Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza. Sativa. L) may cause yield reductions. This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population. By using the linkage map of this population, the QTLs for relative dry weight, relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located. The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight, relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight, which explain 24.9%, 20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations, respectively. Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content, which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations. One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency. It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency. Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency, the root dry weight is more important than others.     

QTL mapping of the root traits and their correlation analysis with drought resistance using DH lines from paddy and upland rice cross

A Double Haploid (DH) population, 116 plants, derived from the cross between Japonica upland rice IRAT109 and paddy rice Yuefu, planted in PVC pipe under upland ecosystem in 2001 and 2002, was used in this study. Seven root traits, including basal root thickness (BRT), total root number (RN), maximum root length (MRL), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), ratio of root fresh weight to shoot fresh weight (RFW/SFW) and ratio of root dry weight to shoot dry weight (RDW/SDW), were studied. Using index of drought resistance (IDR), the ratio of yield under upland ecosystem to yield under lowland ecosystem of DH lines, as the criteria of drought resistance, and correla-tion analysis between root traits and IDR, showed that BRT, MRL and RN were significantly correlated with IDR. High IDR lines had thicker BRT, longer MRL and less RN than low IDR lines. A molecular linkage map with 94 RFLP markers and 71 SSR markers covering 1535.1 cM was pro-duced. QTLs and G譋 interactions for BRT, RN, MRL, RFW, RDW, RFW/SFW and RDW/SDW were obtained based on the constructed molecular linkage map and soft-ware QTLmapper version 1.0. A total of 18 additive QTLs and 18 pairs of epistatic QTLs associated with root traits were detected. There were nine additive QTLs and two pairs of epistatic QTLs performed significant interactions with environment. Some QTLs with high general contribution and no G譋 interaction were obtained. Two pairs of epistatic QTLs mrl3 and mrl8, brt3 and brt11a controlling MRL and BRT had high general contributions of 21.51% and 13.03% respectively. An additive QTL and a pair of epistatic QTLs controlling RFW and RDW had high general contributions of 13.50% and 25.64% respectively. Marker assisted selec-tion (MAS) for rice drought resistance based on QTL with high general contribution, low G譋 interaction and tightly linkage with IDR were also discussed.     

水稻苗期形态性状的QTL定位

采用苗期形态性状上有着明显差异的粳稻Asominori和籼稻IR24杂交产生的重组自交系（RILs）为材料,经营养液培养后,对水稻苗期形态相关的6个数量性状：最大根长（MRL）、苗高（SH）、根干重（RDW）、茎（叶）干重（SDW）、总重（TW）以及根/茎（叶）干重比（RSR）进行了数量性状位点（QTL）定位分析.结果共检测到影响6个形态性状的8个QTL位点,分别位于水稻的第2,4,10和11染色体上,其贡献率为9.79%～22.90%.并发现位于第4染色体上的控制根/茎（叶）干重比的qRSR-4和根干重的qRDW-4的2个位点以及位于第10染色体上的控制茎（叶）干重的qSDW-10和总重的qTW-10的2个位点分别位于同一分子标记区间.研究结果对水稻苗期形态性状QTL的精细定位及培育理想株型具有一定的应用价值.     

Comparative mapping of rice root traits in seedlings grown in nutrient or non-nutrient solution

The component and amount of nutrient in the growth medium are the major factors affecting root growth.For the systematic dissection of root gene expression,evaluation of nutrient and non-nutrient solutions was conducted for their effect on root traits and quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping.Three rice root parameters,maximum root length(MRL),root dry weight(RDW),and root/ shoot ratio of dry weight(RSR),were characterized within a double haploid(DH)population from a cross of ZYQ8(indica)and JX17(japonica).The value of the three root traits in two parents all decreased under the nutrient condition compared to those under the nonnutrient condition,of which RSR decreased up to 2.6-fold on average.In the DH population,more than 70 % lines in MRL,94 % lines in RDW,and all the lines in RSR were scored lower.In total,eight QTLs were identified in nutrient system(5 from JX17 alleles and 3 from ZYQ8 alleles)while five QTLs were detected in non-nutrient system(4 from JX17 alleles and 1 from ZYQ8 alleles).Of them,one QTL for RSR was shared by both culturing systems,seven QTLs were specific in nutrient system and the other four QTLs were specific in non-nutrient system.All 13 QTLs were distributed over 7 rice chromosomes-2,3,4,5,6,9 and 10,respectively.     

