模板组装制备多孔SiO2及其在纳米材料中的应用

采用不同的几何模板 ,通过溶胶 -凝胶过程 ,探索了模板组装制备孔径形状、尺寸大小可控的微孔氧化硅材料 ;讨论了模板组装合成材料的孔径控制 ,并论述了其在纳米材料中的研究及应用前景     

多孔金属材料吸声性能优化分析

近年来,多孔金属材料作为一种新型材料,因其具有优良的吸声性能而越来越引起人们的关注。而在多孔金属材料一侧添加背衬是一种提高吸声性能的有效可行的方法。通过分析影响多孔金属材料吸声性能的主要因素,推导出材料的最佳厚度范围;进一步针对有无空气背衬的比较,分析其对多孔金材料吸声性能的影响。结果验证了材料背后留有空腔,能有效地提高材料的吸声性能。     

多孔材料的孔结构对其力学性能及破裂机制的影响

针对多孔材料的孔结构对其宏观力学性能及其破裂机制与耐久性的影响,对两种不同孔结构的多孔材料进行了单轴压缩和冻融循环试验,建立了能反映材料内部孔隙结构的三维非均匀数值模型,对两种多孔材料在单轴压缩下的破裂机制进行了分析.实验结果表明:孔结构对于金尾矿多孔材料的力学性能有显著影响.较大的孔隙率除会显著降低材料的抗压强度外,吸能性能会显著增加;在±25℃范围内冻融循环10次条件下的试验结果表明,当金尾矿多孔材料的孔隙率较小且为闭孔结构时,孔洞因冻融造成的孔壁颗粒脱落填塞而造成材料的抗冻性能有所提高;孔隙率较小时,金尾矿多孔材料在单轴压缩下的裂纹扩展主要从试件两端向试件中部扩展贯通为一条连续主拉裂纹,次生裂纹较少;而孔隙率较大时,压缩过程会出现大量微裂纹,最终主裂纹附近会伴随大量次生裂纹.     

A homochiral metal-organic porous material for enantioselective separation and catalysis

Inorganic zeolites are used for many practical applications that exploit the microporosity intrinsic to their crystal structures. Organic analogues, which are assembled from modular organic building blocks linked through non-covalent interactions, are of interest for similar applications. These range from catalysis, separation and sensor technology to optoelectronics, with enantioselective separation and catalysis being especially important for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The modular construction of these analogues allows flexible and rational design, as both the architecture and chemical functionality of the micropores can, in principle, be precisely controlled. Porous organic solids with large voids and high framework stability have been produced, and investigations into the range of accessible pore functionalities have been initiated. For example, catalytically active organic zeolite analogues are known, as are chiral metal-organic open-framework materials. However, the latter are only available as racemic mixtures, or lack the degree of framework stability or void space that is required for practical applications. Here we report the synthesis of a homochiral metal-organic porous material that allows the enantioselective inclusion of metal complexes in its pores and catalyses a transesterification reaction in an enantioselective manner. Our synthesis strategy, which uses enantiopure metal-organic clusters as secondary building blocks, should be readily applicable to chemically modified cluster components and thus provide access to a wide range of porous organic materials suitable for enantioselective separation and catalysis.     

各向异性液饱和多孔材料慢波波阵面上的能量聚焦

基于Biot理论以及广义特征分析方法,研究了各向异性液饱和多孔材料中慢波的波阵面在传播过程中的突变.此现象是慢波传播的新特性.参考微分曲面的性质,给出了慢波波阵面上能量突变与慢曲面零高斯曲率间的对应关系,研究了能量聚焦模式在材料参数空间中的演化过程.此研究对于进一步澄清孔隙流体对含液多孔材料失效机制的影响具有重要的意义.     

