共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Peter Kosso 《Foundations of Science》2000,5(1):47-60
Quantum mechanics is usually presented as a challenge to scientific realism, but I will argue that the details of quantum mechanics actually support realism. I will first present some basic quantum mechanical concepts and results, including the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) experiment and Bell's theorem, and do it in a way that everyone can understand. I will then use the physics to inform the philosophy, showing that quantum mechanics provides evidence to support epistemological realism. 相似文献
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In quantum computation non classical features such as superposition states and entanglement are used to solve problems in new ways, impossible on classical digital computers.We illustrate by Deutsch algorithm how a quantum computer can use superposition states to outperform any classical computer. We comment on the view of a quantum computer as a massive parallel computer and recall Amdahls law for a classical parallel computer. We argue that the view on quantum computation as a massive parallel computation disregards the presence of entanglement in a general quantum computation and the non classical way in which parallel results are combined to obtain the final output. 相似文献
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1935年为论证量子力学的完备性提出的EPR悖论开启了量子信息思想火花。20世纪80年代,由本奈特和多依奇等人研究、倡导和推进引发了量子信息研究的爆发。作为用量子力学机制处理信息问题的一种技术手段,量子信息技术同时也是对量子力学所描述的量子实在的技术性证明。信息技术的广泛使用不仅改变了普通人的生活,同时也对学者们理解我们存在的世界提供了技术方法和深刻的思想思路。从历史上考察这一技术的发展过程,有利于我们对这一新生技术的理解。 相似文献
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We discuss a generalization of the standard notion of probability space and show that the emerging framework, to be called operational probability theory, can be considered as underlying quantal theories. The proposed framework makes special reference to the convex structure of states and to a family of observables which is wider than the familiar set of random variables: it appears as an alternative to the known algebraic approach to quantum probability. 相似文献
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Tomasz Bigaj 《Foundations of Science》2012,17(3):205-221
General metaphysical arguments have been proposed in favour of the thesis that all dispositions have categorical bases (Armstrong; Prior, Pargetter, Jackson). These arguments have been countered by equally general arguments in support of ungrounded dispositions (Molnar, Mumford). I believe that this controversy cannot be settled purely on the level of abstract metaphysical considerations. Instead, I propose to look for ungrounded dispositions in specific physical theories, such as quantum mechanics. I explain why non-classical properties such as spin are best interpreted as irreducible dispositional properties, and I give reasons why even seemingly classical properties, for instance position or momentum, should receive a similar treatment when interpreted in the quantum realm. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, I argue that quantum dispositions should not be limited to probabilistic dispositions (propensities) by showing reasons why even possession of well-defined values of parameters should qualify as a dispositional property. I finally discuss the issue of the actuality of quantum dispositions, arguing that it may be justified to treat them as potentialities whose being has a lesser degree of reality than that of classical categorical properties, due to the incompatibility relations between non-commuting observables. 相似文献
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Elena Castellani 《Foundations of Science》2002,7(1-2):181-196
The relevance of symmetry to today's physics is a widely acknowledged fact. A significant part of recent physical inquiry – especially the physics concerned with investigating the fundamentalbuilding blocks of nature – is grounded on symmetry principles andtheir many and far-reaching consequences. But where these symmetries come from and what their real meaning is are open questions, at the center of a developing debate among physicists and philosophers of science. To tackle the problems arising in considering the symmetry issue is the main purpose of this paper. Starting with briefly recalling the bases for the discussion – how symmetry enters and operates in physics, its special effectiveness in the quantum domain and the many relevant functions it performs (Sections 1–3), the paper then focus on the general interpretative questions that arise and the sorts of answers that have been given (Section 4). 相似文献
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Ulrich J. Mohrhoff 《Foundations of Science》2017,22(3):517-537
