长江江豚

江豚（Neophocaenaphocaenoides），是鼠海豚科仅有的一种，有3个亚种：分布于印度洋沿岸及香港的印度洋江豚；分布于长江、湘江和赣江的长江江豚；分布于韩国及日本的东亚江豚。     

长江江豚保护生物学研究进展

近年来研究表明长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的一个亚种,其种群数量明显减少,栖息地正在丧失。我国已有长江江豚30年饲养实践经验,建立长江豚类自然保护区,同时开展长江江豚饲养下的行为学与繁殖学研究,是保护本种积极有效的措施。     

比阿培南等抗生素诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放内毒素的实验性研究

研究比阿培南等抗生素诱导铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa.)释放内毒素(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)的作用机制.比阿培南(biapenem,BIPM)、美罗培南(meropenem,MEM)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LVFX)、头孢他啶(ceftazidime,CAZ)4种药物以不同质量浓度作用于Pa.,采用鲎试剂动态浊度法检测不同时间点的内毒素含量;检测各药物在0.5MIC作用下的细菌数量变化,并观察作用7h后细菌的形态学改变.与对照组比较,各给药组释放的LPS均明显降低.4种抗生素作用于Pa.,导致细菌形态和数量发生改变,各给药组的细菌数量均低于对照组.细菌形态学研究显示,CAZ和LVFX组细菌形态呈丝状,BIPM组呈椭圆形,而MEM组可观察到球形和丝状菌共存.LPS释放水平与药物种类、药物浓度、作用时间等因素相关,4种药物导致细菌形态改变各异,提示其诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放LPS的作用机制不同.     

半自然水域中长江江豚饲养水体理化因子分析

通过对夹江和长江铜陵江段水质监测,分析夹江水质理化因子的季节性变化规律,并与豚池及长江铜陵江段的水质进行比较,结果表明半自然水域中长江江豚饲养水体质量基本与长江相似,年均值基本符合地表水Ⅱ类标准,仅A区部分受到轻度污染。     

长江江豚迁地保护概述

长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asaeorientalis)是江豚的扬子亚种,目前其种群数量已经不足1 400头,处于十分濒危的状况.其生态环境受到人为极大的影响,且在可预见的将来没有好转的迹象,因此,迁地保护长江江豚被认为是最有希望避免其灭绝的保护策略.目前,中国科学院水生生物研究所在室内豚池、石首天鹅洲白豚国家级自然保护区和铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区在半自然水域均构建了长江江豚迁地保护种群.该文概述了40多年来国内长江江豚迁地保护的成果及现状,探讨了今后开展迁地保护工作应注意的重点问题.做好长江江豚的保护工作,建立更多的迁地保护区是根本措施;开展长江江豚繁殖学研究是主要对策;规范和统一保护行动是有效途径.     

铜绿假单胞菌耐药机理

铜绿假单胞菌是耐药性十分突出的一类院内感染条件致病革兰氏阴性细菌．本文从生物被膜、细胞密度依赖式毒力因子、外排系统、基因盒一整合子系统及铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体几方面对其耐药性机理进行了概述，并提出了未来对微生物耐药性研究和应用的一些策略。     

584株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析与研究

目的监测本单位的病原菌对抗菌药物的敏惑性与耐药性,从而提高抗生素的治疗效果,针对性地选用抗菌药物,控制医院铜绿低单胞菌感染的发生率。方法采用vitek-2的ID-GNB鉴定卡和AST-GN药敏卡,用K-B法手工药敏鉴定检测,用铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853、大肠埃希菌ATCC25922进行质量控制。结果丁胺卡那霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦抗菌作用最强;美洛培南、哌拉西林、妥布霉素、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、庆大霉素次之;头孢曲松、头孢唑肟、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、四环素、复方新诺明等的抗菌作用最弱。结论单一抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌的治疗不理想,易出现耐药株,主张联合用药。     

584株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析与研究

目的监测本单位的病原菌对抗菌药物的敏惑性与耐药性,从而提高抗生素的治疗效果,针对性地选用抗菌药物,控制医院铜绿低单胞菌感染的发生率。方法采用vitek-2的ID-GNB鉴定卡和AST-GN药敏卡,用K-B法手工药敏鉴定检测,用铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853、大肠埃希菌ATCC25922进行质量控制。结果丁胺卡那霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦抗菌作用最强;美洛培南、哌拉西林、妥布霉素、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、庆大霉素次之;头孢曲松、头孢唑肟、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、四环素、复方新诺明等的抗菌作用最弱。结论单一抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌的治疗不理想,易出现耐药株,主张联合用药。     

铜绿假单胞菌的LexA蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高效表达与纯化

目的:对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)的阻遏蛋白LexA进行基因克隆、重组表达及蛋白纯化.方法:采用PCR法从PAO1株基因组中扩增出1 086 bp的LexA基因,将此基因片段插入到表达载体pET32a( )上,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达.包涵体洗涤后用8 mol/L尿素溶解,以镍离子亲合柱层析作为第1步纯化,Superdex75凝胶过滤层析作为第2步精细纯化,反相高相液相色谱法(HPLC)测定蛋白的浓度.结果:LexA以包涵体形式表达,表达量为45%,经镍离子亲合柱层析纯化后LexA蛋白纯度达到85%以上,回收率大于80%,镍离子亲合柱层析和凝胶过滤层析两步纯化目的蛋白,经HPLC测定,最终目的蛋白的纯度为98.97%.结论:在pET32a( )表达系统中实现了PA的LexA蛋白的高效表达,两步纯化法获得高纯度的目的蛋白,为进一步鉴定LexA靶位点奠定了基础.     

