D to H ratio and the origin and evolution of Titan's atmosphere

A value of 1.7 x 10(-3) has been reported for the ratio of CH3D to CH4 in the stratosphere of the saturnian moon Titan. A lower value of 6 x 10(-4) for this ratio in the deeper part of Titan's atmosphere was reported by de Bergh et al. For comparison we note that the CH3D to CH4 ratio on Saturn and Jupiter is 8.7 x 10(-5) and 6.7 x 10(-5), respectively. We estimate the uncertainties in all these observations and data reduction to be about a factor of 2. Despite these uncertainties it appears that Titan's atmosphere is enriched in deuterium by a factor of > or = 3 relative to Jupiter and Saturn. Potential causative factors examined here for this enrichment are condensation to form tropospheric methane clouds, fractionation occurring over a hypothetical CH4-C2H6 ocean and between the ocean and the clathrate crust beneath, fractionation which occurred during the formation of Titan and fractionation occurring as a result of the evolution of Titan's atmosphere. We conclude that the greater part of the observed fractionation is probably derived from the formation of Titan and the subsequent evolution of Titan's atmosphere driven by photochemistry.     

δD values of escaped H2 from hot springs at the Tengchong Rehai geothermal area and its origin

Here we give the δD values of escaped H2 from hot springs at the Tengchong Rehai and adjacent regions,and deal with a genetic correlation between the increment H2in escaped gases from middle-shallow reservoirs and the H2S,CH4 derived from deep sources. Isotopic compositions of H2indicate that the generation of increment H2 may be related to recent strong activity of N-W trending fault at the Rehai area. Trace monitoring the H2 release could be significant in order to keep watch on present activity of that fault.``     

Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2

For decades, the source of Earth's volatiles, especially water with a deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H) of (1.558?±?0.001)?×?10(-4), has been a subject of debate. The similarity of Earth's bulk composition to that of meteorites known as enstatite chondrites suggests a dry proto-Earth with subsequent delivery of volatiles by local accretion or impacts of asteroids or comets. Previous measurements in six comets from the Oort cloud yielded a mean D/H ratio of (2.96?±?0.25)?×?10(-4). The D/H value in carbonaceous chondrites, (1.4?±?0.1)?×?10(-4), together with dynamical simulations, led to models in which asteroids were the main source of Earth's water, with ≤10 per cent being delivered by comets. Here we report that the D/H ratio in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper belt, is (1.61?±?0.24)?×?10(-4). This result substantially expands the reservoir of Earth ocean-like water to include some comets, and is consistent with the emerging picture of a complex dynamical evolution of the early Solar System.     

Geochemistry: biosignatures and abiotic constraints on early life

Ueno et al. contend that methane found in fluid inclusions within hydrothermally precipitated quartz in the Dresser Formation of western Australia (which is roughly 3.5 Gyr old) provides evidence for microbial methanogenesis in the early Archaean era. The authors discount alternative origins for this methane, suggesting that the range of delta(13)C(CH(4)) values that they record (-56 to -36 per thousand) is attributable to mixing between a primary microbial end-member with a delta(13)C(CH(4)) value of less than -56 per thousand and a mature thermogenic gas enriched in (13)C (about -36 per thousand). However, abiotic methane produced experimentally and in other Precambrian greenstone settings has (13)C-depleted delta(13)C(CH(4)) values, as well as Delta(13)C(CO(2)-CH(4)) relationships that encompass the range measured for the inclusions by Ueno et al. - which suggests that an alternative, abiotic origin for the methane is equally plausible. The conclusions of Ueno et al. about the timing of the onset of microbial methanogenesis might not therefore be justified.     

