量子系统控制方兴未艾

 量子控制是量子力学理论与控制论交叉形成的新兴学科,研究的内容主要是从系统论和控制论的观点,探索量子体系动力学的演化规律、分析量子系统内部特性及研究量子系统状态和轨迹调控与实现的系统控制理论与方法。从本质上看,量子比特初态的制备、量子逻辑门的构造、量子消相干过程的抑制、纠缠态的制备和保持等都可以归结为控制问题。量子系统自身所具有的相干性及其消相干、测量的塌缩性、量子纠缠性及量子的不可克隆原理,都给量子系统控制理论的研究带来了与宏观控制理论完全不同的巨大的挑战。建立量子系统控制理论的过程本身就是一个系统工程,需要经过系统建模、系统综合与分析,其中包括可控性、可达性、稳定性等分析、收敛的控制器设计、系统仿真实验、参数优化等。由于量子系统除具有宏观系统的本征态外,还有大量宏观系统不存在的状态,如叠加态、混合态、纠缠态等等,另外对量子状态只能进行不确定的概率控制,所以需要分别对每一种类型的状态专门去设计出收敛的控制器。     

基于隐李雅普诺夫量子控制的量子纯态调控

已有研究结果表明,在封闭量子系统中,当被控系统满足强正则条件以及内部哈密顿量所有不同于目标态的本征态和目标态直接连接时,能够根据基于状态偏差的李雅普诺夫控制方法设计控制律使控制系统渐近稳定,但当被控系统不满足强正则或至少有一个本征态不和目标态连接时,被称为退化情况,情况将变的复杂.首先提出基于状态偏差的隐李雅普诺夫控制方法来解决这两种退化情况的收敛控制问题,将目标态从本征态拓展到了任意纯态.并且,所提出的方法也可以被用于控制退化情况下的多控制哈密顿量子系统.其次,研究了基于状态偏差和状态距离的隐李雅普诺夫控制方法的关系.最后,通过进行控制系统的数值仿真实验来验证提出的控制方法的正确性和有效性,并对基于状态偏差和状态距离的隐李雅普诺夫控制方法的控制效果进行对比.     

Kane固体量子计算机中核自旋读出

在2个量子位(qubit)的体系中,对Kane固体量子计算机模型的通过电子状态与核子自旋状态的交换进行测量的方法进行了研究。从2个量子位系统的Hamilton量出发,根据总自旋在外磁场方向的总投影分成5个不变子空间,构造它们的块对角矩阵形式。分析了它们所有的本征值和本征态随电子之间交换相互作用的大小的变化关系。结果表明:利用核自旋和电子自旋交换来测量核自旋的方法是有一定适用范围的,在2个量子位与2个电子的系统中的16个态中,只有4个可以利用这种方法来测量。     

量子系统中基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论的叠加态的制备

在量子系统中利用被控系统的本征值,构造用来进行坐标旋转的幺正矩阵．通过幺正变换操作抵消系统每个状态所具有的局部相位,并选择变换后的被控状态与目标态之间的误差作为李雅普诺夫函数．在此基础上,基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论,在保证控制系统稳定的前提下进行控制律的设计,给出了系统状态制备所需控制的详细设计过程,并对结果进行了对比分析．最后,在一个自旋1／2粒子系统上,采用本文所提方法分别对目标态是本征态和叠加态的制备进行了系统仿真实验,并对系统状态演化时间与不同参数情况下控制值之间的关系进行了分析．     

量子搜索与两体弹性碰撞过程的相似性

量子搜索问题是由Grover首先提出的,其核心是利用量子相干性加速搜索过程[1].量子系统在外部条件和内部作用下演化,使待搜索本征态的系数接近于1,其他本征态的系数接近于0.通过对量子搜索过程的研究,我们发现了量子搜索与经典力学中两体弹性碰撞过程的相似性.利用这种相似性,可以讨论量子搜索的内在本质以及相关的问题.     

一维两体δ作用玻色费米气体的精确本征值

一维两体δ作用玻色费米混合气体就是用具有超矩阵的量子非线性Schrǒdinger 模型描述。利用量子反散射方法精确地求出了该系统的本征态、本征值和 Betheansatz 方程。另外,还讨论了本征态所具有的守恒关系。     