一株新铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体SRT6的分离以及全基因组序列分析

分离一株新铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体,进行生物学特征分析,全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析.了解该噬菌体与其他假单胞菌噬菌体之间的亲缘关系以及它的潜在应用价值.利用双层平板法分离纯化噬菌体,利用酚氯仿抽提基因组,利用Illumina Hiseq测序平台对基因组测序,利用生物信息学进行基因组和比较基因组学分析.分离到一株新的烈性铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体SRT6,其基因组全长91 364bp,G+C含量49.3%,存在182个蛋白质编码基因,其中的96个与已知功能的蛋白质具有相似性,无tRNA和tmRNA.比较基因组分析发现,噬菌体SRT6属于一个新物种.分离鉴定出一株烈性铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体SRT6,并发现它属于一个新种噬菌体,为未来利用噬菌体治疗耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染打下坚实的基础.     

南京～湖口段长江江豚的种群数量和分布特点

长江南京～湖口间４２１ｋｍ长的江段有江豚约６９７头,其中以华阳至湖口一带密度最高．江豚的分布为聚集分布．此外,江豚还具有很强的趋岸性,８８．８％的江豚出现在离岸５００ｍ的范围内．长江江豚的数量近年来有所下降．以本文中的平均密度粗略估计江阴至武汉段长江江豚的种群数量为１４８１头,比张先锋等（１９９３）报道的该江段江豚的数量低１７１头．     

Study on the sex-related AFLP marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The sex-related molecular marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise was screened using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） technique combined with the bulked segregant analysis. Totally 36 AFLP primer combinations were used to detect the genome DNA bulks of the female and male porpoises, and one sex-related AFLP marker was finally obtained. The marker can be applied to sex identification, and provides a base for further cloning of sex-related genes and analyzing of Y chromosome haplotypes of the Yangtze finless porpoise.     

Genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise by RAPD analysis

To estimate the genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), the randomly amplified polymorphie DNA technique was applied to examine ten animals captured from the Yangtze River. Out of 20 arbitrary primers used in the experiment, seventeen produced clearly reproducible bands. Calculated by Nei‘s formula d = 1-NAB/NT, the genetic distances ranged from O. 0986 to O. 5634. Compared with other cetacean populations, this genetic distance is quite low.Such a low genetic diversity suggests that this population may be suffering from reduced genetic variation,and be very fragile. More studies are needed for understanding the basis for this apparent low genetic diversity and to help protect this endangered, unique population.     

Parentage determination of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis in the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve based on molecular data

Reproductive behaviors are poorly known for the Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis. In this study, the parentage of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population inhabiting the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve is determined by analysis of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, and the porpoise's reproductive behaviors are studied. Overall 4 full parentage assignments and additional 3 single parentage assignments were determined for the population of 23 individuals. The analysis shows that their estimated reproductive cycle is shorter than that reported previously and there probably exists an overlapping between gestation and lactation period. The study also shows that the female does not show fidelity to a particular male for breeding and vice versa, the oldest males did not monopolize mating and the dominance rank could not be so strict for the porpoise society. Moreover, the porpoise's mating pattern and relatedness among candidate parents are discussed here. These results provide important information for making guidelines of management and conservation for this protected population.     

Population status, threats and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The Yangtze finless porpoise （Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis） is currently limited to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai, China, and the adjoining Poyang and Dongting Lakes. Its population size has decreased remarkably during the last several decades due to the heavy impact of human activities, including overfishing of prey species, water development projects that cause attendant habitat loss and degradation, water pollution, and accidental deaths caused by harmful fishing gear and collisions with motorized vessels. It was estimated that the number of remaining individuals was down to approximately 1800 in 2006, a number that is decreasing at a rate as high as 5% per year. Three conservation measures - in situ and ex situ conservation and captive breeding have been applied to the protection of this unique porpoise since the early 1990s. Seven natural and two ＂semi-natural＂ reserves have so far been established. Since 1996, a small group of finless porpoises has been successfully reared in a facility at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; three babies were born in captivity on July 5, 2005, June 2, 2007 and July 5, 2008. These are the first freshwater cetaceans ever born in captivity in the world. Several groups of these porpoises caught in the main stream of the Yangtze River, or rescued, have been introduced into the Tian＇e-Zhou Semi-natural Reserve since 1990. These efforts have proven that, not only can these animals survive in the area, they are also to reproduce naturally and successfully. More than 30 calves had been born in the reserve since then, with one to three born each year. Taking deaths and transfers into account, there were approximately 30 individuals living in the reserve as of the end of 2007. Among eight mature females captured in April 2008, five were confirmed pregnant. This effort represents the first successful attempt at off-site protection of a cetacean species in the world, and establishes a solid base for conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. A lesson must be drawn from the tragedy of Chinese River Dolphin （Lipotes vexillifer）, which has already been declared likely extinct. Strong, effective and appropriate protective measures must be carried out quickly to prevent the Yangtze finless porpoise from becoming a second Chinese River Dolphin, and save the biodiversity of the Yangtze River as a whole.     

铜陵江段豚类资源与保护措施的研究

铜陵江段是长江下游唯一常年能发现白暨豹Lipotes uexillifer,且为长江江豚Neophocaena phcaenoides asaeorien-talis种群数量最集中，密度最大的江段，利用铜陵白暨豚养护场现有的条件，建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区，在半自然水域中开展豚类人工饲养是保护白暨豚和长江江豚的有效途径。     

建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区考察研究

报道了铜陵江段白鱀豚 (Lipotesvexillifer )和长江江豚 (Neophocaenaphocaenoidesasiaeorientalis)资源现状及影响豚类生存制约因子 ,提出建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区 ,加强栖息地保护 ,具有良好的生态效益和社会效益。