马尾松容器苗生长和养分性状对磷添加和接种菌根菌的响应及关联

【目的】 开展马尾松容器苗添加不同水平磷(P)及接种菌根菌互作试验,明确添加不同水平P与接种菌根菌的互作效应。【方法】 采用裂区试验设计,主区为菌根菌处理,分为接种与不接种2个处理,接种处理为播种时在播种穴下方置入由蛭石与松乳菇菌丝体悬浮液制作成的固体菌剂0.3 g;副区为添加P处理,设置以P为主的水溶肥添加梯度共7个水平,样地P添加量介于50~600 g/m³。于7—10月分15次等时间间隔将不同梯度水溶肥溶于水后均匀喷洒在苗木上,分析苗木生长性状和氮(N)、P吸收利用与添加P量及菌根菌的关系。【结果】 接种菌根菌后,1年生马尾松容器苗平均苗高、地径、总生物量和根系直径等生长指标比不接种分别增加了9.87%、3.35%、41.50%和12.41%,N、P吸收量和利用指数等养分指标分别增加了5.05%、25.03%、100.36%和70.53%;高径比、总根长、N和P含量分别降低了5.98%、22.47%、24.97%和11.26%,除苗高和N吸收量外各生长和养分性状指标接种前后存在显著差异。随P添加量增加,接种前后马尾松容器苗地径、整株P吸收量均呈增加趋势,高径比呈下降趋势,整株N和P含量呈先增加后降低趋势。不同添加P水平马尾松容器苗地径、总生物量、根系直径、整株P吸收量、N和P利用指数均为接种大于不接种;而高径比、总根长和整株P含量均为不接种大于接种。接种菌根菌和添加P对马尾松容器苗生长和养分性状无显著的互作效应。接种后马尾松容器苗生长性状对整株N含量的变化更敏感,对N、P吸收量和利用指数的响应进一步增强。【结论】 接种菌根菌(松乳菇菌)可与马尾松容器苗建立较好的协同共生关系,不仅促进了马尾松容器苗的生长,而且提高了N、P养分利用效率。接种后苗木的高径比降低,N、P利用指数增加,能以较低的养分浓度进行正常的生长和代谢,有助于培育优质马尾松苗木和节约育苗成本。     

Construction of a genetic map and location of quantitative trait loci for dwarf trait in maize by RFLP markers

Using F₂ population derived from the cross of tall inbred 7922 by dwarf inbred 5003, an RFLP linkage map of maize has been constructed, on which 85 markers are distributed among 10 linkage groups and span maize genome about 1827.8 cM with an average distance (24.4 cM) between markers. 106 F_2:3 lines of the population were grown in a 10 × 11 simple rectangular lattice design of one-raw plots with two replications and evaluated for plant height (PH). With interval mapping procedure, 5 QTLs controlling plant height have been identified and their genetic effects and gene action determined. 2 major QTLs with opposite effect have been discovered. One for increasing plant height isph1 which is located at chromosome 2 and accounts for 51.8% of the total phenotypic variation; the other for decreasing plant height isph3 which is located at chromosome 5 and accounts for 38.6% of the total phenotypic variation. The chromosomal location ofph3 might be the same as or close to the position ofbv1, a dwarf mutant of maize.     

影响小麦加工品质数量性状位点的研究

以M5和M16为亲本构建的重组自交系为材料，对影响小麦加工品质性状的数量性状位点（QTL）进行了研究．检测了群体中籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、拉伸面积等品质性状，它们在群体中呈近似正态的连续分布，为多基因控制的数量性状．利用43个SSR标记和42个AFLP标记构建了相关染色体的分子连锁图．在1A、5D、6D染色体上分别检测到与籽粒硬度相关的QTL各1个，其中位于染色体5D上的Xgwn190对表型变异的贡献率最大，达62．5％，为主效基因；在1B和6A染色体上分别检测到与蛋白质含量相关的QTL各1个，它们对表型变异的贡献率分别为13．2％和15．6％；在染色体1B和3B上分别检测到与SDS沉降值相关的QTL各1个，贡献率最大（10．2％）的一个QTL位于3B染色体上靠近E37M61—286的区域；在1A、3B、5D染色体上分别检测到与拉伸面积相关的QTL各1个，其中5D染色体上的Xgwn190对表型的贡献率最大，为11．5％．     