Spatiotemporal variations in mid-upper tropospheric methane over China from satellite observations

Spaceborne measurements by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS/Aqua satellite provide a global view of methane (CH 4 ) distribution in the mid-upper troposphere (MUT-CH 4 ). The focus of this study is to analyze the spatiotemporal varia- tions in MUT-CH 4 over China from 2003 to 2008. Validation of AIRS CH 4 products versus Fourier transform infrared profiles demonstrates that its RMS error is mostly less than 1.5%. A typical atmospheric methane profile is found that shows how concentrations decrease as height increases because of surface emissions. We found that an important feature in the seasonal variation in CH 4 is the two peaks that exist in summer and winter in most parts of China, which is also observed in in-situ measurements at Mt. Waliguan, Qinghai Province, China (36.2879°N 100.8964°E, 3810 m). Also, in the summer, only one peak existed in western and southern China since there are no more significant anthropogenic sources in winter than at any other time of the year. Further analysis of the deseasonalized time-series of AIRS CH 4 in three fixed pressure layers of AIRS from 2003 to 2008 indicates that CH 4 in the Northern Hemisphere has increased abruptly since 2007, with no significant increase occurring before 2007. The increase in China is generally more significant than in other areas around the world, which again correlates with in-situ measurements at Mt. Waliguan.     

Another continental pool in the terrestrial silicon cycle

Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth. It is an important nutrient for phytoplankton and is readily absorbed by terrestrial vegetation; it also assists the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the weathering of silicates. But the continental cycle of silicon is not well known, and only a few studies have attempted to use silicon stable isotopes (28Si, 29Si and 30Si) to quantify the continental silicon reservoirs. Dissolved silicon in sea and river waters forms a reservoir of mean isotopic value +1.1 per thousand (refs 7, 10). It is enriched in 30Si with respect to the igneous rocks reservoir, which has a mean isotopic value of -0.3 per thousand (refs 4, 9). This enrichment can only be produced by a major fractionation during weathering, and should result in the formation of a continental 30Si-depleted reservoir. Such a reservoir, however, has not been identified to date. Here we analyse silicon isotopes of in situ quartz from a sandstone series in France, using a new-generation secondary ion mass spectrometry apparatus. We show that quartz that precipitates as siliceous cements forms a strongly 30Si-depleted reservoir with isotopic values down to -5.7 per thousand, a more negative value than any previously published for terrestrial samples. Our findings suggest that quartz re-precipitation plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of silicon.     

Natural methyl bromide and methyl chloride emissions from coastal salt marshes

Atmospheric methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), compounds that are involved in stratospheric ozone depletion, originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Current estimates of CH3Br and CH3Cl emissions from oceanic sources, terrestrial plants and fungi, biomass burning and anthropogenic inputs do not balance their losses owing to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, oceanic degradation, and consumption in soils, suggesting that additional natural terrestrial sources may be important. Here we show that CH3Br and CH3Cl are released to the atmosphere from all vegetation zones of two coastal salt marshes. We see very large fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl per unit area: up to 42 and 570 micromol m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The fluxes show large diurnal, seasonal and spatial variabilities, but there is a strong correlation between the fluxes of CH3Br and those of CH3Cl, with an average molar flux ratio of roughly 1:20. If our measurements are typical of salt marshes globally, they suggest that such ecosystems, even though they constitute less than 0.1% of the global surface area, may produce roughly 10% of the total fluxes of atmospheric CH3Br and CH3Cl.     

入口气组分对质子交换膜燃料电池柴油水蒸气重整制氢流程的影响

考察了Ni--Yb/γ--Al2O3(Ni 16%,Yb 5%,质量分数)催化剂,入口气中添加不同组分(CO2、H2和CH4)对柴油低/高温水蒸气重整过程中转化率及重整率的影响,以及添加CO2入口气对质子交换膜燃料电池柴油水蒸气重整制氢流程中后续的CO水气变换和深度去除CO过程的影响.结果表明:入口气中添加CO2或H2进一步提高了柴油在低温(400～500℃)水蒸气重整反应中的转化率(95%),能够为后续的高温(550～750℃)水蒸气重整过程提供CH4代替柴油作为重整原料,从而显著抑制了积碳.入口气中添加H2对高温水蒸气重整有抑制作用,添加CH4不利于提高柴油转化率.入口气中添加CO2时,气碳摩尔比约为0.54时柴油转化率最佳,但重整产物中CO含量会增加,因而后续CO水汽变换过程的空速需降低以便保证CO去除率,添加CO2对最后深度去除CO过程(两段选择甲烷化法)无明显影响.     

