以菌糠为调理剂的柴油污染土壤堆肥技术

以老化的柴油污染土壤为供试土壤,以菌糠为调理剂,在模拟实验条件下,进行了为期90d的柴油污染土壤的堆肥研究,分别于堆肥进行的第30、60和90d采集土壤样品,分析土壤的总石油烃残留量和细菌与真菌的数量,探讨不同的菌糠投加比例、外源降解菌接种等因素对柴油污染土壤中石油烃污染物去除效率的影响,并对堆肥过程中堆体微生物数量的动态进行监测分析．研究结果表明,菌糠的添加显著促进了柴油污染土壤中石油烃的生物修复效率,经过90d的堆肥处理,总石油烃的去除率最高达73％．菌糠投加比例也对总石油烃去除率有明显的影响,随着菌糠与土壤体积比的提高,柴油污染土壤中总石油烃的去除率随之增加．外源高效降解菌的添加能显著提高柴油污染土壤中总石油烃污染物的去除率（p〈0．05）．     

2株柴油降解菌的分离筛选及生长特性分析

以0~#柴油为唯一碳源,从柴油污染土壤中分离、筛选出2株柴油降解菌(EGY和GY),通过形态、生理生化特征观察及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定菌株,利用单因素实验确定各菌株的最适培养条件,通过设计不同柴油浓度下柴油降解实验及土壤柴油降解实验分析EGY降解柴油的性能.结果表明:EGY为琼氏不动杆菌,GY为鞘脂菌属的一个新种;EGY的最适生长条件贴近油污污染的土壤环境,条件为温度25℃,pH 8.0,盐度1.5 g/L,柴油初始浓度1.5%(V_(柴油)/V_(培养基));EGY在不同柴油浓度的无机培养基中培养24 h后,在0.5%(V_(柴油)/V_(培养基))柴油浓度下具有最大降解率(41.67%±5.31%),但降解量最低;EGY在含1.0%(m_(柴油)/m_(土壤))柴油的土壤中培养10 d后,未调节盐度和调节至最适盐度的柴油降解率分别为57.80%和72.10%,而自然降解的降解率仅为15.30%.因此,EGY可作为高效的柴油降解菌修复柴油污染的土壤和水体.     

芹菜根对模拟复合污染湿地中芘的降解作用

以吴淞口复合污染湿地土壤为研究背景, 在含有芘、柴油、Pb 的模拟复合污染湿地土壤环境中, 选取对芘具有高效降解作用的芹菜根, 研究芹菜根对复合污染湿地土壤进行生态修复的作用效果及特征. 检测分析了单一与复合污染土壤中多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、脲酶(urease, URE)及不同实验组中芘的降解效果随时间的变化规律. 研究表明, 在芘、Pb、柴油复合污染胁迫下, 芹菜根可以通过根系分泌酶等一些化学物质或者通过刺激其根际微生物细胞分泌各种酶类物质, 来提高其根际微生物的活性, 促进芹菜根与其根际微生物的协同作用, 增强对复合污染土壤中芘的降解效果.     

微生物菌剂与冰草联合修复含油污染土壤

从陕西姬源油田污染严重的土壤中富集培养、筛选分离得到8株降解石油菌,向土壤中添加上述8株菌组成的混合菌剂,通过63 d盆栽试验,利用微生物菌剂与冰草联合作用修复石油污染土壤,测定土壤中降油率、微生物数量和脱氢酶活性;并采用气相-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析石油中正构烷烃组分的降解情况研究植物-微生物联合修复油污土壤。试验结果表明:植物与微生物菌剂联合作用修复能力大于单一植物修复能力,并且含油质量分数直接影响修复性能;经63 d植物与菌剂联合修复质量分数为3%含油土壤,降油率达81.48%,比单一植物降油高43.04%;土壤微生物数量、脱氢酶活性的增加有利于原油降油;微生物-植物联合作用对高碳数烷烃的降解作用大于低碳数烷烃的降解作用,15 d的降解率平均可达60%以上,加菌后正二十三烷和正三十三烷的降解率分别较对照组提高了34.7%和25.3%。     

外加氮源强化石油降解菌降解性能

试验采用从天津、大连和上海附近海域筛选出的石油降解菌T4、R4和D3,研究了外加氮源对单一菌株和混合菌株降解柴油的影响.试验结果表明,外加氮源有效地促进了微生物对柴油的降解并增强了微生物细胞表面疏水性,R4和D3的最优氮源为NaNO3,T4的最优氮源为NH4NO3,最优碳氮比均为20:1;细胞表面疏水性与柴油降解率具有良好的相关性.分析微生物代谢产物发现其具有明显的脂肽结构且添加氮源后疏水基团含量明显增加.外加氮源可以使混合菌的柴油降解率大幅提高,其中复合菌T4/R4、T4/D3、T4/R4/D3表现出了高于理论值的协同降解作用.     

