恒壁温下矩形微通道层流热入口段的换热特性研究

热入口段对于微通道的换热有重要影响,而雷诺数Re对层流入口段的换热影响经常被忽略.据此,采用Fluent软件计算了恒壁温热边界条件下矩形微通道的换热性能,分析比较了不同Re数和不同宽高比对努谢尔数Nu的影响.结果表明:在入口区域,Re数对局部Nu数的影响不能忽略,当Re数小于125时,局部Nu数变化尤为明显;在充分发展后,Re数对Nu数的影响消失;矩形通道宽高比对局部Nu数的影响沿流动方向逐渐增大,在充分发展时达到最大值.此外计算了各工况下矩形通道的无量纲热入口段长度,发现在宽高比为3附近时,无量纲热入口段长度出现了最大值,该结果对微通道散热器优化设计具有一定的指导意义.     

滑移流区微环缝通道单侧等壁温加热下的换热

对滑移流区微环缝槽道中单独内侧及单独外侧等壁温加热条件下的换热特性进行了理论研究,求解了带温度跳跃边界条件的能量方程,讨论了稀薄效应,内外戏比对等壁温加热条件下微环缝槽道内换热特性的影响,结果表明：滑移流区微环缝通道内的Nu数明显低于连续流区,且随着Kn数的增加,Nu数减小;Nu数随内外径比r^*的变化趋势与连续流区相似。     

空气在三角形波纹通道内湍流流动与换热的数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法,对流动与换热进入周期性充分发展段等壁温边界条件下三角形波纹通道内流体的流动与换热进行二维数值模拟分析,计算考察了雷诺数Re、间距比ε及波纹纵横比γ对流动与换热性能的影响。结果表明:Re数及波纹纵横比γ较小时,不会出现回流;在计算的Re范围内,随着Re的增加,平均努塞尔数Nu呈递增趋势,摩擦阻力系数f呈下降趋势;并拟合出通道不同几何因子下阻力系数f及表面换热特性数Nu随Re变化的关联式。通过对性能参数j/f的分析得出,采用小间距比ε或者小波纹纵横比γ均可以提高换热性能。     

幂律流体管内充分发展的对流换热分析

将非牛顿流体的动量方程、能量方程和幂律流体的本构方程相结合 ,建立了幂律流体管内流动和换热充分发展时的对流换热控制方程组 ,并在恒热流和恒壁温边界条件下分别对方程组进行了求解 ,得到了两种不同边界条件下的温度分布和无量纲对流换热系数 (Nu数 )的表达式。结果表明 ,幂律流体的流变指数对流体流动的影响要大于对换热的影响 ;在恒热流边界条件下 ,幂律流体的温度在管内沿轴向呈线性分布 ;而在恒壁温条件下 ,其截面平均温度沿轴向呈指数规律变化。幂律流体的无量纲对流换热系数与幂律流体的流变指数有关 ,并且在两种边界条件下 ,均随着流变指数的增加而减小     

波纹通道形状对流动与换热影响的数值研究

应用数值方法,研究了流体在结构对称的正弦形、三角形、椭圆形、圆弧切线形及阶梯形通道内周期性充分发展的层流流动与换热特性,分析了恒壁温、常物性条件下通道表面形状,以及雷诺数RP对流动与换热性能的影响;并对不同通道的摩擦阻力系数f、表征换热特征的努谢尔特数Nu以及综合性能参数G分别进行了比较.结果表明:阶梯形通道内流体流动的f最大,正弦形通道的次之,椭圆形通道的f随Re的变化规律与其他通道的不尽相同;不同结构通道表面Nu的相对大小与Re的范围相关,Re>150后,阶梯形通道的换热能力最强,椭圆的最弱;三角形通道的综合性能最佳,椭圆形通道的最差,除阶梯形通道外,小Re时通道的综合性能优于大Re时的性能.本研究成果为换热器设计提供理论依据.     

幂律流体管内充分发展的对流换热分析

将非牛顿流体的动量方程、能量方程和幂律流体的本构方程相结合，建立了幂律流体管内流动和换热充分发展时的对流换热控制方程组，并在恒热流和恒壁温边界条件下分别对方程组进行了求解，得到了两种不同边界条件下的温度分布和无量纲对流换热系数(Nu数)的表达式。结果表明，幂律流体的流变指数对流体流动的影响要大于对换热的影响；在恒热流边界条件下，幂律流体的温度在管内沿轴向呈线性分布；而在恒壁温条件下，其截面平均温度沿轴向呈指数规律变化。幂律流体的无量纲对流换热系数与幂律流体的流变指数有关，并且在两种边界条件下，均随着流变指数的增加而减小。     

多段转弯连接回转通道的换热和压力分布研究

为了掌握涡轮叶片内的多段通道连接关系对回转通道壁面换热和沿程压力分布的影响,采用数值模拟方法研究了带肋单通道、回转通道模型的流动特性,通过瞬态液晶实验测量了回转通道壁面换热分布,揭示了多段通道连接关系对回转通道壁面换热的影响机理。实验结果表明:转弯连接使各段通道的速度分布不均;回转通道沿程压力系数逐渐减小;转弯连接使回转通道各段通道的换热分布不对称,沿流向的努赛尔数Nu逐渐减小;沿程展向平均Nu呈多波峰状分布,肋的扰流作用沿流向逐渐减弱,且两肋之间的高换热区沿流向逐渐向肋下游的背风面偏移;肋间区域的平均Nu沿流向逐渐减小;回转通道各段平均Nu随雷诺数的增加而增大,且增加幅度逐渐减小。     

三通道同心套管导热与对流耦合换热的数值模拟

采用整体求解法对常物性的冷、热流体在三通道同心套管中层流逆流流动时的导热与对流耦合传热问题，进行了数值模拟．结果表明，3个通道除各自的入口段局部努塞尔数Nu沿通道变化外，其后均为充分发展段，局部Nu保持不变，且通道内侧的换热比外侧好．固体与流体的导热系数之比λsf对耦合换热产生影响，耦合情况下的Nu比均匀热流边界条件下的Nu要小，随λsf的减小，固壁内的导热对Nu的影响加大．     

水和甲醇在硅基微通道中换热特性的实验研究

以水和甲醇为工质,在三角形硅基微通道热沉中进行了层流流动与换热的实验研究.基于实验结果,得出了摩擦常数及平均Nusselt数的实验关联式.并发现入口段效应对微流体的流动与换热的影响十分显著.在相近的工况下对采用这两种工质时的微通道壁温进行了比较,结果表明采用水为工质时壁温较低,其原因主要在于水的导热系数及比热均较高的缘故.并对这两种工质在微通道中流动与换热综合性能进行比较,结果发现采用水为工质时具有较好的综合性能.     

非对称波纹通道内流动与传热的数值计算

以空气为介质,在雷诺数Re=50~1 100的范围内对非对称的三角形、正弦形和椭圆形波纹通道内稳态层流流动与换热进行数值模拟,分析了恒壁温条件下,Re、波纹板形状对流动与换热特性的影响,并拟合出了各通道内阻力系数f及表面换热特性数Nu随Re变化的关联式,同时对3种波纹通道的综合性能G进行了分析评价。结果表明,椭圆形通道的f最大;Re<500时三角形通道的f最小;在Re>300后椭圆形通道表面的Nu值最大;各通道的综合性能,以Re=900为界,在小Re时以正弦形通道性能最佳,椭圆通道的最差,大Re时椭圆通道的性能最佳。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that