Blazars的中心黑洞质量

文章利用Blazar中γ射线中光深对黑洞质量的依赖关系,搜集了blazar的相关观测数据,包括X射线和γ射线的流量以及短光变时标,分析了33个blazars,得到中心黑洞质量,辐射区距离,辐射角以及多谱勒因子等重要参量．结果表明：中心黑洞质量的范围是（1．32～151．49）10^7M＋（M＋是太阳质量）,辐射区范围（16．8～992．9）Rg（Rg是Schwild半径）,辐射角的范围是1．31°-56．34°,多谱勒因子的范围0．21～4．11．     

A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way

Many galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centres-more than a million times the mass of the Sun. Measurements of stellar velocities and the discovery of variable X-ray emission have provided strong evidence in favour of such a black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, but have hitherto been unable to rule out conclusively the presence of alternative concentrations of mass. Here we report ten years of high-resolution astrometric imaging that allows us to trace two-thirds of the orbit of the star currently closest to the compact radio source (and massive black-hole candidate) Sagittarius A*. The observations, which include both pericentre and apocentre passages, show that the star is on a bound, highly elliptical keplerian orbit around Sgr A*, with an orbital period of 15.2 years and a pericentre distance of only 17 light hours. The orbit with the best fit to the observations requires a central point mass of (3.7 +/- 1.5) x 10(6) solar masses (M(*)). The data no longer allow for a central mass composed of a dense cluster of dark stellar objects or a ball of massive, degenerate fermions.     

搜寻银河系中的恒星级黑洞

按恒星演化理论预言,银河系中存在数以亿计的恒星级黑洞.然而,目前已证认的黑洞仅有20个左右.随着天文观测设备的飞跃发展,搜寻黑洞的新方法也陆续被提出.我国大型光学望远镜LAMOST(郭守敬望远镜)的海量恒星光谱让我们可以通过光谱分析来搜寻黑洞.本文回顾了近50年来搜寻恒星级黑洞的历程,介绍了经典的搜寻方法和目前发展的一些新方法,侧重介绍了近期基于LAMOST光谱开展的相关工作,并对未来的搜寻工作给出展望.     

Three classical Cepheid variable stars in the nuclear bulge of the Milky Way

The nuclear bulge is a region with a radius of about 200 parsecs around the centre of the Milky Way. It contains stars with ages ranging from a few million years to over a billion years, yet its star-formation history and the triggering process for star formation remain to be resolved. Recently, episodic star formation, powered by changes in the gas content, has been suggested. Classical Cepheid variable stars have pulsation periods that decrease with increasing age, so it is possible to probe the star-formation history on the basis of the distribution of their periods. Here we report the presence of three classical Cepheids in the nuclear bulge with pulsation periods of approximately 20?days, within 40 parsecs (projected distance) of the central black hole. No Cepheids with longer or shorter periods were found. We infer that there was a period about 25 million years ago, and possibly lasting until recently, in which star formation increased relative to the period of 30-70 million years ago.     

Vaidya-Bonner黑洞的自发辐射

利用弯曲时空中标量粒子运动的Hamilton Jacobin方程 ,研究Vaidya Bonner黑洞周围时空的自发辐射 ,得到了自发辐射的能量条件。它不仅依赖于黑洞的质量、电荷 ,还与黑洞视界的变化有关。     

An origin of the radio jet in M87 at the location of the central black hole

Powerful radio jets from active galactic nuclei are thought to be powered by the accretion of material onto the supermassive black hole (the 'central engine'). M87 is one of the closest examples of this phenomenon, and the structure of its jet has been probed on a scale of about 100 Schwarzschild radii (R(s), the radius of the event horizon). However, the location of the central black hole relative to the jet base (a bright compact radio 'core') remains elusive. Observations of other jets indicate that the central engines are located about 10(4)-10(6)R(s) upstream from the radio core. Here we report radio observations of M87 at six frequencies that allow us to achieve a positional accuracy of about 20?microarcseconds. As the jet base becomes more transparent at higher frequencies, the multifrequency position measurements of the radio core enable us to determine the upstream end of the jet. The data reveal that the central engine of M87 is located within 14-23R(s) of the radio core at 43?GHz. This implies that the site of material infall onto the black hole and the eventual origin of the jet reside in the bright compact region seen on the image at 43?GHz.     