Detecting quantitative trait loci for water use efficiency in rice using a recombinant inbred line population

Breeding rice with high water use efficiency (WUE) can ameliorate water shortage through water-saving irrigation.However,WUE is a complex quantitative trait and very few studies have been conducted to measure WUE directly.In this study,a recombined inbred line population derived from a cross between an indica lowland rice and upland japonica rice was used to dissect the genetic control of WUE by fine-monitored water supply experiments.Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were scanned for 10 traits including heading date (HD),water-consumption per day (water/d),shoot weight gain per day (shootw/d),root weight gain per day (rootw/d),kernel weight gain per day (kernelw/d),average WUE at whole plant level (WUEwhole/d),average WUE for up-ground biomass (WUEup/d),average WUE for grain yield (WUEyield/d),average economic index (econindex/d),and average root/shoot ratio per day (ratio/d).The results show that most of the traits were significantly correlated to each other.Twenty-four QTL (LOD ≥ 2.0) were detected for econindex,econindex/d,WUEyield,WUEyield/d,WUEup,WUEup/d,WUEwhole,WUEwhole/d,kernelw,kernelw/d,rootw,and water/d by composite interval mapping.These QTLs are located on chromosomes 1,2,4,6,7,8,and 12.Individual QTLs accounted for 4.97%-10.78% of the phenotypic variation explained.Some of these QTLs overlapped with previously reported drought resistance QTLs detected in this population.These results provide useful information for further dissection of the genetic basis and marker-assisted selection of WUE in rice.     

Molecular mapping of QTLs for root response to phosphorus deficiency at seedling stage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in the soil is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and crop productivity throughout the world. Development of cultivars with improved P-deficiency tolerance is an efficient strategy for sustainable agriculture. Plant roots play an important role in crop growth and development, especially in nutrient uptake and improvement of P-efficiency. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for root traits and their response to low P stress at seedling stage will facilitate the development of P-efficient wheat cultivars. In this study, 30 QTLs (LOD>2.0) were mapped for the three root traits, such as root length, root number and root dry matter under different P supply conditions and their response to P-stress. These QTLs were distributed on 14 chromosomes, with each of the 5 QTLs explaining more than 10% phenotype variance. Analyses showed that root traits and their response to P-deficiency were controlled by different QTLs. In addition, alleles with positive effects were separated on both parents, and wheat cultivars with improved P-efficiency could be developed by accumulating these positive effect alleles together.     

Molecular mapping of QTLs for root response to phosphorus deficiency at seedling stage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in the soil is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and crop productivity throughout the world. Development of cultivars with improved P-deficiency tolerance is an efficient strategy for sustainable agriculture. Plant roots play an important role in crop growth and development, especially in nutrient uptake and improvement of P-efficiency. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for root traits and their response to low P stress at seedling stage will facilitate the development of P-efficient wheat cultivars. In this study, 30 QTLs (LOD>2.0) were mapped for the three root traits, such as root length, root number and root dry matter under different P supply conditions and their response to P-stress. These QTLs were distributed on 14 chromosomes, with each of the 5 QTLs explaining more than 10% phenotype variance. Analyses showed that root traits and their response to P-deficiency were controlled by different QTLs. In addition, alleles with positive effects were separated on both parents, and wheat cultivars with improved P-efficiency could be developed by accumulating these positive effect alleles together.     

林木多元性状数据QTL区间作图统计分析及其在杨树上的应用

【目的】传统的数量性状基因座(QTL)定位统计分析方法是针对自交系产生实验群体而建立的,不能直接应用到林木这种杂合度较高生长周期较长的异交物种中。针对林木多元性状数据,将传统的QTL区间作图方法应用到林木杂交F₁代作图群体中。【方法】考虑分子标记各种可能的分离比以及连锁相信息,建立林木多元性状数据QTL定位统计分析模型,并用R语言编写了相应的计算软件包mvqtlmap。在美洲黑杨和小叶杨杂交F₁代群体中,对2014年5月29日至9月24日期间调查的6个时间点树高数据进行了QTL定位分析。【结果】有4个QTL定位在母本美洲黑杨的遗传连锁图谱上,有6个QTL分布在父本小叶杨的遗传连锁图谱上,这些QTL分别位于第1、5、7、9、11和19号染色体上,平均解释0.8%～6.7%的表型方差。【结论】研究结果可为在林木上利用多个性状或多个时间点性状数据进行QTL定位提供统计分析方法及计算工具。所建立的程序包可在网站http://www.bioseqdata.com/mvqtlmap/mvqtlmap.htm上自由下载。     

