用慢病毒载体介导产生绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）转基因小鼠

以慢病毒（lentivirus）载体为骨架，携带绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因的假病毒，通过小鼠受精卵卵周隙注射，将其感染小鼠受精卵，经移植于假孕母鼠后获得转基因小鼠．应用PCR、荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞仪分析等技术，证明了GFP基因的整合率达到40%以上；实时定量PCR分析结果表明转基因小鼠中GFP基因整合的拷贝数约为40；染色体荧光原位杂交分析结果显示GFP基因在小鼠染色体上的整合是随机的，并通过交配可将外源基因遗传至子代，获得的多整合位点和不同表达水平的转基因小鼠具有明显的实际应用和研究价值．文中报道的慢病毒载体介导的转基因技术为高效制备和选育高表达转基因小鼠品系提供了一种有效的途径．     

以精子载体法制备转基因小鼠的初步研究

将外源融合基因BaLA-HI与DOSPER脂质体等比较混合,加入获能精子悬液中,37度,5％CO2共培养0．5h,以这种处理精子作为转基因载体乾鼠的体外受精及胚胎移植,在获得的40只移植后代后,经PCR特异片段扩增和Southern杂交,共检测出2只呈相性的转基因小鼠,证明人胰 基因已在小鼠染色体上实现了整合,基因整合率为5％。     

ZFN,TALEN和CRISPR/Cas9在小鼠Rosa26基因定点整合外源基因的效率比较

哺乳动物黑色素的合成依赖于酪氨酸的氧化作用,而酪氨酸酶(Tyr)是催化酪氨酸氧化反应的关键酶,当外源Tyr基因整合进白毛色小鼠基因组中,会使它获得黑色素合成的能力,表现出与原来不同的毛色表型。为方便、快捷地获得Tyr基因整合的小鼠,构建了一个无启动子的pTyr-2A-DsRed同源重组质粒供体,选择Rosa26的第一个内含子作为外源基因整合的靶位点,设计了切割位点几乎一致的ZFN、TALEN和CRISPR/Cas9系统。通过流式对比分析C_2C_(12)细胞中红色荧光蛋白DsRed的表达水平,比较了3种基因组编辑工具介导的外源基因定点整合效率,结果发现CRISPR/Cas9的效率最高,在此基础上,利用CRISPR/Cas9将供体整合到小鼠胚胎干细胞中,筛选单细胞克隆进行囊胚腔注射和胚胎移植,获得一只存活的嵌合体小鼠,表现出白毛中夹杂黑毛的表型,表明整合到小鼠Rosa26的Tyr基因可以正常表达。     

人溶菌酶基因密码子优化及其在小鼠乳腺中的表达

人溶菌酶是人体内的一种非特异性免疫物质,具有杀菌消炎、免疫调节、改善胃肠道菌群等作用,在抗生素替代方面具有广阔的应用前景。已报道人溶菌酶基因c DNA在内源的αS2酪蛋白基因启动子调控下的表达量不高(23~31μg/m L),特尝试密码子优化策略以改善表达量。优化了人溶菌酶基因c DNA的密码子,连入以小鼠乳清酸蛋白(m WAP)基因座序列为调控元件的乳腺表达载体,验证其表达效率。通过原核注射制备转基因小鼠,PCR检测发现,出生的21只小鼠中有4只为转基因阳性,且能按孟德尔遗传规律传递给下一代;Western blot检测表明,小鼠乳汁中有微量的重组人溶菌酶表达。因此,密码子优化后的人溶菌酶基因可以在小鼠乳腺中获得有效表达,这可为外源基因定点整合的人溶菌酶转基因动物的高效表达研究奠定基础。     

