对软系统方法论的一点思考

首先分析了切克兰德的系统思想及其在软系统方法论逻辑步骤中的体现以及软系统方法论建模的关键;然后在此基础上,提出了切氏软系统方法论主要是处理硬人类活动系统问题的方法论的观点;最后给出了处理软人类活动系统问题的利益协调软系统方法论的设想。     

硬系统思想与软系统方法论的比较──优化模式及学习模式

硬系统思想与软系统方法论的比较──优化模式及学习模式曹光明（西北工业大学管理学院，西安７１００７２）ＨａｒｄＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｈｉｎｋｉｎｇａｎｄＳｏｆｔＳｙｓｔｅｍＭｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ──ＯｐｔｉｍａｌＭｏｄｅｌａｎｄＬｅａｒｎｉｎｇＭｏｄｅｌＣａｏ...     

软系统方法论与软科学哲学

软系统方法论是一个非常重要的学科,它与科学哲学相互影响、相互作用和相互促进。本文着重分析软系统方法论的哲学基础,以及从硬系统方法论到软系统方法论的哲学基础的变迁,认为硬 / 软系统方法论之间的关系及其在科学哲学中的表现是互斥互补的关系。软科学哲学一词是库恩在《结构后的路》(2000)一书中提出来的。在我国研究和发展软系统方法论和软科学哲学是十分必要的。     

系统方法论研究的现状分析与展望

对目前系统方法论的研究进行分类：硬系统方法论、软系统方法论和批评性系统方法论，分析了不同系统方法的哲学思想、方法步骤及其局限性，探讨了未来系统方法论发展的形式。     

解决不确定问题情境的系统方法论及其反思

解决由人参与的不确定问题情境是当代系统方法论应用研究的主要方向。硬系统方法论采用功能主义整体优化的分析手段来解决目标明确的复杂技术问题,忽视了关于人的价值观和世界观等因素。软系统方法论采用诠释主义的范式来探询和改善问题情境,在处理组织内部关于权力不对等和价值观对立的问题情境时遇到很大挑战。批判系统思想融合了哈贝马斯的三种理性,其中创造性整体论提出了根据不同问题情境采用相适应的系统方法论来解决问题的研究进路。     

一般系统方法论研究

在分析Ｃｈｅｃｋｌａｎｄ软系统方法论的局限性的基础上，本文提出了一般系统方法论（ＧＳＭ）．ＧＳＭ包括了软系统方法论与Ｈａｌｌ硬系统方法论的全部内容，井扩展到问题的发现与形成阶段，揭示出这三部分之间的逻辑联系，从而完善了系统问题从感知到解决的全部可能的逻辑思维过程．     

多方案的软系统方法论与粮食生产经营模式研究

将软系统方法论改进为多方案渐进式，并用于指导农业组织创新，初步尝试了方案的滚动实施，对中国农村农业组织创新的目标模式做了大胆的探索。图7，参4。     

识别和选择顾客价值的系统方法论研究

顾客价值作为一种社会活动,它的多样性和主观动态特征导致了企业管理者在识别和选择顾客价值过程中遇到了很大的困难,这个困难促使本文从社会理论和系统科学的视域来重新考察了顾客价值这个概念的社会特征。根据这个特征本文采用了社会理论研究领域的诠释主义和功能主义两种范式来探讨对顾客价值的理解并在此基础上用软系统方法论构建出识别和选择顾客价值的系统方法论     

制造信息系统自组织过程与系统模型研究

为了研究制造信息系统自组织过程中的宏观相对稳定性与微观单元之间互作用的关系,提出了制造企业复杂信息系统自组织过程结构模型,建立了单元的自动机模型和单元的状态转换函数,以及单元之间交互的接口模型、单元之间的映射耦合函数以及单元属性的本体描述,建立了伺服约束函数模型,研究宏观序参量对单元自作用和互作用的伺服作用,并进行了系统仿真.该模型体系可以准确表述自组织过程、揭示自组织规律,分析制造信息系统静态功能结构和动态运行特性.     

