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1.
Issues of social responsibility, ethics and interdependence, as well as the pragmatic imperative to better understand complexity,
require that diverse viewpoints be invited and given credence by policy makers seeking imaginative ‘solutions’ to climate
change. This paper explores the statutory introduction of biofuels into New Zealand by way of the discourses that preceded
this decision. This inquiry used Critically Systemic Thinking and ‘Mode 2’ Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to engage with multiple
stakeholders to the Biofuels policy to discover how the discourse was conducted. It concludes that the process of policymaking
was framed in technical rationalist terms thereby favouring certain ‘worldviews’ over others. Accordingly, a model of ‘ideal’
discourse and decision making for governing the conduct of future public discourse is presented. This inquiry assists in re-establishing
SSM as a rigorous and reflexive approach to analysing a complex issue and for enhancing collective learning into its content
and process. 相似文献
2.
Raymond Caldwell 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2012,25(1):39-55
From its inception the concept of the learning organization has been identified with a particular type of organization or
new forms of organizational learning. But it is often forgotten that Senge’s ‘system thinking’ formulation of the learning
organization was inseparable from an attempt to reformulate a new way of thinking about change agency and leadership in organizations.
Here it is argued that Senge’s learning organization can be re-conceptualised as a partial fusion of ‘systems thinking’ and
learning theories that leads to a concept of organizational learning as a form of ‘distributed leadership’. However, the concept
is critically flawed because it cannot theorise the organizing practices by which learning to lead and leading to learn are
shared or distributed in organizations. It is concluded that Senge’s under-theorized focus on distributed leadership consistently
neglects issues of practice and issues of power. As such his work does not provide an exploration of the possibilities for
increasing the dispersal of human agency, power, knowledge and autonomy within the workplace. 相似文献
3.
Peirce and Beer 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper considers the philosophical background of Stafford Beer's Viable Systems Diagnosis (VSD) as profoundly influenced
by Charles Peirce. In a general sense, our work discusses the VSD theory base in the development of a model for actionable
theory in organizations. This paper examines VSD theory in the Beer trilogy ‘Brain of the Firm,’ ‘The Heart of the Enterprise’
and ‘Diagnosing the System’ and we propose that a sound set of VSD action principles can be derived from this trilogy. We
contend that the philosophical background underpinning these principles is important. Using Beer’s ‘Decision and Control,’
we consider that philosophical background and link Operational Research and the interdisciplinary learning within Cybernetics
to modern general systems theory. We explore Beer’s viewpoint on the Peirce depiction of four main methods of fixing belief;
tenacity, authority, a priori and finally the scientific to assist in that expansion. We consider how knowledge of Beer’s
perspective on making sense of the world is important in the linkage of VSD theory to the managerial problem arena. We relate
the Peirce methods to previously reported problem solving exercises involving the VSD ideology, which we will develop individually
at a later date. This paper reflects our desire to express the interpretation of VSD theory in a language that the well-informed
manager may readily translate into the third step of testing theory in practice. 相似文献
4.
John HAMILTON 《系统科学与系统工程学报(英文版)》2004,13(4):469-489
1. Introduction The services industry provides services notgoods (Hughes and Mitchell et al., 1993). Thisindustry is moving towards globalization(Kathawala and Abdou, 2003). In 1870 theservice sector employed slightly more than 20%of the U.S.… 相似文献
5.
Finding equitable policy solutions is critical for developing sustainable energy use.This paper presents a system-of-systems(SoS) formalism for addressing the equity issue in multi-actor policymaking.In a SoS,the control of the overall system performance is shared among a network of actors.In contrast to a single optimal solution that aggregates objectives of actors,the solution concept of iso-performance is formulated and employed to illuminate multiple solutions and hence the ’space’ for actors to compromise.By specifically accounting for the equity issue,the level of sacrifice each actor makes for each iso-performance solution is computed.To demonstrate the approach,a case study is presented about policymaking to reduce fuel life cycle aviation emissions in the United States based on the year 2020 reduction target,involving government,airlines,jet fuel refinery companies,and aircraft and engine manufacturers.A resource allocation mixed integer programming model is employed to calculate carbon emissions resulting from airlines’ deployment of aircraft fleet to meet changing air transport demand.The paper discusses three iso-performance solutions;each of them requires a different level of sacrifice from each actor.Such an insight can inform policymaking in determining the magnitude of compensation required when a particular solution is pursued. 相似文献
6.