大气压DBD甲烷二氧化碳转化方法研究

在不使用催化剂,吸收剂的环境友好条件下,利用大气压介质阻挡强电离放电加速电子及激励气体分子方法,将CH4和CO2气体激发、电离和离解成CH3,CH2,CH,H,CO,O,OH等活性粒子,并在非平衡等离子体反应器内重新组合,生成合成气、气态烃及含氧有机物醇、酸等有价值产物,甲烷的转化率高达60%以上,二氧化碳或氮气的加入使甲烷的转化率有明显提高,甲烷与二氧化碳反应气的最佳体积比为3/1.当甲烷体积分数为75%时,可得到H2/CO摩尔比为3的高质量的合成气,收集到的液体产物主要有醇、酸和水等.     

微细通道内甲烷部分催化氧化的反应特性

基于详细基元反应机理,对微细通道内Rh催化剂表面低浓度CH4部分催化氧化的反应特性进行了数值研究,重点考察了进口温度、CH4/O2体积比以及H2O对CH4部分催化氧化的影响.结果表明:在Rh催化剂表面,CH4的反应为动力学控制,而O2的反应为扩散控制;由于O2的高反应性,CH4首先与O2发生氧化反应,完全氧化产物和部分氧化产物均有生成;当O2被消耗以后,CH4与H2O发生重整反应,而CO2的重整反应没有发生;C/O体积比的增加会导致重整区积碳量的增加,从而CH4的转化率以及部分氧化产物的生成量降低,甚至重整反应停止;添加H2O能够有效地抑制积碳,并促进H2和CO2的生成.     

几个二价稀土金属配合物的催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合反应活性研究

研究了二价稀土金属配合物(η5:η1-C9H6CH2CH2CH2NMe2)2YbII(1),[{η5:η5:η1-(C9H5CH2SiMe2NC4H8)2}EuI2I(μ-Cl)]2[μ-η3:η5:η1:η3:η5:η1-(C9H5CH2SiMe2NC4H8)2].C7H8.(C6H6)0.5(2),and[η5:η1-C9H6CH2SiMe2NC4H8]2YbII(3)催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合活性.探索了催化剂与MMA单体摩尔比、溶剂的极性、温度对MMA聚合反应的影响.     

Chronology of the early Solar System from chondrule-bearing calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions

Chondrules and Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are high-temperature components of meteorites that formed during transient heating events in the early Solar System. A major unresolved issue is the relative timing of CAI and chondrule formation. From the presence of chondrule fragments in an igneous CAI, it was concluded that some chondrules formed before CAIs (ref. 5). This conclusion is contrary to the presence of relict CAIs inside chondrules, as well as to the higher abundance of 26Al in CAIs; both observations indicate that CAIs pre-date chondrules by 1-3 million years (Myr). Here we report that relict chondrule material in the Allende meteorite, composed of olivine and low-calcium pyroxene, occurs in the outer portions of two CAIs and is 16O-poor (Delta17O approximately -1 per thousand to -5 per thousand). Spinel and diopside in the CAI cores are 16O-rich (Delta17O up to -20 per thousand), whereas diopside in their outer zones, as well as melilite and anorthite, are 16O-depleted (Delta17O = -8 per thousand to 2 per thousand). Both chondrule-bearing CAIs are 26Al-poor with initial 26Al/27Al ratios of (4.7 +/- 1.4) x 10(-6) and <1.2 x 10(-6). We conclude that these CAIs had chondrule material added to them during a re-melting episode approximately 2 Myr after formation of CAIs with the canonical 26Al/27Al ratio of 5 x 10(-5).     