耗散结构理论与“技术—文化”系统——一种研究技术与文化关系的自组织理论视角

技术—文化系统是耗散结构系统:技术—文化系统具有开放性,它始终处于远离平衡态,系统内部诸要素间及其与外部环境间的作用是非线性作用,系统通过涨落推动其循环演化;运用耗散结构理论不仅有助于论述技术与文化的关系,还有助于研究技术的发明、转移、创新和文化的关系。     

Soft Systems Methodology and Systems Maintenance

Business systems maintenance represents a large proportion of the work of IT staff in most organizations. Many methodologies relevant to IT concentrate on systems development and give little attention to systems maintenance. In this paper we discuss the relevance and benefits of the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to systems maintenance. Payroll administration is then used to provide an outline illustration of the use of SSM for systems maintenance projects. Aspects of the use of SSM for systems maintenance projects are also discussed.     

Soft Systems Methodology: Other Voices

This issue of Systemic Practice and Action Research, celebrating the work of Peter Checkland, in the particular nature and development of soft systems methodology (SSM), would not have happened unless the work was seen by others as being important. No significant contribution to thinking happens without a secondary literature developing. Not surprisingly, many commentaries have accompanied the ongoing development of SSM. Some of these are insightful, some full of errors, and some include both insight and absurdity. Checkland (1999, p. A42) opines, in the recently published 30-year retrospective, that "SSM has been ill-served by its commentators." Scrutiny of the secondary literature on SSM provides support for this view and also identifies some general characteristics and trends that are important to the development of SSM and, incidentally, reinforces some existing conclusions.     

The Use of Soft Systems Methodology to Enhance Group Creativity

Soft Systems Methodology is especially useful in diagnosing and addressing organizational problems and designing new systems in cultures that are characterised by pluralistic views and values. This paper demonstrates how SSM workshops in a large government agency resulted in a high level of creativity. SSM is then proposed as a methodology that could enhance group creativity in organizational design contexts.     

Elicitation of Tacit Knowledge Using Soft Systems Methodology

Systemic Practice and Action Research - Elicitation of tacit knowledge is of paramount importance in organizations for novice people’s use of experts’ knowledge. One of the shortcomings...     

Soft Systems Methodology in Action: The Example of a Private Hospital

The paper dealt with the issues of communication between physicians and patients, health care needs of patients and appointment and documentation systems leading to sub-optimal medical treatment, disorganised files and congestion and improperly stored medical treatment records of patients Two Strands Model of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) revealed and handled at a private hospital in Turkey. SSM helped make changes as recommendations to the hospital. However, the SSM-based enquiry also disclosed some difficulties in the processes of cooperation between the practitioner and the client, arranging democratic group discussions, drawing rich pictures, designating, listing and selecting organisational concerns, designing human activity systems, comparing conceptual models with the problem situation and offering and adopting changes. Thus, the paper proposed possible solutions to these methodological problems through synthesising relevant key conceptions of specific soft and other change methodologies into a framework that attempted to bring robust developmental specifications and order for using SSM.     

Elaborating a Critical Realist Approach to Soft Systems Methodology

Systemic Practice and Action Research - This paper explores the implications of adopting a critical realist approach to soft systems methodology (SSM) both to address local problematic situations...     

Storying Systems: Managing Everyday Flux Using Mode 2 Soft Systems Methodology

This paper examines work with managers who used a narrative approach to systemic thinking. Storytelling is incorporated within Mode 2 SSM involving a flexible approach to the analysis of complex or "messy" situations at work. Mode 2 SSM is presented as a thinking mode by those within the problem situation, involving the use of various devices of rich pictures, relevant systems, and root definitions, whereby managers and others may make sense of their experiences from within the flux of everyday life. The focus of the approach is learning through reflection on events and activities to consider potential actions and improvements in difficult situations. The findings show the initial difficulty and disappointment of learning to deal with complexity and the unexpected but how quickly the "gain outweighs the pain," as managers learned to attune themselves to the flux of situations, to identify how to work with flows and energies more creatively, and to become conscious of what was happening on the edge of awareness.     

An Idea Ahead of Its Time: The History and Development of Soft Systems Methodology

This paper, part of the Festschrift for Peter Checkland, provides an outline of the history and development of soft systems methodology. It includes a personal reflection on my experiences of SSM, as well as a more objective evaluation of its achievements and limitations.