多孔材料测孔仪的研制

本文叙述了测量多孔材料孔径和孔径分布的方法和仪器,测量采用液-液和气-液系统,测量孔径范围内为0.01～几百1μm,为简化仪器结构设计了适用于不同孔径范围的装置。     

微孔结构对多孔材料细观力学特性的影响

在三维孔隙材料如泡沫材料中，胞孔的形状及大小并非完全均匀，因此借助二维均匀化方法来讨论胞孔形状及大小对多孔材料性能的影响。在线弹性范围内，根据均匀化理论，基于虚位移原理，结合有限元方法推导出二维周期性结构的均匀化的有限元格式。取具有不同孔洞形状的正方形胞元作为周期性结构的代表胞元，将三维孔隙材料简化为截面上具有规则孔洞的二维结构，来计算不同微孔形状及大小下的等效弹性常数；比较分析了微孔结构对多孔材料等效弹性常数的影响。计算结果分析表明，多孔材料的等效弹性参数不仅取决于微孔结构的数量，而且对微孔结构的形状也有一定程度的敏感，同时对基体材料的泊松比的变化敏感与否也与微孔结构有关。     

Review of the fabrication and application of porous materials from silicon-rich industrial solid waste

Porous materials have promise as sound insulation, heat barrier, vibration attenuation, and catalysts. Most industrial solid wastes, such as tailings, coal gangue, and fly ash are rich in silicon. Additionally, a high silicon content waste is a potential raw material for the syn- thesis of silicon-based, multi-porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, glass-ceramics, and geopolymer foams. Representative sil- icon-rich industrial solid wastes (SRISWs) are the focus of this mini review of the processing and application of porous silicon materials with respect to the physical and chemical properties of the SRISW. The transformation methods of preparing porous materials from SRISWs are summarized, and their research status in micro-, meso-, and macro-scale porous materials are described. Possible problems in the application of SRISWs and in the preparation of functional porous materials are analyzed, and their development prospects are discussed. This review should provide a typical reference for the recycling and use of industrial solid wastes to develop sustainable “green materials.”     

Applications of electrospun nanofibers

Polymeric nanofiber non-woven materials produced by electrospinning have extremely high surface-to-mass （or volume） ratio and a porous structure with excellent pore-interconnectivity. These characteristics plus the functionalities and surface chemistry of the polymer itself impart the nanofibers with desirable properties for a range of advanced applications. This review summarizes the recent progress in electrospun nanofibers, with an emphasis on their applications.     

Modular and predictable assembly of porous organic molecular crystals

Nanoporous molecular frameworks are important in applications such as separation, storage and catalysis. Empirical rules exist for their assembly but it is still challenging to place and segregate functionality in three-dimensional porous solids in a predictable way. Indeed, recent studies of mixed crystalline frameworks suggest a preference for the statistical distribution of functionalities throughout the pores rather than, for example, the functional group localization found in the reactive sites of enzymes. This is a potential limitation for 'one-pot' chemical syntheses of porous frameworks from simple starting materials. An alternative strategy is to prepare porous solids from synthetically preorganized molecular pores. In principle, functional organic pore modules could be covalently prefabricated and then assembled to produce materials with specific properties. However, this vision of mix-and-match assembly is far from being realized, not least because of the challenge in reliably predicting three-dimensional structures for molecular crystals, which lack the strong directional bonding found in networks. Here we show that highly porous crystalline solids can be produced by mixing different organic cage modules that self-assemble by means of chiral recognition. The structures of the resulting materials can be predicted computationally, allowing in silico materials design strategies. The constituent pore modules are synthesized in high yields on gram scales in a one-step reaction. Assembly of the porous co-crystals is as simple as combining the modules in solution and removing the solvent. In some cases, the chiral recognition between modules can be exploited to produce porous organic nanoparticles. We show that the method is valid for four different cage modules and can in principle be generalized in a computationally predictable manner based on a lock-and-key assembly between modules.     

Porous graphene: Properties, preparation, and potential applications

Graphene has recently emerged as an important and exciting material.Inspired by its outstanding properties,many researchers have extensively studied graphene-related materials both experimentally and theoretically.Porous graphene is a collection of graphene-related materials with nanopores in the plane.Porous graphene exhibits properties distinct from those of graphene,and it has widespread potential applications in various fields such as gas separation,hydrogen storage,DNA sequencing,and supercapacitors.In this review,we summarize recent progress in studies of the properties,preparation,and potential applications of porous graphene,and show that porous graphene is a promising material with great potential for future development.     