Foxo1突变体转基因,ob/ob小鼠建立与表型分析

Foxo1是瘦素作用的负调控因子,实验室前期工作发现,其突变体Foxo1ΔDBD可导致转基因小鼠体重降低等表现型,本实验旨在研究转基因小鼠此表型与瘦素作用的关系.首先采用ALZET?渗透泵的方法对成年雄性的具有瘦素基因缺陷(ob/ob)小鼠进行10 d的瘦素处理,使其获得生育能力,然后采用动物杂交的方法制备双基因改造鼠,即ob/ob基因遗传背景的Foxo1ΔDBD转基因小鼠(Foxo1ΔDBD/+,ob/ob).经PCR扩增的方法进行基因型鉴定后,对双基因改造鼠的体重、体温等表型进行分析.结果显示:①植入含瘦素溶液的ALZET?渗透泵10 d后的4只雄性ob/ob小鼠全部获得了生育能力.②成功制备了46只双基因改造鼠,39只ob/ob小鼠等.③表型分析结果显示,无ob/ob遗传背景的转基因Foxo1ΔDBD小鼠(Foxo1ΔDBD/+)与野生型小鼠相比,体重显著性降低(P0.05),棕色脂肪内的UCP1转录水平显著升高(P0.05);而双基因改造鼠和ob/ob小鼠相比,体重、体温、空腹血糖和采食量均无显著性差异(P0.05),且UCP1转录水平上的表达也无显著性差异(P0.05).本实验成功制备了双基因改造鼠,并进行了表型分析,结果表明Foxo1ΔDBD转基因小鼠的体重降低和棕色脂肪UCP1转录升高等表现依赖瘦素的作用.     

转基因——从实验动物开始的一种生物工程技术

１转基因技术的历史背景转基因是指通过重组ＤＮＡ技术，将外源基因导入生物体内，外源基因能稳定整合在染色体基因组上并遗传给下一代。众所周知，实验动物在二十世纪曾作出过许多伟大的贡献，其中之一就是生物的转基因，它是首先在实验动物小鼠上获得成功的。由于转基因...     

微注射MT-hGH融合基因后小鼠原核卵体外发育和移植的研究

将MT-hGH(小鼠金属巯因启动子--人生长激素基因)融合基因,用微注射的方法注入昆明白小鼠原核卵的雄原核中,观察注射外源基因对原核卵的存活,卵裂及2细胞胚胎体外发育的影响。实验结果表明,昆明白小鼠原核卵在雄原核内注射2p1 MT-hGH基因悬液后存活率为86.71％,其存活率与只穿刺雄原核不注射:注射培养液;注射TE缓衡液后存活率相近(分别为84.94％,84.4％和86.42％)。基因注射后原核卵存活率降低主要由注射针机械刺激引起的。原核卵在注射MT-hGH基因后注射胚卵裂率显著降低,以培养24h统计。注射培养液组活胚卵裂率为93.98％,丽注射基因组仅为87.96％(P<0.01)。注射MT-hGH基因组在体外培养条件下,2细胞到胚泡的发育率为40.66％,而注射培养液的对照组为64.09％(P<0.05)。注射基因组胚胎发育速度延缓,部分胚胎延缓12h。将基因注射后的原核卵经体外培养形成的198枚2细胞胚。45枚桑椹胚和161枚胚泡,移植给54只假孕受体,其中16只受体妊娠,产仔49只。目前存活25只。85日龄时。有6只小鼠体重为对照组平均体重的1.207～1.353倍,生长速度较快。经检测其中有5只呈阳性反应为转基因小鼠。     

脑组织特异性表达胰岛素样生长因子-1转基因小鼠制备

目的制备脑组织特异性表达胰岛素样生长因子-1(Insulin-Like Growth Factors 1,IGF-1)转基因小鼠。方法采用精子为载体法进行基因转导,出生后小鼠PCR检测,建立转基因小鼠系,用Western blot和免疫荧光法分别检测转基因小鼠海马齿状回亚粒状区(subgranular zone,SGZ)IGF-1表达量和报告基因EGFP阳性细胞数。结果获得3只阳性小鼠,2只外源基因能稳定遗传,并建立了转基因小鼠系,转基因鼠SGZ区域IGF-1表达量显著高于正常鼠,EGFP也在此区域表达。结论成功制备IGF-1转基因小鼠。     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达人乳过氧化物酶的初步研究

