致密气藏边界流晚期定流压产量递减模型研究

开展定容性致密气藏边界流晚期产量递减模型研究,为致密气藏动态分析及指标预测提供理论依据。依托致密气藏渗流机理实验,在致密气藏渗流微分方程描述的基础上,以定容致密气藏边界流晚期拟稳态由定产的生产方式转为定流压生产方式为研究对象,结合物质平衡方程,建立定容致密气藏边界流晚期产量递减微分方程,并推导求解产量递减模型。研究结果表明:(1)与常规气藏相比,致密气藏非达西流压力损耗由3部分组成,为流体内摩擦力、启动压力和紊流效应的消耗,其中,启动压力也是造成二项式产能方程异常的重要原因;(2)因为紊流效应及启动压力的存在,定容致密气藏边界流晚期,时间-产量关系不再遵循Arps递减模型,启动压力梯度和紊流效应对气井产量递减具有减缓作用,当紊流系数和启动压力梯度趋于0时,再以拟平衡时间为时间轴的产量-时间递减曲线遵循指数递减模型;(3)实例分析表明,引入启动压力项可有效消除二项式产能方程异常现象,新模型可以实现气井动态储量、启动压力梯度等地层参数的计算。基于渗流机理的新模型的建立,为致密气藏二项式产能方程异常处理、产量递减主控因素特征提取、地层参数反演以及动态指标求取奠定了理论支撑,具有较强的实用性和...     

致密油藏直井体积压裂非稳态渗流问题

针对致密油藏直井体积压裂的非稳态渗流问题,建立了考虑启动压力梯度和压敏效应的两区复合模型,利用稳态逐次逼近非稳态的半解析方法进行求解,分析致密油藏直井体积压裂后压力传播规律,以及影响压力传播的主要因素.计算结果表明:当存在启动压力梯度和压敏效应时,流体渗流阻力增大,压力传播速度减缓,压力传播半径变小,最终导致井底流压降低,井口流量减少.对于两区复合模型,压裂改造区内渗流阻力小,压力传播速度快,体积压裂改造范围越大,压力传播速度越快,压力传播半径越大.对于定井底流压情形,改造区域半径越大,油井产能越高,但是当改造半径大于一定值后,改造半径的扩大对于提升油井产能的作用不再明显.     

启动压力梯度确定井距和判断油井压裂的新方法

低渗透油藏最大的特征是存在启动压力梯度,其流动为非线性渗流。在一定的井距、生产压差情况下,启动压力梯度决定油藏多大范围内原油可参与流动,这直接影响油田的采收率。根据弹性渗流理论,以油井最大产量生产时产生的压力波传到油藏内某处,其压力梯度正好等于启动压力梯度时离油井的距离作为最大泄油半径,从而建立了计算最大井距的数学模型。根据压力在压裂裂缝中的传导特征,提出了判断油井是否需要压裂和计算最小压裂缝长的方法。对2个油区6个油田的41口油井计算表明,最大井距为(4~449)m,约68%的油井需要压裂,最小压裂缝长为(2~73)m。结果与实际情况的一致性较好,表明该方法具有较高的可靠性和实用性。     

低渗透油藏水平井流入动态及影响因素

对低渗透油藏渗流规律不符合达西定律,普遍存在启动压力的特点,建立了低渗透油藏水平井油气两相渗流的数学模型,为水平井流入动态关系（IPR）曲线在低渗透油藏的应用提供了理论依据;分析了启动压力梯度、边界压力、边界半径、直线段斜率和截距等因素对水平井IPR曲线的影响程度。研究表明：对于低渗透油藏,相同井底流压时,启动压力梯度越小,水平井产量越大;边界压力越大,水平井产量越大;边界半径越小,水平井产量越大;直线段斜率越大,水平井产量越大;直线段截距越大,水平井产量越大。     

低渗透油藏压裂井产能分析

 为了研究启动压力梯度、压力敏感性、人工裂缝导流能力衰减对低渗透油藏压裂井产能的影响,以油藏工程数值计算方法为基础,提出了一种弹性产能变化规律分析方法。以矿场实际数据进行算例分析,并将不同产能影响因素下的预测结果进行对比分析。结果表明：井底流压越低、拟启动压力梯度越小、介质变形系数越小、裂缝导流能力衰减系数越大,初始产量越高,产量递减越快。最后,应用该产能分析方法对实际油井进行产能预测,预测结果与实际生产数据吻合较好,验证了该产能分析方法的正确性。     

