孪连表面活性剂在废报纸脱墨中的应用

利用新型阴离子孪连表面活性剂双十二烷基乙氧基二硫酸酯钠（Z）与非离子表面活性刑（B1）复配，对废报纸进行脱墨研究，优化工艺条件为：m（Z）：m（B1）=1．5：1．0，ω（脱墨剂）=0．3％，ω（NaOH）=1％，ω（Na2SiO3）=2％，ω（EDTA）=0．2％，ω（H202）=1％，时间30min，温度50℃（ω均相对于绝干废纸）。结果表明，阴离子孪连表面活性剂作为脱墨剂具有良好的性能。     

EMF和电导率法对SDS胶束体系热力学性质研究

为深入了解表面活性剂溶液的性质,对其在使用和处理过程中的行为加以控制,在298K恒温下,用Na^＋选择性电极法测量了不同浓度的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）溶液的电动势（EMF）,求出了其临界胶束浓度（Cmc）及反离子结合度,进而获得了反离子与胶束结合的经验平衡常数Kass,实验数据表明,随表面活性剂浓度增大,Kass降低,反离子与胶束表面的结合逐渐弱化,在289～328K测量了SDS溶液的电导率随浓度的变化,求出了不同温度下的Cmc值,发现随温度的变化Cmc曲线存在一个最低点．由Cmc与温度T的关系,计算了胶束化热力学参数△micG^0、△micH^0和△micS^0．结果表明,△micG^0在整个实验范围内均为负值,胶束化过程可以自发进行;△micH^0的值相对于T△micS^0小很多,胶束化过程为熵驱动过程．以上特征参数的确定,可为研究表面活性剂溶液的各种应用以及处理技术提供重要参考．     

温度和添加剂对季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂CMC的影响

合成了季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂C12-3-C12·2Br,用电导率法测定了C12-3-C12·2Br在不同温度和添加各种有机醇、无机盐时的临界胶束浓度(CMC).结果表明,随温度升高,C12-3-C12·2Br的CMC逐渐增大;随有机醇中烷基碳链的增长,CMC逐渐降低;随无机盐中负离子电荷数升高,CMC明显降低.     

底物的溶解对甾体微生物羟化反应的影响

底物分子的引入会导致表面活性剂PSE水溶液CMC值增大，表面活性剂与超声处理配合使用可以有效地增强底物的溶解．在表面活性剂-底物-水体系中，高强度、长时间的超声处理对底物的溶解不利．超声波(强度为6．2W／cm^2，时间为10min)与表面活性剂PSE(质量分数为0．015％)的配合使用可以降低表面活性剂用量，在增强甾体底物溶解性的同时，能够更好地维持转化阶段茵体酶的活性，有效地实现底物转化。     

Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能

以二苯乙烷和长碳链脂肪酰氯为原料合成出Gemini磺酸表面活性剂,通过核磁氢谱和红外光谱对化合物的结构进行表征,测定了其水溶液的表面张力,得出其表面张力曲线,进而算出其他相关参数.3种Gemini表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)值随烷基疏水碳链的增长而降低.与线性十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)相比,Gemini表面活性剂G12-2-12的C20值降低94.4%,CMC值降低91.3%.G12-2-12的饱和吸附面积(Amin)比对应单基表面活性剂的2倍降低27%,且Gemini表面活性剂在气液界面上排列更加紧密.     

部分磺化聚β-氯乙基缩水甘油醚的合成、表征与性能研究

设计合成了一种新型磺酸聚醚型高分子表面活性剂，它是通过聚口一氯乙基缩水甘油醚与亚硫酸钠在不同的溶剂种类及用量、不同的相转移催化剂种类及用量、不同的反应温度、时间等条件下制备得到的．产物经元素分析、红外光谱表征其结构．广角X射线衍射数据表明：不同磺化率的磺化物均呈无定型聚集态结构．同时，对不同硫含量的磺酸聚醚的表面张力以及临界胶束浓度(CMC)的研究结果表明：硫含量增大时，其水溶液的表面张力增大，CMC增大；当硫含量一定时，水溶液中加无机盐有利于降低表面张力，且反离子浓度越大，表面张力降低越明显．无机盐中金属的价态越高，越有利于降低表面张力和CMC．     

聚β-氯乙基缩水甘油醚对羟基苯磺酸钠的合成、表征与性能研究

设计合成了一种新型磺酸聚醚高分子表面活性剂,并通过聚β-氯乙基缩水甘油醚与对羟基苯磺酸钠在以四丁基溴化胺为催化剂、不同的碱种类及用量、不同的反应温度和时间等条件下制备．产物用元素分析、红外光谱和核磁图谱表征其结构．产物的广角X射线衍射数据表明：不同转化率磺化物均呈无定型聚集态结构．同时,对不同硫含量的磺酸聚醚的表面张力以及临界胶束浓度（CMC）的研究结果表明：硫含量增大时,其水溶液的表面张力增大,CMC增大;当硫含量一定时,水溶液中加无机盐有利于降低表面张力,且反离子浓度越大,表面张力降低越明显．无机盐中金属的价态越高,越有利于降低表面张力和CMC．     

罗丹明B荧光光谱机理的研究

考察了罗丹明B浓度、溶剂的极性、pH值大小、表面活性剂的增敏等因素对罗丹明B的荧光光谱影响，探讨了以上各因素影响罗丹明B的荧光光谱的机理．结果表明，随着罗丹明B浓度的增加，荧光光谱波长红移，强度先增后减；溶剂极性增加，波长红移，荧光强度则由于溶剂特殊效应的影响而减小；pH=1．0～3．0时，荧光强度随pH的增加而增大，pH＞3．0时，荧光强度几乎无变化；阳离子表面活性剂对体系的荧光强度具有增敏作用，阴离子表面活性剂则相反．     

阳离子型偶联表面活性剂溶液的表面张力和电导率

合成了3种季胺盐型偶联表面活性剂C12H25N（CH3）2-CnH2n-(CH3)2NC12H25,2Br^-1(n=3,4,6），测定了不同浓度水溶液的表面张力和电导率，并得到临界胶束浓度（CMC），偶联表面活性剂在气-液界面上的吸附量，单个分子的面积和胶束电离度，结果表明：与相应的单头基单尾链表面活性剂相比，偶联表面性剂具有很低的CMC和很强的表面活性，联接基因对其性能有较大影响。     

催化合成(Z)-丁烯二酸二[2-(2-乙基)己氧基]乙酯的条件优化

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂合成中间体（Z）－丁烯二酸二[2-(2-乙基）己氧基]乙酯,考察并优化了酯化反应条件,完善了新型阴离子表面活性剂丁二酸二（Z）－丁烯二酸二[2-(2-乙基）己氧基]乙酯磺酸钠的合成条件。确定了酯化反应最佳条件为：醇酐摩尔比为4：1,催化剂用量约占反应物总质量的0．8％,以120mL苯为带水剂,在回流状态下反应6h,最终酯化率可达95．8％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that