不对称外磁场下XXZ型相互作用的两量子比特系统的纠缠

【目的】研究不对称旋转外磁场下两个相互作用的量子比特系统的量子纠缠。【方法】利用数值模拟,得到不对称旋转外磁场下两个相互作用的量子比特系统的4个本征态。为了刻画系统的纠缠,计算了各个本征态的concurrence。【结果】外加旋转磁场的极角以及相互作用的各向异性参数都会对4个本征态的纠缠产生影响。当各向异性参数Δ 由0开始增大时,系统的哈密顿量由一种极限下含外场的XX模型经过Δ=1时的海森堡模型逐渐演化为另外一种极限下的Ising模型。【结论】相互作用和外部磁场之间的竞争决定了系统纠缠的演化。通过对系统纠缠的研究,可以对系统在参数的不同区间范围内模型的转化以及本征态的性质有更进一步的认识。
     

不对称外磁场下XXZ型相互作用的两量子比特系统的纠缠

【目的】研究不对称旋转外磁场下两个相互作用的量子比特系统的量子纠缠。【方法】利用数值模拟,得到不对称旋转外磁场下两个相互作用的量子比特系统的4个本征态。为了刻画系统的纠缠,计算了各个本征态的concurrence。【结果】外加旋转磁场的极角以及相互作用的各向异性参数都会对4个本征态的纠缠产生影响。当各向异性参数Δ由0开始增大时,系统的哈密顿量由一种极限下含外场的XX模型经过Δ=1时的海森堡模型逐渐演化为另外一种极限下的Ising模型。【结论】相互作用和外部磁场之间的竞争决定了系统纠缠的演化。通过对系统纠缠的研究,可以对系统在参数的不同区间范围内模型的转化以及本征态的性质有更进一步的认识。     

基于GHZ型态的非对称循环量子隐形传态

提出利用GHZ型态的张量积作为量子信道，实现任意单粒子、Bell态和GHZ态的非对称循环(受控)量子隐形传态的2个方案.在方案1中，3个参与者Alice、Bob及Charlie以9粒子纠缠态为量子信道，Alice、Bob及Charlie对自己粒子进行Bell态、单粒子测量并公布测量结果，三方根据所有测量结果对各自粒子进行相应的幺正变换，即可实现非对称循环量子隐形传态.在方案2中，增加一个控制方David, Alice、Bob、Charlie及控制方David共享12粒子纠缠态为量子信道，在控制方David的作用下，Alice把自己的单粒子态传递给Bob, Bob把自己的Bell态传递给Charlie,同时，Charlie也将自己的GHZ态传递给Alice.仅当David与三方相互合作时，非对称循环受控隐形传态才能实现.     

非旋波近似下量子通道的实验模拟

基于量子二级能(量子比特)系统与玻色耦合的模型,我们利用线性光学平台在实验上实现了一类不依赖于传统玻恩-马尔科夫以及旋转波近似方法的量子通道,可以更加精确的描述量子比特系统在环境影响下的动力学过程.我们利用该通道,实际测量了量子比特系统和量子相干性,对比了旋转波近似和非旋转波近似的两类通道的不同结果,突出了反旋波项的重要作用.     

Multi-step evolution and measurement control of finite-dimensional quantum systems

For finite-dimensional quantum systems,we propose a quantum control scheme based on a multi-step unitary evolution and quantum projective measurements.The objective is to design a control law to steer the system to a target eigenstate of the measurement operator in the least number of steps.Within each control step,unitary evolution and quantum projective measurement are performed in turn until the system reaches the target state.The control process can be modeled as a finite-state Markov chain with an absorbing state.We prove that the controlled system will converge to the target eigenstate with probability one after a finite number of control steps and find a minimal-step-number condition that would steer the system to the target eigenstate in the least number of steps.     

Strong dispersive coupling of a high-finesse cavity to a micromechanical membrane

Macroscopic mechanical objects and electromagnetic degrees of freedom can couple to each other through radiation pressure. Optomechanical systems in which this coupling is sufficiently strong are predicted to show quantum effects and are a topic of considerable interest. Devices in this regime would offer new types of control over the quantum state of both light and matter, and would provide a new arena in which to explore the boundary between quantum and classical physics. Experiments so far have achieved sufficient optomechanical coupling to laser-cool mechanical devices, but have not yet reached the quantum regime. The outstanding technical challenge in this field is integrating sensitive micromechanical elements (which must be small, light and flexible) into high-finesse cavities (which are typically rigid and massive) without compromising the mechanical or optical properties of either. A second, and more fundamental, challenge is to read out the mechanical element's energy eigenstate. Displacement measurements (no matter how sensitive) cannot determine an oscillator's energy eigenstate, and measurements coupling to quantities other than displacement have been difficult to realize in practice. Here we present an optomechanical system that has the potential to resolve both of these challenges. We demonstrate a cavity which is detuned by the motion of a 50-nm-thick dielectric membrane placed between two macroscopic, rigid, high-finesse mirrors. This approach segregates optical and mechanical functionality to physically distinct structures and avoids compromising either. It also allows for direct measurement of the square of the membrane's displacement, and thus in principle the membrane's energy eigenstate. We estimate that it should be practical to use this scheme to observe quantum jumps of a mechanical system, an important goal in the field of quantum measurement.     