Action on issues of ecological significance often requires changes in personal behaviour and political consensus on technologies
to support these changes. Unfortunately, many consultation processes only engage a narrow range of stakeholders, usually those
professionally engaged or already active on a range of community issues. This paper illustrates how people who are ‘hard to
reach’ or seen as ‘apathetic’ might be engaged using ‘action-conversations’ that explore the social climate for action and
how scientific/technical messages can be framed in the language of the community. 相似文献
7.
Mike Young 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2011,24(5):453-478
This paper is a rare example of a large scale (n = 1310), positivist, evaluation of an action research program. It documents
how the Royal Navy used the principles of scholarly consulting and pragmatic science to develop, apply and review a systems
based tool, and associated ‘new organisation development’ intervention, to help staff explore and share perceptions of working
practices, in order to expand their awareness of their current work situation and so uncover opportunities for improvement.
Survey results suggest that the majority of individuals found the interventions valuable and participants in the events enjoyed
significantly higher levels of understanding of the organisation, and greater collective, and individual, benefit from it.
Findings also provide empirical evidence of the importance of involvement to making successful change, especially when dealing
with the change averse. Overall the experience, of which the action research based study and associated positivist survey
were part, reinforce the importance of what is described as ‘normative realigning pedagogy’—helping people change by facilitating their
generation of new forms of understanding. 相似文献
8.
Jae Eon Yu 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2006,19(4):337-349
The article describes and demonstrates the use of a new research proposal for understanding the complexity in organizations in terms of a Deleuzian sense of an event. It creates the rhizome metaphor that allows the emergence of different ways of systems thinking, a legitimate challenge to the Modernist’s orthodoxy. For Deleuze and Guattari, micropolitics are the essence of what we call ‘rhizomatic systems.’ It is this concept of the organization, as a rhizome or rhizomatic systems that we want to focus from ‘problem solving’ in a real-world situation to the process of problematization, that is, the making or appreciating a series of events in the problematizing fields. The paper draws on the research experience in which participatory action research was carried out in a Korean distribution company. The participatory learning process happened to create a series of events in which ‘time-related research’ was conducted in order to facilitate the process of problematization within the organization.
相似文献
Jae Eon YuEmail: |
9.
Systemic Intervention in a University Department: Reflections on Arrested Action Research 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Don Houston 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2008,21(2):133-152
This paper reflects on my experience as an insider researcher attempting to use critical systems ideas and practices to promote
quality improvement in a university engineering department. Reflection is a key part of learning. This paper is intended to
contribute to critically, self-reflective learning for the community of systems practitioners. These reflections on my questions
about participation, ethics, politics of process, and the choices and actions resulting from them may help others to formulate
their own. The complexity of systems practice places substantial demands on the researcher, particularly in the case of insider,
practitioner research. Nevertheless, the exploration of critical systems approaches to critique boundaries and structure ‘problems’
in the core aspects of higher education in locally meaningful ways should continue. While demanding, it still can work to
promote learning about authentic quality. 相似文献
10.
Sara Lise Jeppesen 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2011,24(2):133-146
The aim of this paper is to explore an explicit use of the concept of sustainability within transport planning. This paper
analyses the concept of sustainability based on a practical approach for a sustainable development of Nordhavn, an area of
Copenhagen, exemplifying a complex planning problem. An exploration of the application of the concept of sustainability is
carried out using elements of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). This approach indicates a need to separate the use of sustainability
considerations regarding the transport planning ‘process’ from the transport planning ‘results’. The two approaches are related
to the planning levels presented by Ulrich (Syst Prac 1(4):415–428, 1988). It was chosen to focus on the understanding of a sustainable transport planning process. This focus is addressed by four
stakeholder groups interviewed based on the ‘ought to’ mode of Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH). Finally an outline of some
of the factors of a sustainable transport planning process is proposed. 相似文献
11.