基于μ-CT断层图像的多孔材料STL建模

STL文件是三维表面模型常用的存储格式,在逆向工程、有限元分析等领域有着广泛的应用。文中基于μ-CT(超声CT)断层图像分析了多孔材料STL文件格式的产生方法。结合大津阈值分割算法与图像标记方法,清除源图像的噪声并且将孔的轮廓标记出来,再应用MC算法,对CT序列图进行三维重建,生成STL文件。实现了对多孔材料错综复杂结构的孔隙结构的建模,也改进了原STL生成算法限定条件较多、耗时较长的弊端。     

Visualizing single-molecule diffusion in mesoporous materials

Periodic mesoporous materials formed through the cooperative self-assembly of surfactants and framework building blocks can assume a variety of structures, and their widely tuneable properties make them attractive hosts for numerous applications. Because the molecular movement in the pore system is the most important and defining characteristic of porous materials, it is of interest to learn about this behaviour as a function of local structure. Generally, individual fluorescent dye molecules can be used as molecular beacons with which to explore the structure of--and the dynamics within--these porous hosts, and single-molecule fluorescence techniques provide detailed insights into the dynamics of various processes, ranging from biology to heterogeneous catalysis. However, optical microscopy methods cannot directly image the mesoporous structure of the host system accommodating the diffusing molecules, whereas transmission electron microscopy provides detailed images of the porous structure, but no dynamic information. It has therefore not been possible to 'see' how molecules diffuse in a real nanoscale pore structure. Here we present a combination of electron microscopic mapping and optical single-molecule tracking experiments to reveal how a single luminescent dye molecule travels through linear or strongly curved sections of a mesoporous channel system. In our approach we directly correlate porous structures detected by transmission electron microscopy with the diffusion dynamics of single molecules detected by optical microscopy. This opens up new ways of understanding the interactions of host and guest.     

Exploration of molecular dynamics during transient sorption of fluids in mesoporous materials

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the development of novel porous materials with controlled architectures and pore sizes in the mesoporous range. An important feature of these materials is the phenomenon of adsorption hysteresis: for certain ranges of applied pressure, the amount of a molecular species adsorbed by the mesoporous host is higher on desorption than on adsorption, indicating a failure of the system to equilibrate. Although this phenomenon has been known for over a century, the underlying internal dynamics responsible for the hysteresis remain poorly understood. Here we present a combined experimental and theoretical study in which microscopic and macroscopic aspects of the relaxation dynamics associated with hysteresis are quantified by direct measurement and computer simulations of molecular models. Using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and Vycor porous glass as a model mesoporous system, we have explored the relationship between molecular self-diffusion and global uptake dynamics. For states outside the hysteresis region, the relaxation process is found to be essentially diffusive in character; within the hysteresis region, the dynamics slow down dramatically and, at long times, are dominated by activated rearrangement of the adsorbate density within the host material.     

Hexagonal nanoporous germanium through surfactant-driven self-assembly of Zintl clusters

Surfactant templating is a method that has successfully been used to produce nanoporous inorganic structures from a wide range of oxide-based material. Co-assembly of inorganic precursor molecules with amphiphilic organic molecules is followed first by inorganic condensation to produce rigid amorphous frameworks and then, by template removal, to produce mesoporous solids. A range of periodic surfactant/semiconductor and surfactant/metal composites have also been produced by similar methods, but for virtually all the non-oxide semiconducting phases, the surfactant unfortunately cannot be removed to generate porous materials. Here we show that it is possible to use surfactant-driven self-organization of soluble Zintl clusters to produce periodic, nanoporous versions of classic semiconductors such as amorphous Ge or Ge/Si alloys. Specifically, we use derivatives of the anionic Ge9(4-) cluster, a compound whose use in the synthesis of nanoscale materials is established. Moreover, because of the small size, high surface area, and flexible chemistry of these materials, we can tune optical properties in these nanoporous semiconductors through quantum confinement, by adsorption of surface species, or by altering the elemental composition of the inorganic framework. Because the semiconductor surface is exposed and accessible in these materials, they have the potential to interact with a range of species in ways that could eventually lead to new types of sensors or other novel nanostructured devices.     