Although the present paper looks upon the formal apparatus of quantum mechanics as a calculus of correlations, it goes beyond a purely operationalist interpretation. Having established the consistency of the correlations with the existence of their correlata (measurement outcomes), and having justified the distinction between a domain in which outcome-indicating events occur and a domain whose properties only exist if their existence is indicated by such events, it explains the difference between the two domains as essentially the difference between the manifested world and its manifestation. A single, intrinsically undifferentiated Being manifests the macroworld by entering into reflexive spatial relations. This atemporal process implies a new kind of causality and sheds new light on the mysterious nonlocality of quantum mechanics. Unlike other realist interpretations, which proceed from an evolving-states formulation, the present interpretation proceeds from Feynman’s formulation of the theory, and it introduces a new interpretive principle, replacing the collapse postulate and the eigenvalue–eigenstate link of evolving-states formulations. Applied to alternatives involving distinctions between regions of space, this principle implies that the spatiotemporal differentiation of the physical world is incomplete. Applied to alternatives involving distinctions between things, it warrants the claim that, intrinsically, all fundamental particles are identical in the strong sense of numerical identical. They are the aforementioned intrinsically undifferentiated Being, which manifests the macroworld by entering into reflexive spatial relations. 相似文献
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Clément Vidal 《Foundations of Science》2012,17(1):29-38
Jan Greben criticized fine-tuning by taking seriously the idea that “nature is quantum mechanical”. I argue that this quantum
view is limited, and that fine-tuning is real, in the sense that our current physical models require fine-tuning. Second,
I examine and clarify many difficult and fundamental issues raised by Rüdiger Vaas’ comments on Cosmological Artificial Selection. 相似文献
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Scholars concerned with the foundations of quantum mechanics (QM) usually think that contextuality (hence nonobjectivity of physical properties, which implies numerous problems and paradoxes) is an unavoidable feature of QM which directly follows from the mathematical apparatus of QM. Based on some previous papers on this issue, we criticize this view and supply a new informal presentation of the extended semantic realism (ESR) model which embodies the formalism of QM into a broader mathematical formalism and reinterprets quantum probabilities as conditional on detection rather than absolute. Because of this reinterpretation a hidden variables theory can be constructed which justifies the assumptions introduced in the ESR model and proves its objectivity. When applied to special cases the ESR model settles long-standing conflicts (it reconciles Bell’s inequalities with QM), provides a general framework in which previous results obtained by other authors (as local interpretations of the GHZ experiment) are recovered and explained, and supports an interpretation of quantum logic which avoids the introduction of the problematic notion of quantum truth. 相似文献
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非线性系统中微观粒子的特性和非线性量子力学 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
经过20多年的艰苦研究,最近几年里作者与合作者完成了《非线性量子力学理论》(1994年)、《孤子物理学》(2003年)和英文专著QuantumMechanics inNonlinearSystems(2005年)。在这三本专著特别是英文专著中,作者建立了一门新的学科———非线性量子力学,详细而全面系统深入地描述了线性量子力学(LQM)的困难,建立非线性量子力学(NLQM)的必要性和重要性,它的物理理论、实验基础和数学基础,所提出的NLQM的基本原理和理论及该理论的特点,由该理论给出的微观粒子的波粒双重性和其它特性及产生这些特性的非线性相互作用的类型及产生的机理,如何… 相似文献
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美国当代著名科学史与科学社会学家保罗·福曼(Paul Forman)曾于20世纪60年代末就魏玛德国物理学家为何易于接受量子力学的非因果性特征做了深入的社会文化分析,指出魏玛文化中的非理性主义思想对促使物理学家思想转变起到重要推动作用等看法,在西方科学史界引起普遍关注和争议.本文分析福曼研究的时代背景及研究方法,指出福曼的工作不仅在20世纪70年代西方科学史研究从内史向外史的转向中起到重要的推动作用,而且也为70年代诞生于西欧的科学知识社会学提供了一个微观层次上的经典范例. 相似文献
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本首先以心智科学的发展史为线索,从宗教、哲学与心智科学的关系入手,对心智科学的历史、现状和研究内容做了深入分析。接着以心智科学的若干重要问题为线索,分析了心智的起源和性质、心智与语言的关系、人工智能与人类智能、人类智能与进化的关系等心智科学的重要领域。本最后提出心智研究中值得关注的一些疑难和悖论。 相似文献
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范·弗拉森的量子力学解释理论既是他的量子力学哲学的核心,也是他的建构经验论的科学思想基础。本文主要从量子力学的一般解释理论、量子力学测量问题、测量的模态解释的主要思想、模态解释的意义等四个层次较深入浅出地介绍范·弗拉森的量子力学解释理论。 相似文献
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回顾20世纪科技的发展历程,我们深深地感到基础研究的重大突破极大地推动了人类社会发展和文明进步.面对新世纪知识经济的挑战,基础研究占有更加重要的战略地位.江泽民同志指出:基础性研究和高技术研究,是推进我国21世纪现代化建设的动力源泉. 相似文献
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因果性、直观性、个体性与量子力学——试析保罗·福曼关于魏玛文化与量子力学发展之关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
量子力学具有许多经典力学所没有的特征——比如非因果性、非直观性、非个体性等,也由于这些特征引起人们的极大兴趣及广泛讨论。然而,这些特征在多大程度上是理论本身所具有的或是人们所希望赋予的却很少有人注意到。美国当代著名科学史家及社会学家保罗·福曼(Paul Forman)从科学社会学的角度对此作了深入的分析并提出量子力学的发祥地——德国魏玛文化对理论的表述特征产生过重要影响等独到见解。本文拟对福曼的观点进行介招和分析。 相似文献