The U/Th production ratio and the age of the Milky Way from meteorites and Galactic halo stars

Some heavy elements (with atomic number A > 69) are produced by the 'rapid' (r)-process of nucleosynthesis, where lighter elements are bombarded with a massive flux of neutrons. Although this is characteristic of supernovae and neutron star mergers, uncertainties in where the r-process occurs persist because stellar models are too crude to allow precise quantification of this phenomenon. As a result, there are many uncertainties and assumptions in the models used to calculate the production ratios of actinides (like uranium-238 and thorium-232). Current estimates of the U/Th production ratio range from approximately 0.4 to 0.7. Here I show that the U/Th abundance ratio in meteorites can be used, in conjunction with observations of low-metallicity stars in the halo of the Milky Way, to determine the U/Th production ratio very precisely (0.57(+0.037)(-0.031). This value can be used in future studies to constrain the possible nuclear mass formulae used in r-process calculations, to help determine the source of Galactic cosmic rays, and to date circumstellar grains. I also estimate the age of the Milky Way (14.5(+2.8)(-2.2)Gyr in a way that is independent of the uncertainties associated with fluctuations in the microwave background or models of stellar evolution.     

检测黑洞双星的自转

基于旋转黑洞能量提取的两种机制,Blandford-Znajek(BZ)和magnetic coupling(MC)的共存模型,提出计算黑洞自转的一种新方法.利用该方法计算了既有射电喷流又有高频准周期振荡的黑洞双星的自转,发现其中心是一个与吸积盘旋转方向相同的快转黑洞,且黑洞自转范围很窄.该方法得到的计算结果与其他方法得到的结果很接近.     

修正后的Reissner-Nordstrom黑洞的温度

精确到一阶近似MRN黑洞的内外视界的半径被求出,通过计算出MRN黑洞的表面引力,进而得出了MRN黑洞的温度.最后将结果与RN黑洞的温度进行比较.     

黑洞温度修正与黑洞寿命

讨论了在黑洞熵具有量子修正的情况下黑洞温度的修正,以及由此而引起的黑洞寿命的变化.研究发现,黑洞蒸发到普朗克质量时,温度降出现无限大,再减小质量时将出现负温,此时黑洞熵也将出现极小值.     

一般球对称蒸发黑洞的熵

应用改进的brick-wall模型－膜模型来求一般球对称蒸发黑洞的熵,在 忽略小量的情况下,得到与Bekenstein相一致的结果,即黑洞熵与视界面积成正比。     

Kerr-Newman黑洞的辐射几率与纠缠熵

通过求解弯曲时空中的Klein—Gordon方程,得到视界附近的量子波函数,求出标量粒子在视界附近的Hawking辐射散射几率．依据统计平衡时出现某个宏观态的热力学概率与该态所对应熵之间的关系,计算出Kerr-Newman黑洞的纠缠熵．结果表明,利用该方法计算黑洞熵,不仅能得到熵与视界面积成正比,还避免了截断因子的出现．     

极端黑洞熵的新认识

本文研究了极端RNdS黑洞的量子熵,表明当考虑内事件视界时,极端黑洞的熵与极端和量子化的次序无关都为零,满足热力学第三定律.内外事件视界对熵的贡献是对数发散的,且它们的绝对值严格相等,特别是外事件视界对熵的贡献是负值,这是一个全新的结论.     