各向异性低渗储层渗流特征分析

各向异性、启动压力梯度和应力敏感现象是低渗油藏最显著的特征。建立了同时考虑以上三因素的低速非达西渗流数学模型,考虑方程强烈的非线性,用近似的解法求出稳定渗流以及不稳定渗流方程的解;根据物质平衡原理,得到了定产量、变产量和定流压生产时动边界的运动规律、地层压力分布特征以及产量变化规律。结果表明,各向异性地层激动区边界以椭圆形式向外拓展,改变了井网合理井排距;启动压力梯度和应力敏感使油井产能降低,边界移动速度变慢,单井控制面积减小,增大了油藏的开采难度。     

裂缝性低渗气藏水平井不稳定产量递减探讨

针对气体在低渗储层中低速流动时存在启动压力梯度的问题,开展了渗流模型建立、求解及定性分析研究。采用低速非达西渗流机理,建立了考虑启动压力梯度的裂缝性低渗气藏水平井不稳定渗流模型,求解了数学模型并绘制了水平井产量递减典型曲线。该渗流模型最终求取的是定压生产条件下低渗气井的不稳定产量解,为采用图版拟合法评价储层参数提供了理论依据。启动压力梯度等相关参数对递减曲线的影响分析表明,启动压力梯度越大、储层物性越差,流动越困难,水平井产量越低,产量递减曲线位置越低;弹性储容比越小,基质窜流发生越早,产量导数曲线上的下凹部分持续时间越长,下凹程度越深;窜流系数越小,产量导数曲线上的下凹部分出现时间越晚,窜流越难发生。     

反映动态启动压力梯度的低渗透油藏渗流模型

基于流体边界层理论,建立了一种描述在低渗透油藏流体非线性渗流特征的新模型,获得了动态启动压力梯 度的连续变化函数。应用考虑动态启动压力梯度的非线性渗流模型,建立了一维单相流体流动的数学模型,并应用全 隐式方法对离散方程进行了线性化处理;对比研究了线性渗流模型、拟线性和反映动态启动压力梯度的非线性渗流模 型下地层压力的分布特征及流体非线性渗流系数对动边界扩展的影响。数值结果表明：受动态启动压力梯度的影响 在近井区域地层压力下降幅度更大,在远井区域的地层压力越高,地层压力下降范围更小;非线性系数数值越小,流体 流动的非线性程度越强,动边界的扩展速度越慢。     

变形介质低渗透油藏油井真实产能计算与分析

基于变形介质带启动压力梯度低渗透油藏稳定渗流理论,研究了低渗透油井增产措施后稳定生产的真实压力分布与产能分析方法.研究结果表明低渗透油藏油井渗流场的真实压力分布具有分区域特征;在具有变形介质特征的低渗透油藏中,油井的产能随启动压力梯度和介质变形系数增大而降低,随增产激活半径和激活系数的增大而增加,随生产压差的增大而增加;同时油井产能指数随生产压差增大呈非单调增曲线,因此对于低渗透油井生产而言,存在合理生产压差与最小生产压差.同时,沿用同一思路对超低渗透油藏开发的有效途径进行了探讨.认为提高增产激活半径是显著提高超低渗透油藏产能的有效方法.理论计算结果表明,只有在增产激活半径大于60m(渗透率越低,该值越大)时油井的产能才会得到大幅度提高.因此,寻求深穿透的油井改造措施或采用水平井开采技术,将是超低渗透油藏开发的有效方法.     

弱凝胶封堵高渗透带性能及启动低渗层的条件

通过低渗岩心驱替实验,研究水驱启动及驱动压力梯度,发现油层渗透率的增大,启(驱)动压力梯度降低,呈幂律指数关系式,最小启动压力梯度为0.006 MPa/m;最高启动压力梯度为0.13 MPa/m;通过高渗岩心驱替实验,研究凝胶的封堵性能,发现高渗带的渗透率越低,聚合物凝胶的突破转向压力梯度(最高压力值)、注入压力梯度、平衡注入压力以及封堵压力梯度也越高。通过计算得到不同线速度条件下,高渗带封堵1.0 m时,高渗带及基质渗透率对驱动油层前缘半径影响,发现基质油层的渗透率越高、高渗带的渗透率越低,基质油层的水驱前缘半径越大;反之越小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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