低磷胁迫下杉木无性系根系形态及养分利用响应研究

【目的】研究不同杉木无性系苗木在低磷胁迫下的根系形态和养分利用特征,为提高杉木养分利用效率的遗传改良提供参考。【方法】以5个杉木无性系组培苗为材料,采用土壤盆栽实验,设置缺磷(PO, KH₂PO₄ 0 mmol/L)和正常供磷(PN, KH₂PO₄ 1.0 mmol/L)两种改良Hoagland营养液进行浇灌处理,培养60 d后测定其生物量(根、茎、叶)、根系形态参数及其养分(磷、氮、钾、钙、镁)累积量和利用效率。【结果】①随施磷水平的变化,杉木无性系的干物质质量和根系形态指标显示出极显著的基因型效应差异。②缺磷处理使杉木无性系的根、茎、叶和整株干物质质量分别减少20.06%、20.68%、14.07%和16.78%,根冠比则增加,总根长、总根表面积、总根体积分别增加17.31%、17.69%、24.77%,根平均直径减少8.22%,细根比例显著提高。③缺磷使杉木无性系整株磷累积量减少17.91%,而磷利用效率呈上升趋势,同时磷在根系中的含量降低16.35%,但茎、叶中的含量在处理间差异不显著; 缺磷还使整株对钾的累积量减少27.58%,钙和氮分别减少18.56%和14.95%,镁减少12.85%。④经主成分分析发现,杉木无性系植株的粗根长、细根长、根冠比、根干物质质量与低磷胁迫响应密切; 回归分析显示,细根量对植株的磷吸收量有显著正向效应。【结论】杉木无性系根系形态指标随施磷水平变化呈极显著的基因型效应差异,缺磷胁迫使苗木地上部干物质质量减少,根平均直径减少,细根比例增大,根冠比增大,根系趋向于磷高效吸收的根构型转变,进而提高对低磷胁迫的遗传适应性。     

QTL analysis of flag leaf in barley （Hordeum vulgate L.） for morphological traits and chlorophyll content

To understand genetic patterns of the morphological and physiological traits in flag leaf of barley, a double haploid （DH） population derived from the parents Yerong and Franklin was used to determine quantitative trait loci （QTL） controlling length, width, length/width, and chlorophyll content of flag leaves. A total of 9 QTLs showing significantly additive effect were detected in 8 intervals on 5 chromosomes. The variation of individual QTL ranged from 1.9% to 20.2%. For chlorophyll content expressed as SPAD value, 4 QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 3H and 6H; for leaf length and width, 2 QTLs located on chromosomes 5H and 7H, and 2 QTLs located on chromosome 5H were detected; and for length/width, I QTL was detected on chromosome 7H. The identification of these QTLs associated with the properties of flag leaf is useful for barley improvement in breeding programs.     

QTL mapping of resistance to sheath blight in maize（Zea mays L.）

Maize sheath blight (Rhizoctonia Solani) is a widely occurring fungus disease with great harm to corn-pro- ducing regions in the world. The first happening of sheath blight in China was reported in Jilin Province as early as in 1966[1]. Since the 1970s, the enlargement of corn- growing regions, the application of maize hybrids, the increasing use of fertilizers, especially the nitrogenous fertilizer, and a higher growth-density, all have caused a quick spread of sheath blight, the occurring …     