一类新型二胺的合成研究

本文报道以两种不同的还原体系ＮＨ２ＮＨ２—ＲａｎｅｙＮｉ／Ｃ２Ｈ５ＯＨ和Ａｌ—Ｈｇ／Ｈ２Ｏ，将３—取代—１，５—二（２—硝基苯氧基）—３—氨杂戊烷（Ⅰ—Ⅶ）还原为相应的二胺（Ⅷ—ⅹⅨ）．取代基分别为—ＣＨ２—ＣＨ＝ＣＨ２，—Ｃ４Ｈ９—ｎ，—ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣＨ３，—ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣ２Ｈ５，—ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣ４Ｈ９—ｎ，—ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣＨ３，—ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣ４Ｈ９—ｎ．产物经元素分析、１ＨＮＭＲ和ＭＳ证实其结构．     

Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter

Volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOC) play an important role in atmospheric chemical processes-contributing, for example, to stratospheric ozone depletion. For anthropogenic VHOC whose sources are well known, the global atmospheric input can be estimated from industrial production data. Halogenated compounds of natural origin can also contribute significantly to the levels of VHOC in the atmosphere. The oceans have been implicated as one of the main natural sources, where organisms such as macroalgae and microalgae can release large quantities of VHOC to the atmosphere. Some terrestrial sources have also been identified, such as wood-rotting fungi, biomass burning and volcanic emissions. Here we report the identification of a different terrestrial source of naturally occurring VHOC. We find that, in soils and sediments, halide ions can be alkylated during the oxidation of organic matter by an electron acceptor such as Fe(III): sunlight or microbial mediation are not required for these reactions. When the available halide ion is chloride, the reaction products are CH3Cl, C2H5Cl, C3H7Cl and C4H9Cl. (The corresponding alkyl bromides or alkyl iodides are produced when bromide or iodide are present.) Such abiotic processes could make a significant contribution to the budget of the important atmospheric compounds CH3Cl, CH3Br and CH3I.     

钢表面化学气相沉积碳化钛

采用化学气相沉积（CVD）法，以TiCl4-CH4-H2为原料气体，在不锈钢表面获得了致密的碳化钛(TiC)膜，研究了TiC的成膜速度、表面形貌和日本择优取向与沉积条件的关系。结果表明，沉积温度Taep、碳钛比CH4／TiCl4强烈的影响TiC的成膜速度、表面形貌和晶体择优取向。CH4／TiCl4低时，TiC晶体的择优取向为（220）；CH4／TiCl4高时，TiC晶体的择优取向为（200）。气氛中活性碳的平衡浓度是决定碳化钛的表达形貌、晶体择优取向的主要因素。     

Recent decreases in fossil-fuel emissions of ethane and methane derived from firn air

Methane and ethane are the most abundant hydrocarbons in the atmosphere and they affect both atmospheric chemistry and climate. Both gases are emitted from fossil fuels and biomass burning, whereas methane (CH(4)) alone has large sources from wetlands, agriculture, landfills and waste water. Here we use measurements in firn (perennial snowpack) air from Greenland and Antarctica to reconstruct the atmospheric variability of ethane (C(2)H(6)) during the twentieth century. Ethane levels rose from early in the century until the 1980s, when the trend reversed, with a period of decline over the next 20?years. We find that this variability was primarily driven by changes in ethane emissions from fossil fuels; these emissions peaked in the 1960s and 1970s at 14-16 teragrams per year (1?Tg = 10(12)?g) and dropped to 8-10?Tg yr(-1) by the turn of the century. The reduction in fossil-fuel sources is probably related to changes in light hydrocarbon emissions associated with petroleum production and use. The ethane-based fossil-fuel emission history is strikingly different from bottom-up estimates of methane emissions from fossil-fuel use, and implies that the fossil-fuel source of methane started to decline in the 1980s and probably caused the late twentieth century slow-down in the growth rate of atmospheric methane.     