从人基因组PAC文库中筛选出人乳过氧化物酶（hLPO）基因,利用长片段PCR的方法获得hLPO基因5’端约3kb片段,通过酶切方法获得hLPO基因3’端约27kb片段,将这两部分拼接并克隆到乳腺特异性表达载体pBC1上,构建以山羊β-casein启动区指导的hLPO的转基因表达载体pBC1-hLPO。利用显微注射的方法获得28只FO代小鼠,经PCR检测和Southerm杂交分析证实,有5只小鼠（4♂,1♀）为整合hLPO基因的转基因阳性小鼠,整合率为17.86％,整合拷贝数在1至5之间。利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳和Western blot印迹分析FO、F1代共3只雌性转基因小鼠乳样,结果表明hLPO重组蛋白的特异条带不明显。     

外源基因1Dx5在转基因小麦后代中的表达

采用PCR和SDS-PAGE技术,分析研究了转基因小麦后代外源品质基因1Dx5的遗传分离及表达规律,结果显示:转基因小麦后代的遗传分离完全符合孟得尔遗传分离规律,转基因植株都达到了纯合状态,1Dx5基因在转基因植株中已经稳定整合并稳定遗传,并发现了超表达的差异表达现象,在转基因植株中没有发现基因沉默现象.     

Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection

Direct microinjection has been used to introduce foreign DNA into a number of terminally differentiated cell types as well as embryos of several species including sea urchin, Candida elegans, Xenopus, Drosophila and mice. Various genes have been successfully introduced into mice including constructs consisting of the mouse metallothionein-I (MT) promoter/regulator region fused to either the rat or human growth hormone (hGH) structural genes. Transgenic mice harbouring such genes commonly exhibit high, metal-inducible levels of the fusion messenger RNA in several organs, substantial quantities of the foreign growth hormone in serum and enhanced growth. In addition, the gene is stably incorporated into the germ line, making the phenotype heritable. Because of the scientific importance and potential economic value of transgenic livestock containing foreign genes, we initiated studies on large animals by microinjecting the fusion gene, MT-hGH, into the pronuclei or nuclei of eggs from superovulated rabbits, sheep and pigs. We report here integration of the gene in all three species and expression of the gene in transgenic rabbits and pigs.     

High expression of human serum albumin in milk of trans- genie mice directed by the goat p-casein gene promoter region

We have constructed a mammary gland expression vector that contained the goat β-casein gene pro-moter, 5'upstream regulatory region, exons 1, 2, intron 1 as well as the human serum albumin (hALB) mini-gene (including the full-long sequences of hALB cDNA and its intron 1). Injection of the vector into mouse tail veins showed that the recombinant construct was expressed only in mammary glands. The vector was microinjected into the mouse fertilized eggs, followed by transferring the eggs into the foster mice. 33 F0 mice were obtained. Of the 33, 8 mice (5 , 3 ) were transgenic with hALB gene integration identified by PCR as well as Southern blot hybridization. The integration rate was 24.2% (8/33). Western blot analysis showed that 3 female transgenic mice had hALB expression in their milk. The hALB contents in milk reached 3.54, 0.21 and 3.03 g/L, respectively.     

PCR-based approaches for identification of multi-copy transgene integration sites in mouse genome

Transgenic mice have become one of the most im- portant resources in studying gene functions in vivo since the technology was established in the 1980s[1―3]. So far, most of the transgenic mice were generated by DNA microinjection into fertilized eggs, in…     

Effect of HS2 and HS3 elements on erythroid-specific expression in transgenic mice

The expression plasmids CMV/GFP, HS2ALL, HS3ALL and HS23ALL were selected to investigate the effect of HS2 and HS3 element on erythroid-specific expression in transgenic mice. These plasmids were digested with restriction enzymes and purified. And five DNA fragments, CMV/GFP, HS2/GFP, CMV/HS2/GFP, HS23/GFP and HS3/GFP were obtained. After purification, the above DNA fragments were microinjected into the pre-nuclei of the mice fertilized eggs and transgenic mice were generated, with an integration rate of 10.89%. The green fluorescence protein(GFP) expression in many transgenic mouse tissues was determined by FACS analysis. The results showed that the HS2 and 1.7 kb of β-globin gene promoter were sufficient for the erythroid-specific expression of β-globin gene. The GFP expression of different recombinant constructs was also analyzed in blood of all the transgenic mice with FACS. The results indicated that HS2 and HS3 had the same enhancement activity on the regulation of β-globin gene expression. Moreover, these two elements showed a significant synergistic effect on gene expression at the transgenic mouse level, although the GFP expression varied largely among different transgenic mouse litters.     