硅藻泥-草梗复合吸声材料的测试研究

以硅藻泥、草梗、氧化镁为主要原料,加入一定的辅助材料,研制出一种新型复合多孔吸声材料.分析材料的吸声原理及基本特性,采用驻波管法在200~2 000Hz频段范围内测试材料的吸声性能.结果表明,材料的吸声性能受草梗掺量、尺寸、材料的密度和厚度以及背部空腔尺寸的影响,与一般常用吸声材料的吸声系数进行比较,综合吸声性能优良.     

高分子选择性透气膜的透气性测定方法的比较

利用真空压力法和体积法对高分子薄膜的透气性能进行了比较．得出真空压力法适用于多种透气量的高分子薄膜的透气性能测定，体积法测试范围大，对大透气量的膜及复合膜、多孔膜测试结果比较准确．对膜材料的性能测试及选择具有一定的实用价值．     

三聚氰胺改性酚醛基多孔碳材料的制备及其二氧化碳吸附性能

采用浓乳液模板法制备三聚氰胺-间苯二酚-甲醛多孔树脂,将其热解后得到了可用于二氧化碳吸附的氮掺杂多孔碳材料。研究了浓乳液模板的分散相体积分数和三聚氰胺含量对多孔碳材料微观形貌的影响,结果表明,在浓乳液模板分散相体积分数为90%的条件下制备的多孔聚合物具有丰富的通孔结构。经过热解后,得到了兼具无机碳骨架和有机氮活性位点的氮掺杂多孔碳材料。进一步研究了不同热解温度和三聚氰胺含量对多孔碳材料二氧化碳吸附性能的影响,二氧化碳的吸附容量最高可达到3.32 mmol/g,同时表现出良好的选择吸附性和再生性。     

A titanosilicate molecular sieve with adjustable pores for size-selective adsorption of molecules

Zeolites and related crystalline microporous oxides-tetrahedrally coordinated atoms covalently linked into a porous framework-are of interest for applications ranging from catalysis to adsorption and ion-exchange. In some of these materials (such as zeolite rho) adsorbates, ion-exchange, and dehydration and cation relocation can induce strong framework deformations. Similar framework flexibility has to date not been seen in mixed octahedral/tetrahedral microporous framework materials, a newer and rapidly expanding class of molecular sieves. Here we show that the framework of the titanium silicate ETS-4, the first member of this class of materials, can be systematically contracted through dehydration at elevated temperatures to 'tune' the effective size of the pores giving access to the interior of the crystal. We show that this so-called 'molecular gate' effect can be used to tailor the adsorption properties of the materials to give size-selective adsorbents suitable for commercially important separations of gas mixtures of molecules with similar size in the 4.0 to 3.0 A range, such as that of N2/CH4, Ar/O2 and N2/O2.     

新型旋风分离器去除高温气体中超微粉尘

在旋风分离器的基础上,内加耐高温金属多孔材料,利用离心、过滤和吸附的综合作用,使高温含微细固体粉尘的气体得以彻底去除,选用了10μm,20～30μm,30～40μm孔径的耐腐蚀、耐高温的金属多孔材料进行了分离实验。结果表明,因微粒在多孔材料中的吸附、过滤材质和滤饼的共同作用,3种材质都可使纳米级的粉尘完全去除,总压差随使用时间的增加而增加,滤饼厚度也增加,而达到一定压差后会自然脱落,厚度不会再增加。经再生实验表明,10μm孔径的多孔材质其反吹彻底,成片脱落;20～30μm和30～40μm材质其刮落性比较突出。