五个生成环氧乙烷的反应的热力学预测(英文)

运用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)对文献[1]提出的Titan大气中可能生成环氧乙烷的五个反应在不同的温度和压强条件下进行了热力学计算和分析,发现:a)所有反应的反应焓变和吉布斯自由能变都小于零,反应都是放热反应,具有较大的自发反应趋势;在低温下反应的平衡常数很大,数据显示反应在低温下正向进行的自发反应趋势更大。b)对比生成环氧乙烷的同素异构体:乙醛和乙烯醇的计算结果,可以预测到在Titan大气的低温环境中自然合成环氧乙烷是很有可能的.     

Removal of chlorofluorocarbons by increased mass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere in a changing climate

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), along with bromine compounds, have been unequivocally identified as being responsible for most of the anthropogenic destruction of stratospheric ozone. With curbs on emissions of these substances, the recovery of the ozone layer will depend on their removal from the atmosphere. As CFCs have no significant tropospheric removal process, but are rapidly photolysed above the lower stratosphere, the timescale for their removal is set mainly by the rate at which air is transported from the troposphere into the stratosphere. Using a global climate model we predict that, in response to the projected changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations during the first half of the twenty-first century, this rate of mass exchange will increase by 3% per decade. This increase is due to more vigorous extra-tropical planetary waves emanating from the troposphere. We estimate that this increase in mass exchange will accelerate the removal of CFCs to an extent that recovery to levels currently predicted for 2050 and 2080 will occur 5 and 10 years earlier, respectively.     

两个金属有机膦酸配合物的合成与结构表征

以氨基三甲叉膦酸(NTP)为有机配体,在温和的水热体系中与金属盐反应合成了两个具有相同结构的金属膦酸配位化合物,Cd[NH(CH2PO3H)3](H2O)3(化合物1)和Mn[NH(CH2PO3H)3](H2O)3(化合物2).X-射线单晶衍射结果表明,两个化合物均结晶在单斜晶系,P2(1)/c空间群(No.14).以化合物1为例分析结构,NTP结构中的两个膦基氧原子与金属Cd原子螯合配位形成一个八元环的结构单元,再通过膦基氧原子的桥连作用连接成一维链.在化合物的结构中,存在大量的氢键,形成三维超分子结构.并用粉末X-射线衍射、红外、元素分析对化合物1和2结构进行了表征.     

煤中脂肪族硫醚结构氧化过程机理

应用Gaussian 03程序,采用密度泛函(DFT)方法,在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平下研究煤中脂肪族硫醚结构(C_6H_5CH_2SCH_3)吸附O_2分子及氧化反应过程的能量变化,确定分子间氧化反应机制,为预防煤炭自燃奠定理论基础。由计算结果可知,煤中C_6H_5CH_2SCH_3结构物理吸附O_2分子形成复合物Ⅰ,形成过程是一个无势垒的过程,在热力学上是稳定的。煤中C_6H_5CH_2SCH_3结构与O2分子的相互作用距离dS-O为2.582A,经CP校正后的相互作用能为-20.60kJ/mol。分析复合物Ⅰ的电子密度变化,可确定其相互作用为范德华力,属于物理吸附。当复合物Ⅰ吸收足够的能量,将进一步发生化学反应。煤中C_6H_5CH_2SCH_3结构氧化反应共有5条反应路径,Path 4是反应的主反应路径,其产物P_3(C_6H_5CH_2SOH+CH_2O)是反应的主产物。经分析发现:煤中C_6H_5CH_2SCH_3结构易发生初步氧化,仅需12.36kJ/mol的能量,物理吸附一个O2分子释放的能量足以提供,但若要深度氧化将Path 4进行下去,需要再从外界吸收相当于物理吸附5个O_2分子释放的能量。