High expression of human serum albumin in milk of transgenic mice directed by the goat β-casein gene promoter region

We have constructed a mammary gland expression vector that contained the goat β-casein gene promoter, 5′upstream regulatory region, exons 1,2, intron 1 as well as the human serum albumin (hALB) mini-gene (including the full-long sequences of hALB cDNA and its intron 1). Injection of the vector into mouse tail veins showed that the recombinant construct was expressed only in mammary glands. The vector was microinjected into the mouse fertilized eggs, followed by transferring the eggs into the foster mice. 33 F₀ mice were obtained. Of the 33, 8 mice (5♀, 3 ♂) were transgenic with hALB gene integration identified by PCR as well as Southern blot hybridization. The integration rate was 24.2% (8/33). Western blot analysis showed that 3 female transgenic mice had hALB expression in their milk. The hALB contents in milk reached 3.54, 0.21 and 3.03 g/L, respectively.     

Specific expression of a foreign beta-globin gene in erythroid cells of transgenic mice

The globin gene family represents an attractive system for the study of gene regulation during mammalian development, as its expression is subject to both tissue-specific and temporal regulation. While many aspects of globin gene structure and expression have been described extensively, relatively little is known about the cis-acting DNA sequences involved in the developmental regulation of globin gene expression. To begin to experimentally define these regulatory sequences, we have taken the approach of introducing cloned globin genes into the mouse germ line and examining their expression in the resulting transgenic animals. Here we describe a series of transgenic mice carrying a hybrid mouse/human adult beta-globin gene, several of which express the gene exclusively or predominantly in erythroid tissues. These studies demonstrate that regulatory sequences closely linked to the beta-globin gene are sufficient to specify a correct pattern of tissue-specific expression in a developing mouse, when the gene is integrated at a subset of foreign chromosomal positions.     

Maternal inhibition of hepatitis B surface antigen gene expression in transgenic mice correlates with de novo methylation

Differential modifications of the genome during gametogenesis result in a functional difference between the paternal and maternal genomes at the moment of fertilization. A possible cause of this imprinting is the methylation of DNA. The insertion of foreign DNA into transgenic mice allows the tagging of regions that are differentially methylated during gametogenesis. We describe here a transgenic mouse strain in which the expression of the hepatitis B surface antigen gene is irreversibly repressed following its passage through the female germ line. This inhibition is accompanied by the methylation of all the HpaII and HhaI sites within the foreign gene, which we have shown to be integrated into a site on chromosome 13. The irreversibility reported here contrasts with what is found with other transgenic mice sequences which are reversibly methylated after passage through the male or female germ line, though in both cases methylation appears to be important in the imprinting process.     

Site-independent expression of the chicken beta A-globin gene in transgenic mice

The level of expression of exogenous genes carried by transgenic mice typically varies from mouse to mouse and can be quite low. This behaviour is attributed to the influence of the mouse chromatin near the site of transgene integration. This 'position effect' has been seen in transgenic mice carrying the human beta-globin gene. It was however, abolished when DNase I hypersensitive sites (normally found 65 to 44 kilobases (kb) upstream) were linked to the human beta-globin transgene. Thus, the upstream DNA (previously named a dominant control or locus activation region, now denoted a locus control region) conferred the ability to express human beta-globin at high levels dependent on copy number on every mouse carrying the construct. We report here an investigation of chicken beta A-globin gene expression in transgenic mice. A 4.5-kb fragment carrying the beta A-globin gene and its downstream enhancer, without any far upstream elements, is sufficient to ensure that every transgenic mouse expresses chicken globin messenger RNA at levels proportional to the transgene copy number. Thus the chicken DNA elements that allow position-independent expression can function in mice. In marked contrast to the human beta cluster, these elements are no farther than 2 kb from the gene. The location of the elements within the cluster demonstrates that position independence can be mediated by DNA that does not define a gene cluster boundary.