因1-4533G／A多态性比较研究

采用盐提取法提取汉族、黎族人群中白细胞的DNA,用聚合酶链反应、限制性内切核酸酶检测切除修复交叉互补基因1(ERCC 1)-4533 G/A多态性的基因型和等位基因频率,同时用χ2检验进行结果分析.结果表明:在185例汉族和190例黎族人群中,ERCC 1-4533 G/A多态性位点有GG,GA,AA 3种基因型,汉族、黎族3种基因型频率分别为5(0.027),178(0.962),2(0.010)和6(0.031),182(0.958),2(0.011),汉族、黎族G和A等位基因频率分别为0.508,0.492和0.511,0.489.ERCC 1是人类核苷酸切除修复系统的重要组成部分,其表达水平与卵巢肿瘤、消化道肿瘤的耐药性有关.海南汉族、黎族人群中ERCC 1-4533 G/A多态性不存在明显的差异.