玉米种皮和穗轴中总酚含量的QTL分析

利用黑玉米自交系SDM作为父本,与黄玉米自交系MO17杂交,构建F2∶3群体,对玉米种皮中总酚含量(PCP)和穗轴中的总酚含量(PCC)进行了QTL分析.结果表明:SDM种皮和穗轴中总酚含量均极显著高于MO17,种皮和穗轴中的总酚含量呈极显著正相关.与玉米种皮和穗轴中总酚含量相关的QTL各检测到4个,分布在第4,6,7,9,10共5条染色体上,增效基因均来自父本SDM.其中位于第6和第10染色体上的4个QTL对表型的贡献率最大.控制种皮中总酚含量的2个QTL PCP-6a和PCP-10b分别解释表型变异的13.00%和17.05%,所在的标记区间分别为mmc0523-umc2006和umc1506-bnlg1028,基因作用方式分别为部分显性和加性.控制穗轴中总酚含量的2个QTL PCC-6a和PCC-10a分别解释表型变异的12.20%和21.10%,所在的标记区间分别为umc1014-mmc0523和umc1506-bnlg1028,基因作用方式均为部分显性.位于第6和第10染色体上控制2个性状的QTL可能是一因多效的同一QTL,也可能是紧密连锁的不同QTL.     

玉米产量相关性状的QTL定位与剖析

玉米因其自身具有高产潜质而成为了当今世界最重要的粮食作物之一.玉米产量是复杂的数量性状,由许多主/微效基因控制,易受各种环境因素影响.果穗是玉米的主要收获器官,籽粒性状是玉米品质的重要体现,因此发掘玉米穗部性状和籽粒性状相关QTL对玉米的遗传改良,培育优质高产的玉米具有重要意义.本研究白刺包谷(P2)和妻染黄(P13)为亲本构建了包含152个家系的F2∶3作图群体,选择在两亲本间具有多态性的176个微卫星标记构建遗传图谱,对产量相关性状进行了单环境的QTL定位与分析.最终定位到了14个QTL,分布在除9号染色体外的其余9条染色体上,单个QTL可解释的表型变异率为4.9％～18.8％.值得注意的是,在6号染色体上的百粒重和穗行数的一致性QTL(qHKW06-1和qERN06-1)与8号染色体上的穗行数QTL(qERN08-1)是本研究中特有的,其中qERN08-1解释了12.4％的表型变异率.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

磷胁迫下不同基因型大豆苗期磷吸收利用差异的研究

在缺磷和低磷胁迫条件下，对不同基因型大豆苗期磷吸收利用的差异进行了研究．结果表明：缺磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型（K1、K2）叶部的吸磷量均大于磷中效（Z1、Z2）、低效（M1、M2）基因型，但根、茎的吸磷量与磷中效基因型差异不明显；低磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型根、叶的吸磷量均大于磷中、低效基因型，但茎部吸磷量与磷中效基因型差异不明显．缺磷和低磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型磷利用率的适应性均未表现出优势．磷高效基因型并非所有性状的适应性均能表现出优势。     

小麦株高性状的QTL定位分析

以国际小麦作图组织的重组自交系群体W7984×Opata85为材料,在两种不同试验环境(2009年天津东丽区、2009年天津西青区姚村)下,分析其亲本及114个株系群体的株高,并利用QTL作图软件WinQTLCart2.5和区间作图及复合区间作图方法,对控制小麦株高性状的QTL进行定位.共检测到4个与小麦株高相关的QT...     

Identification and mapping of genes for improving yield from Chinese common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) using advanced backcross QTL analysis

To identify useful genes from wild rice which have been lost or weakened in cultivated rice has become more and more important for modern breeding strategy. In this study, a BC4 population derived from 94W1, an acces-sion of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) from Dongxiang in Jiangxi Province of China, as the donor, and a high-yielding Indica cultivar (O. sativa L.), "Guichao 2", as the recipient, was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with yield and its components. Based on the analysis for the genotype of BC4F1 population with 87 SSR markers distributed throughout the genome and investigation of the plant height, yield and yield components of BC4F2, a total of 52 QTLs, were detected. Of 7 QTLs associated with grain yield per plant, 2 QTLs on chro-mosome 2 and chromosome 11 for grain yield, explaining 16% and 11% of the phenotypic variance respectively, were identified. The alleles from Dongxiang common wild rice in those two loci could increase the yield of "Guichao 2" by 25.9% and 23.2% respectively. The QTL on chromosome 2 increasing grain yield of cultivar is actually a major gene, which did not coincide with any previously published QTLs in rice.