Automobile companies that spend billions of dollars annually towards warranty cost, give high priority to warranty reduction programs. Forecasting of automobile warranty performance plays an important role towards these efforts. The forecasting process involves prediction of not only the specific months-in-service (MIS) warranty performance at certain future time, but also at future MIS values. However, ‘maturing data‘ (also called warranty growth) phenomena that causes warranty performance at specific MIS values to change with time, makes such a forecasting task challenging. Although warranty forecasting methods such as log-log plots and dynamic linear models appear in literature, there is a need for applications addressing the well recognized issue of ‘maturing data‘. In this paper we use an artificial neural network for the forecasting of warranty performance in presence of ‘maturing data‘ phenomena. The network parameters are optimized by minimizing the training and testing errors using response surface methodology. This application shows the effectiveness of neural networks in the forecasting of automobile warranty performance in the presence of the ‘maturing data‘ phenomena. 相似文献
12.
Yoland Wadsworth 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2008,21(2):153-170
The following article makes a case for the social sciences to renew their interest in systems, drawing on ideas circulating
in organisational and community psychology, industry, engineering, biology and ecology, the new physics, management, evaluation,
religion and spirituality, policy-making, human services professions, and service-user and community movements. It charts
a different kind of systemic thinking in striking contrast to traditional mechanistic social systems theory. Sociology’s current
resiling from systems theory is explained as a legacy of its loyal service in the ‘battlefield’ of the post WW2 critique of
authoritarian structural-functionalist positivist systems and the hard-won interpretive turn to issues of process, diversity,
conflict, change and a critical and ‘qualitative’ epistemology. A new transdisciplinary mental architecture of self-organising
processes for complex living systems is offered which integrates understandings of both ‘structural systems’ and the ‘processual
systemic’ in individual psychology, organisational sociology, and in action research as its epistemology.
相似文献
Yoland WadsworthEmail: |
13.
C. Jotin Khisty 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2006,19(1):3-25
This paper critically examines some important topics of systemic thinking to understand how our perception of problems can be enhanced and how the chances of deception can be mitigated while dealing with real-world problems. To achieve this objective, an attempt is first made to scrutinize some of the key issues of systemic thinking by looking through the lens of Churchman's aphorisms at: (1) the illusion of completeness and closure, (2) the meaning of holism, and (3) the concept of ‘Interbeing’. A preliminary ‘agenda for action’ is then laid out suggesting ways for increasing our perception and for minimizing the chances of being deceived in dealing with systems problems in practice. 相似文献
14.
Esther Gnanamalar Sarojini Daniel 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2011,24(3):211-236
In this paper an exploratory two phase action research of one teacher educator’s attempt at explicit modelling is portrayed.
The first phase elicited opinions of pre-service Biology teachers at the end of a semester. Based on the findings of the first
phase, the second phase facilitated the pre-service Biology teacher sample to alleviate their ‘finishing the syllabus syndrome’
which they had picked up from their school days. The explicit modelling planned for the second phase was based upon the modelling
theory of Albert Bandura. The study indicates that the explicit modelling endeavoured appeared to have some effect upon the
motivation and the symbolising, vicarious, forethought, self-regulation and self-reflection capabilities of the pre-service
Biology teachers. The ‘finishing the syllabus mentality’ where the presentation of content was significant, showed signs of
weakening at the end of the second phase. 相似文献
15.
This article views a particular example of action research through the theoretical lens provided by the Concerns Based Adoption
Model of professional development. A small group of teachers in Lesotho, used action research to investigate their understanding
and practice in the midst of externally initiated change. Data was collected from teachers’ discussions during the 2 years
of the project. Teachers interacted during planning sessions; lesson observations and reflection meetings. Results indicated
that these teachers’ development and change through action research corresponded with the seven levels of the Concerns-Based
Adoption Model (CBAM) which are awareness, information, personal concerns, management, consequences, collaboration and refocusing.
The demonstrated resonance between CBAM and action research is significant, given the differing orientations of the two models.
There is a need however to conduct further studies with larger samples and possibly from diverse areas to further explore
the relationship between the Concerns-Based Adoption Model and action research. 相似文献
16.
Anne Stephens 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2012,25(1):1-14
Feminist Systems Theory (FST) is an emerging theory grounded in cultural ecofeminism and critical systems theory. FST’s contribution
is in a set of principles that contain implications for community development and social research. FST brings to the fore
the importance of valuing and considering the voices of people at the margins of social research and community development
projects and is an effort towards a new ontology and language of person and nature to adequately address environmental marginalization.