Quantum feedback networks and control: A brief survey

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of some recent developments in quantum feedback networks and control.A quantum feedback network (QFN) is an interconnected system consisting of open quantum systems linked by free fields and/or direct physical couplings.Basic network constructs,including series connections as well as feedback loops,are discussed.The quantum feedback network theory provides a natural framework for analysis and design.Basic properties such as dissipation,stability,passivity and gain of open quantum systems are discussed.Control system design is also discussed,primarily in the context of open linear quantum stochastic systems.The issue of physical realizability is discussed,and explicit criteria for stability,positive real lemma,and bounded real lemma are presented.Finally for linear quantum systems,coherent H∞ and LQG control are described.     

基于弱测量和量子反弱测量的三能级量子系统稳定研究

利用弱测量和量子反弱测量方法研究了一个V-型三能级量子系统处在振幅耗散退相干环境作用下的问题.得到了相应的最优化条件、保真度以及成功率解析表达式.通过数值模拟,发现到当弱测量和量子反弱测量强度在满足一定条件下,该退相干的三能级量子系统能有效稳定.     

An open-system quantum simulator with trapped ions

The control of quantum systems is of fundamental scientific interest and promises powerful applications and technologies. Impressive progress has been achieved in isolating quantum systems from the environment and coherently controlling their dynamics, as demonstrated by the creation and manipulation of entanglement in various physical systems. However, for open quantum systems, engineering the dynamics of many particles by a controlled coupling to an environment remains largely unexplored. Here we realize an experimental toolbox for simulating an open quantum system with up to five quantum bits (qubits). Using a quantum computing architecture with trapped ions, we combine multi-qubit gates with optical pumping to implement coherent operations and dissipative processes. We illustrate our ability to engineer the open-system dynamics through the dissipative preparation of entangled states, the simulation of coherent many-body spin interactions, and the quantum non-demolition measurement of multi-qubit observables. By adding controlled dissipation to coherent operations, this work offers novel prospects for open-system quantum simulation and computation.     

Optimal quantum measurement of finite-dimensional systems and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

Quantum measurement is a fundamental problem in quantum control theory and experiments.It can obtain unknown information of quantum systems,and can also change state of the systems inevitably.Both the outcome and back action could be used to control quantum systems.This paper presents recent research progress about optimal control of state transformation in finite-dimensional quantum systems by back action of non-selective quantum measurement,and optimal control of signal and background of CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy) by phase shaping technique.In measurement sequence control of finite-dimensional quantum systems,the necessary condition for critical points of the underlying state transformation objective is found to be a highly symmetric form as a chain of equalities,and analytical and numerical solutions in several cases are explored.In the CARS control,it is found that the maximal resonant signal and minimal background at a specific frequency can be achieved by shaping the probe pulse only while keeping pump and Stokes pulses in transform limited forms (TLFs).An arctan-type phase function is obtained for the probe pulse to simultaneously enhance the resonant signal and suppress the background.For broadband background elimination,we find that the optimal phase shaping scheme of probe pulse is quasi-time-delay while keeping the pump and Stokes pulses in TLFs.These conclusions could help design control strategies of quantum devices.     

存在输入时滞的不确定系统的滑模控制

考虑存在输入时滞情况下不确定系统的滑模控制问题,其中被控系统存在状态不确定和控制输入不确定性。通过设计一种新的积分型滑模切换面,不仅可以保证系统状态轨迹从初始状态开始就位于指定的切换面上,而且能够适应系统参数的摄动。给出了保证闭环系统渐近稳定的充分条件。仿真实验结果验证了本文算法的有效性。     

非线性广义Markov跳变系统的异步耗散控制

研究了一类在Takagi-Sugeno模糊规则下的连续时间非线性广义Markov跳变系统的严格异步耗散控制问题.首先,通过构造保守性较小的模态独立Lyapunov函数,推广到相应的广义系统并给出随机稳定且严格耗散的充分条件.然后,引入在实际中应用广泛的隐Markov模型,通过将状态转移概率与隐Markov模型的相关的条...     

在任意初值下的受扰非线性系统PD型迭代学习控制与方法

对于一类非线性系统,在有界的初态干扰和输出干扰的情况下,提出了一种开闭环PD型迭代学习算法。系统在初值任意的情况下,进行初态学习的开闭环PD型迭代学习控制,并且推导出了关于初态学习的收敛性的充分条件。通过与开环PD型和闭环PD型迭代学习算法作对比来进行仿真验证,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。