原位生物降解柴油污染土壤的平行平板模型

本文针对污染土壤的原位生物修复技术,应用多孔介质理论并结合生化反应动力学,建立了反映原位生物降解柴油污染土壤的生化降解的平行平板理论模型,讨论了污染物浓度分布规律及降解规律。得出沿液膜厚度增加的方向,柴油含量越来越低,随着液膜厚度的进一步增加,柴油含量变化趋势较小,说明底物浓度过低不利于微生物的降解,而柴油初始浓度对降解效率的影响不大。     

利用植物-根际菌协同作用修复石油污染土壤

通过盆栽试验,初步探究根际微生物和植物协同作用对石油污染土壤的生物修复效果的影响。选择根瘤菌、石油烃降解菌、根际促生菌并与豆科植物扁豆的不同组合为调控因子,通过盆栽试验,进行了土壤石油污染物生物降解的初步研究。结果表明:在修复过程中扁豆与根际微生物均能提高土壤石油降解率并存在一定的协同作用。处理前,石油土壤的污染水平为8.75%,经过56 d的修复试验,对照组的土壤石油污染降解率为27.08%;种植扁豆裸土组的土壤石油污染降解率为44.81%,比对照组提升了17.73%;添加微生物裸土组的土壤石油污染降解率最大为70.57%;种植扁豆并添加微生物组的土壤石油污染降解率为83.05%。种植植物对土壤石油污染修复有较好的作用,同时合理添加各种微生物,利用协同作用能明显提高修复的效果。     

突变菌PS 2对石油烃污染土壤的修复研究

在实验室条件下模拟了石油烃污染土壤的生物修复试验,发现突变菌PS 2对土壤中的石油烃污染物降解速度明显高于其野生菌株SY-02.对土壤中的土著微生物、含水量、接种量、分散剂等影响微生物降解速度的因素进行研究,结果表明:土壤中的土著微生物对石油烃的降解有明显的促进作用;当土壤含水量在20%~25%之间时,石油烃的降解效果最好,其最高降解率达到93%;当接种量在150~250mL之间时,突变菌PS 2对石油烃的降解效果最好,其中接种量为200mL时,其降解率最高为93.4%.土壤分散剂可以明显地提高石油烃的生物降解速度,其中稻壳作为分散剂降解效果最好,其最终降解效率达到93.1%.该研究结果可以为石油烃污染环境的高效生物修复提供参考依据和理论基础.     

基于PCR-DGGE技术的石油污染土壤微生物多态性

基于PCR-DGGE技术,通过对中国不同区域环境下的油田区石油污染土壤微生物多态性的评价,探讨微生态环境与微生物多态性之间的内在关系,初步揭示环境胁迫下微生物多态性与降解活性之间的制约性。结果表明,提取的石油污染土壤微生物总DNA产率为3.45~11.7μg/g(以土壤质量计算),纯度为1.5~1.87,土壤含油率通过制约微生物数量和活性而对总DNA产率产生影响。在含水率较高的华东地区,其样品微生物种群多样性最高,DGGE条带数为西北地区样品的2~5倍。经过2个月的强化生物降解,东北地区样品的DGGE条带数约为原始样品的75%。     

九龙江口红树林土壤微生物的时空分布

研究了福建九龙江口秋茄（Kandelia candel）林与白骨壤（Avicennia marina）林土壤及其相应的对照光滩0～20cm、20～40cm和40～60cm3个层次土壤好氧异养细菌、放线菌和丝状真菌3类微生物数量时空分布及其与土壤主要理化因子的关系．结果表明；秋茄林与白骨壤林土壤及其相应的对照光滩土壤的细菌、放线菌和丝状真菌和微生物总数在3个土壤层次中，随着土壤深度的增加而下降，差异显著；两个红树林及其对照光滩土壤的微生物数量均以夏季最多，冬季最少。春秋季位于夏冬两季之间，或高或低，但差值不大；红树林土壤各类群微生物数量多显著高于相应对照光滩；秋茄林土壤各类群微生物数量显著高于白骨壤林土壤．土壤微生物数量与主要理化因子间的多元回归分析显示：与两个红树林土壤微生物数量关系最密切的因子是全氮和全磷而不是有机质，这可能与微生物数量及其活性对氮和磷有着相对重要的调控作用有关．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the