The ‘systems’ theory contribution to FST enriches our repertoires of methods and tools with an emphasis on systems thinking
characterised by the use of boundary analysis. FST is ideally situated to enhance systemic intervention practice, an application
of action research and participatory research practices. This paper will examine ‘process philosophy’ necessary to understand
the nature of boundary analysis and the implications for FST and praxis with relevant examples drawn from case studies of
current applications of FST in action research settings; (1) economic analysis and transition pathways; (2) policy analysis
of the Close the Gap strategy for Indigenous equality and equity in Australia; (3) a community food distribution system; and, (4) a community
health and diabetes prevention program. 相似文献
17.
All organisations face the challenge of how to assess performance beyond current financial metrics. These challenges are felt
especially strongly by social enterprises, organisations that use business methods to achieve social goals. Social enterprises
need to evidence superior social outcomes, are normally accountable to a complex range of stakeholders and yet are often rated
low to medium in terms of organisational capacity—thus whilst they have a great need for rounded measurement, they may in
practice lack the ability to make use of the different approaches on offer. This paper examines the current and potential
use of the conventional Balanced Scorecard model, by social enterprises. The Adventure Capital Fund provides case study evidence
of extensive use of a modified Scorecard. The model used is dynamic, combining reflection on the organisation’s current position,
‘near term’ and long term issues. It aims to take a holistic and coherent view of the management of social enterprises. Experience
to date suggests that the medium term snapshot provided by the Scorecard is the most valuable, allowing organisations and
especially boards and senior executives to keep a ‘strategic grip’ in a period of rapid change and focus on those actions
that have best chance of changing performance in the round. 相似文献
18.
Overcoming Challenges in Writing About Action Research—The Promise of the Development Story 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
There is great demand for articles and books describing what action researchers do but little methodological literature available
explaining how researchers can go about writing such articles and books. This constitutes a serious challenge as writing high
quality scientific texts is crucial for researchers to learn about and improve their practice. This paper addresses that challenge
and offers a ‘recipe’ for writing, the development story, which aims to help action researchers reflect deeply on their empirical observations and convert these into concise and
meaningful texts. The main purpose is to examine how using the development story as a support tool for writing impacts on
engaged researchers’ field practice. We assess the value of the development story by using it to analyse and present an organizational
development project in four Norwegian industrial service firms. We conclude that the development story can help instigating
valuable reflection on the various roles researchers play out in the field, thereby helping them improve future practice.
There is a need for more literature about analysis and writing adapted to the specific challenges of action research. 相似文献
19.
Collaborative Implementation Network Structures: Cultural Tourism Implementation in an English Seaside Context 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Michelle Watts 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2009,22(4):293-311
Strategic policy has to be implemented within complex operating environments where organisations have to perform within an
inter-dependent production process in a dynamic mix of competition and cooperation. This suggests that network structures
need to be in place that allow for both collaboration and competition whilst mitigating against structural fragmentation.
The aim of this research was to further the understanding of control and communication mechanisms and collaboration in policy
implementation networks and focus upon problems of structural fragmentation in these complex policy environments. This research
used a systems approach to develop a methodological framework based on Beer’s Viable System Model, work by Espejo and Social
Network Analysis. The research was set in a tourism ‘cluster’ in an English seaside context, which is that part of the Yorkshire
coast covered by the Scarborough Borough Council local authority, where a more culturally focussed tourism product was being
introduced. 相似文献
20.
The Viable Systems Model Applied to a National System of Innovation to Inform Policy Development 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper outlines how the viable systems model (VSM) can provide insights into a National System of Innovation by focussing
on the necessary variety needed to match the system's changing external environment. Because an innovation system is more
diffuse than a firm, the VSM needs to be described within an ‘ecological’ metaphor. This approach gives insights into the
system's learning processes, showing that there can be a trade-off between variety and control for the system to maintain
a fixed level of viability. Furthermore, for many innovation systemsthe coordination is ‘soft’; taking place through markets,
through Government directions, and through relationships embodied in clusters, unions or industry groups, etc.Governments
generally can only manage the system indirectly by facilitating the generation of the necessary variety, influencing strategic
directions, filling gaps in the system and encouraging coordination.
Societal or cultural innovations, such as new forms of citizen participation in decision-making, may well improve the viability
of an innovation system. However, if these innovations are pursued for societal rather than economic purposes, they fall outside
the usual definition of innovation within an NSI. 相似文献