二维黑洞Cauchy视界的奇性

利用Ｈｅｌｌｉｗｅｌｌ和Ｋｏｎｋｏｗｓｋｉ提出的关于黑洞Ｃａｕｃｈｙ神界的奇性猜测，研究了１＋１维带电的膨胀的黑洞，作者预告，对于入射的零质量法埃的情况１＋１维带电的膨胀子黑洞的Ｃａｕｃｈｙ神界将出现非标曲率奇性。强宇宙监督原理在这种情况下仍然成立。     

缓变动态Reissner-Nordstr(o)m黑洞的熵

采用薄膜brick-wall模型,运用WKB近似,计算了缓变动态Reissner-Nordstr(o)m黑洞的标量场的熵.结果表明,通过适当选取截断因子,仍可得出黑洞熵与视界面积成正比的结论.     

静态球对称精质包围的Reissner—Nordstrom黑洞的熵

从标量粒子满足的克莱因-高登方程出发,利用薄膜模型方法计算精质包围的Reissner—Nordstrom（R—N）黑洞的熵。薄膜模型的应用,克服了原始砖墙模型中的小质量近似和对数项忽略等不自然的操作。计算结果表明,该黑洞的熵是黑洞视界面积和宇宙视界面积之和的1／4。可见,精质包围的Reissner—Nordstrom黑...     

Schwarzschild黑洞周围时空中两类粒子的热辐射定律

利用Schwarzschild黑洞的瞬时辐出度,导出黑洞Fermi子场和Bose子场的辐射谱及Wien位移定律。因辐射粒子的种类不同,导出的两类粒子的辐射谱及Wien位移定律略有不同。     

An unusually massive stellar black hole in the Galaxy.

The X-ray source known as GRS1915+105 belongs to a group dubbed 'microquasars'. These objects are binary systems which sporadically eject matter at speeds that appear superluminal, as is the case for some quasars. GRS1915+105 is also one of only two known binary sources thought to contain a maximally spinning black hole. Determining the basic parameters of GRS195+105, such as the masses of the components, will help us to understand jet formation in this system, as well as providing links to other objects which exhibit jets. Using X-ray data, indirect methods have previously been used to infer a variety of masses for the accreting compact object in the range 10-30 solar masses (M middle dot in circle). Here we report a direct measurement of the orbital period and mass function of GRS1915+105, which allow us to deduce a mass of 14 +/- 4 M middle dot in circle for the black hole. Black holes with masses >5-7 M middle dot in circle challenge the conventional picture of black-hole formation in binary systems. Based on the mass estimate, we interpret the distinct X-ray variability of GRS1915+105 as arising from instabilities in an accretion disk that is dominated by radiation pressure, and radiating near the Eddington limit (the point where radiation pressure supports matter against gravity). Also, the mass estimate constrains most models which relate observable X-ray properties to the spin of black holes in microquasars.     

The age of the Milky Way inner halo

The Milky Way galaxy has several components, such as the bulge, disk and halo. Unravelling the assembly history of these stellar populations is often restricted because of difficulties in measuring accurate ages for low-mass, hydrogen-burning stars. Unlike these progenitors, white dwarf stars, the 'cinders' of stellar evolution, are remarkably simple objects and their fundamental properties can be measured with little ambiguity. Here I report observations of newly formed white dwarf stars in the halo of the Milky Way, and a separate analysis of archival data in the well studied 12.5-billion-year-old globular cluster Messier 4. I measure the mass distribution of the remnant stars and invert the stellar evolution process to develop a mathematical relation that links this final stellar mass to the mass of their immediate progenitors, and therefore to the age of the parent population. By applying this technique to a small sample of four nearby and kinematically confirmed halo white dwarf stars, I calculate the age of local field halo stars to be 11.4?±?0.7 billion years. The oldest globular clusters formed 13.5?billion years ago. Future observations of newly formed white dwarf stars in the halo could be used to reduce the uncertainty, and to probe relative differences between the formation times of the youngest globular clusters and the inner halo.