植物miRNAs前体的生物信息分析

miRNAs前体（pre-miRNAs）是产生成熟miRNAs的基因表达产物，能形成较为稳定的发卡环结构，具有较低的最小折叠自由能（minimal folding free cnergy，MFE）。在对植物pre-miRNAs长度、不同碱基含量、MFE、熵分析基础上，重点比较不同RNAs序列之间MFE与其长度的比值（MFEL）。结果表明MFEL是区分植物pre-miRNAs的一个很有效的参数：pre-miRNAs的MFEL值平均为-45．98kcal／mol，明显低于mRNAs（-23．08kcal／mol），tRNAs（-22．13kcal／mol）和rRNAs（-16．83kcal／mol）。使用MFEL参数可提高预测植物miRNAs基因的效率。     

A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155

All metazoan eukaryotes express microRNAs (miRNAs), roughly 22-nucleotide regulatory RNAs that can repress the expression of messenger RNAs bearing complementary sequences. Several DNA viruses also express miRNAs in infected cells, suggesting a role in viral replication and pathogenesis. Although specific viral miRNAs have been shown to autoregulate viral mRNAs or downregulate cellular mRNAs, the function of most viral miRNAs remains unknown. Here we report that the miR-K12-11 miRNA encoded by Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) shows significant homology to cellular miR-155, including the entire miRNA 'seed' region. Using a range of assays, we show that expression of physiological levels of miR-K12-11 or miR-155 results in the downregulation of an extensive set of common mRNA targets, including genes with known roles in cell growth regulation. Our findings indicate that viral miR-K12-11 functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155 and probably evolved to exploit a pre-existing gene regulatory pathway in B cells. Moreover, the known aetiological role of miR-155 in B-cell transformation suggests that miR-K12-11 may contribute to the induction of KSHV-positive B-cell tumours in infected patients.     

The functions of animal microRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate the expression of complementary messenger RNAs. Hundreds of miRNA genes have been found in diverse animals, and many of these are phylogenetically conserved. With miRNA roles identified in developmental timing, cell death, cell proliferation, haematopoiesis and patterning of the nervous system, evidence is mounting that animal miRNAs are more numerous, and their regulatory impact more pervasive, than was previously suspected.     

美洲鲎miRNA的生物信息学挖掘与分析

利用miRBase数据库中已有动物的小RNA（miRNA）,通过生物信息学方法对美洲鲎(Limulus polyphemus)表达序列标签（Expressed Sequences Tag,EST）和cDNA进行序列比对,挖掘美洲鲎miRNA,得到了 72个miRNA前体(pre-miRNA)、49个可编码成熟miRNA,隶属于40个miRNA家族。miRNA家族归类结果表明,无论在低等脊椎动物还是高等动物中,miRNA家族的存在都是相当保守的。以miR-10基因前体为例,分析其序列与其他物种同源序列的差异,显示miRNA序列的高度保守性。miR-10前体序列分析系统进化发现,物种聚类与传统分类亲缘关系一致。     

Dicer recognizes the 5' end of RNA for efficient and accurate processing

A hallmark of RNA silencing is a class of approximately 22-nucleotide RNAs that are processed from double-stranded RNA precursors by Dicer. Accurate processing by Dicer is crucial for the functionality of microRNAs (miRNAs). The current model posits that Dicer selects cleavage sites by measuring a set distance from the 3' overhang of the double-stranded RNA terminus. Here we report that human Dicer anchors not only the 3' end but also the 5' end, with the cleavage site determined mainly by the distance (～22 nucleotides) from the 5' end (5' counting rule). This cleavage requires a 5'-terminal phosphate group. Further, we identify a novel basic motif (5' pocket) in human Dicer that recognizes the 5'-phosphorylated end. The 5' counting rule and the 5' anchoring residues are conserved in Drosophila Dicer-1, but not in Giardia Dicer. Mutations in the 5' pocket reduce processing efficiency and alter cleavage sites in vitro. Consistently, miRNA biogenesis is perturbed in vivo when Dicer-null embryonic stem cells are replenished with the 5'-pocket mutant. Thus, 5'-end recognition by Dicer is important for precise and effective biogenesis of miRNAs. Insights from this study should also afford practical benefits to the design of small hairpin RNAs.     

Regulation of microRNA on plant development and viral infection

THE FIRST MIRNA WAS IDENTIFIED IN C. ELEGANS AS EARLY AS IN 1993; THE IMPORTANCE OF MIRNAS, HOWEVER, IS RECOGNIZED ONLY RECENTLY AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF MIRNAS EXISTING UNIVERSALLY IN EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS. THE SECOND MIRNA WAS IDENTIFIED IN 2000[1]. SINCE …     

Structural basis for overhang-specific small interfering RNA recognition by the PAZ domain

Short RNAs mediate gene silencing, a process associated with virus resistance, developmental control and heterochromatin formation in eukaryotes. RNA silencing is initiated through Dicer-mediated processing of double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNA (siRNA). The siRNA guide strand associates with the Argonaute protein in silencing effector complexes, recognizes complementary sequences and targets them for silencing. The PAZ domain is an RNA-binding module found in Argonaute and some Dicer proteins and its structure has been determined in the free state. Here, we report the 2.6 A crystal structure of the PAZ domain from human Argonaute eIF2c1 bound to both ends of a 9-mer siRNA-like duplex. In a sequence-independent manner, PAZ anchors the 2-nucleotide 3' overhang of the siRNA-like duplex within a highly conserved binding pocket, and secures the duplex by binding the 7-nucleotide phosphodiester backbone of the overhang-containing strand and capping the 5'-terminal residue of the complementary strand. On the basis of the structure and on binding assays, we propose that PAZ might serve as an siRNA-end-binding module for siRNA transfer in the RNA silencing pathway, and as an anchoring site for the 3' end of guide RNA within silencing effector complexes.