Indian Ocean temperature dipole and SSTA in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The observed sea surface temperature (SST) data of recent 100 years are analyzed and the existence of the Indian Ocean temperature dipole in the equatorial region is exposed further. It is very clear that the amplitude of the positive phase (higher SST in the west and lower SST in the east than normal) is larger than that of the negative phase (higher SST in the east and lower SST in the west). The dipole is stronger in September-November and weaker in January-April than in other months and it also appears obviously inter-annual and inter-decadal variations. Although the Indian Ocean dipole in the individual year seems to be independent of ENSO in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, in general, the Indian Ocean dipole has obviously negative correlation with the Pacific Ocean dipole (similar to the inverse phase of ENSO mode). The atmospheric zonal (Walker) circulation over the equator is fundamental to relate the two dipoles to each other.     

A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean

For the tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans, internal modes of variability that lead to climatic oscillations have been recognized, but in the Indian Ocean region a similar ocean-atmosphere interaction causing interannual climate variability has not yet been found. Here we report an analysis of observational data over the past 40 years, showing a dipole mode in the Indian Ocean: a pattern of internal variability with anomalously low sea surface temperatures off Sumatra and high sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean, with accompanying wind and precipitation anomalies. The spatio-temporal links between sea surface temperatures and winds reveal a strong coupling through the precipitation field and ocean dynamics. This air-sea interaction process is unique and inherent in the Indian Ocean, and is shown to be independent of the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation. The discovery of this dipole mode that accounts for about 12% of the sea surface temperature variability in the Indian Ocean--and, in its active years, also causes severe rainfall in eastern Africa and droughts in Indonesia--brightens the prospects for a long-term forecast of rainfall anomalies in the affected countries.     

中等复杂程度全球热带海洋模式模拟的热带印度洋海表温度变率

利用一个中等复杂程度全球热带海洋模式模拟研究了表面强迫异常引起的热带印度洋海表温度(SST)变率．利用1958—1998年表面分析资料作为强迫场，积分海洋模式41年作为控制试验，并利用模式分别做动量(风应力)通量和热量通量无异常变化的平行试验，与控制试验作比较．通过3组试验模拟的上层海洋变率状况的比较，分析了动量和热量通量异常对热带印度洋SST变率的影响，并比较了其影响的相对重要性．结果表明，模拟的热带印度洋SST变率的主要模态表现为与热带太平洋ENSO相联系的海盆尺度的一致性增暖或变冷特征，次级模态为热带印度洋SST偶极子模态．通过3组试验结果的比较表明，动量通量和热量通量异常强迫对热带印度洋SST变率第一模态均有贡献，但热量通量异常强迫的影响比动量通量异常强迫的作用大．热带印度洋偶极子模态主要受动量(风应力)异常强迫影响，热量通量异常强迫主要起阻尼作用．     

Characteristics of Uvigerina in the Northwestern Indian Ocean: Paleo-environmental implications

Coretop sediment samples covering water depth from 247 to 1474 m in the Northwestern Indian Ocean were analyzed. 6 species of Uvigerina among 77 species and 11 species-complexes were found in all 26 samples. They are Uvigerina auberiana d'Orbigny, Uvigerina hispida Schwa-ger, Uvigerina peregrina Cushman, Uvigerina proboscidea Schwager, Uvigerina spinicostata Cushman and Jarvis, and Uvigerina sp. Characteristics of Uvigerina are (1) high abundance due to rich food supply and less competitors; (2) low diversity because only those eurytopic / opportunistic forms can survive environment of low dissolved oxygen value; (3) various test shapes and ornamentations which are controlled by respiration or gas exchange of the cell; and (4) abundance of Uvigerina is well related with environmental factors such as water depth, oxygen content and productivityor food supply. These Uvigerina species can be used as pa-leo-environmental proxy of low oxygen and rich organic matter supply related to high-surface productivity upwelling caused by Indian monsoons. Analysis of Uvigerina in Hole 723B of ODP Leg 117 showed that upwelling was intensified 9, 18, 50, 100, 200, 240, 340, 440, 480, 600 and 700 ka ago, which implies the increasing in global changes effect from the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

南大西洋、南印度洋冷空气活动的统计分析

采用 NCEP1 995～ 1 997年逐日 2 .5°× 2 .5°经纬网格点再分析资料 ,统计分析了 70 0 h Pa逐日 2 4 h变温分布和演变特征 ,讨论了影响南大西洋、南印度洋冷空气源地、路径和季节变化特征 ,以及冷空气活动与大气环流背景之间的关系 ,提出了影响南大西洋和南印度洋冷空气活动的天气过程模型     

Interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean and its dynamic explanation

Interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean has been analyzed based on the long-term climatic observational data. Case study showed that strong interannual signals formed at the surface can penetrate the depth of seasonal thermocline, where the anomalies last a couple of years. Artificial time series based on damping with exponential decay of selected strong events agree well with the detected interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. A possible dynamic explanation for interdecadal variability in the tropical Indian Ocean was proposed that irregular interannual signals can lead to a slowly evolving climatic background with the interdecadal time scale through damping of the memory about anomalies in the seasonal thermocline.     

Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98

Climate variability in the Indian Ocean region seems to be, in some aspects, independent of forcing by external phenomena such as the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation. But the extent to which, and how, internal coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics determine the state of the Indian Ocean system have not been resolved. Here we present a detailed analysis of the strong seasonal anomalies in sea surface temperatures, sea surface heights, precipitation and winds that occurred in the Indian Ocean region in 1997-98, and compare the results with the record of Indian Ocean climate variability over the past 40 years. We conclude that the 1997-98 anomalies--in spite of the coincidence with the strong El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation event--may primarily be an expression of internal dynamics, rather than a direct response to external influences. We propose a mechanism of ocean-atmosphere interaction governing the 1997-98 event that may represent a characteristic internal mode of the Indian Ocean climate system. In the Pacific Ocean, the identification of such a mode has led to successful predictions of El Ni?o; if the proposed Indian Ocean internal mode proves to be robust, there may be a similar potential for predictability of climate in the Indian Ocean region.     

Seasonal characteristics of the Indian Ocean Dipole during the Holocene epoch

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)--an oscillatory mode of coupled ocean-atmosphere variability--causes climatic extremes and socio-economic hardship throughout the tropical Indian Ocean region. There is much debate about how the IOD interacts with the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Asian monsoon, and recent changes in the historic ENSO-monsoon relationship raise the possibility that the properties of the IOD may also be evolving. Improving our understanding of IOD events and their climatic impacts thus requires the development of records defining IOD activity in different climatic settings, including prehistoric times when ENSO and the Asian monsoon behaved differently from the present day. Here we use coral geochemical records from the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean to reconstruct surface-ocean cooling and drought during individual IOD events over the past approximately 6,500 years. We find that IOD events during the middle Holocene were characterized by a longer duration of strong surface ocean cooling, together with droughts that peaked later than those expected by El Ni?o forcing alone. Climate model simulations suggest that this enhanced cooling and drying was the result of strong cross-equatorial winds driven by the strengthened Asian monsoon of the middle Holocene. These IOD-monsoon connections imply that the socioeconomic impacts of projected future changes in Asian monsoon strength may extend throughout Australasia.     

东南印度洋海域冬季水文特征及其水团分析

为了研究东南印度洋海域冬季水文特征及其水团结构,利用澳大利亚海洋与南极研究所2012-2013年南半球冬季在东南印度洋观测得到的温度、盐度和溶解氧的资料进行分析。结果表明:表层温度呈现明显的北高南低态势,次表层均存在较强的温度、盐度、密度跃层,且均呈现出高/低盐带与高/低溶解氧带,高盐带在经向断面上最为明显;在105°E断面上存在显著的中尺度现象,且呈现上下层暖、冷涡叠置的分布特征,根据温度、盐度及溶解氧的特性,除南印度洋中央水和南极中层水外,分别将研究海域其他水团命名为副热带东南印度洋表层水、副热带东南印度洋次表层水、副热带东南印度洋模态水、副热带东南印度洋中层水、副热带东南印度洋深层水和副热带东南印度洋底层水,并给出各自的特性指标。     

Signal propagations and linkages of subsurface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean

The propagation characteristics of signals along different zonal-time profiles are analyzed using surface and subsurface temperature anomalies over the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. Analyses show that there are intrinsic relationships between El Nio events in the eastern equatorial Pacific and dipole events in the equatorial Indian Ocean. In the region of tropical North Pacific between the equator and 16°N, there is a circle of propagation of subsurface temperature anomalies. El Nio events only happen when the warm subsurface signals reach the eastern equatorial Pacific. Dipole events are characterized when a warm subsurface signal travels along off-equatorial Indian Ocean to the western boundary. From these analyses, we believe that subsurface temperature anomalies can be considered to be the oceanographic early signal to forecast El Nio events in Pacific Ocean and dipole events in Indian Ocean, respectively.     

热带印度洋偶极子区域海表面温度特征与海流相关性分析

为了研究热带印度洋偶极子(IOD)爆发年其耦合作用迅速消亡是否由海流异常引起,利用1958—2007年热带印度洋月均海表面温度(SST)和海流数据,分析IOD的主要特征,并探讨IOD与ENSO和海流异常之间的相关关系。通过对印度洋偶极子指数(DMI)及其经Hilber-t Huang变换后得到的固有模态函数(IMF)与南方涛动指数(SOI)的相关性分析,指出IOD与ENSO之间可能存在相关性,其中,表现出准2a周期振荡的IMF-3与ENSO相关性最好。通过对IOD爆发年DMI的进一步分析,证实IOD具有季节锁相的重要特征,并探讨该季节变化与海流异常的相关关系。结果表明,海流异常在热带印度洋SST的耦合振荡中起重要作用,但是它可能不是引起IOD迅速消亡的原因。     

南海—北印度洋的大浪频率特征

为了深入分析南海—北印度洋的大浪频率,利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA-interim海浪再分析资料,统计了南海—北印度洋海域1979-2014年每月的大浪频率,并利用线性回归方法,分别计算了大浪频率在不同月份的长期变化趋势,以及大浪频率变化趋势的主导月份。计算结果表明:阿拉伯海的年大浪频率为10%~40%,明显高于孟加拉湾和南海;南海—北印度洋一半以上区域的大浪频率显著递增,趋势为0.03%~0.33%/a;一些零星海域的大浪频率显著递减,其余海域无显著变化;每年大浪频率发生变化的主导月份,南海为1,3,9月,孟加拉湾为7,9,10月,阿拉伯海为6,7,9月。     

基于Argo资料的热带印度洋上层声场分析

为了解热带印度洋的水声场,利用2004-2013年10a的地转海洋学实时观测阵(Argo)资料,根据声速计算经验公式,对水声的水平分布、铅直断面分布、声跃层的分布、季节变化和铅直结构进行了较为全面的分析,并对强跃层区进行逐月研究。结果表明,50m深度层声速场呈北高南低的纬向带状分布形式,而200m深度层声速场由北向南呈现高—低—高—低分布;在85°E断面上,声速等值线在赤道以南存在较大的槽、脊,而在赤道以北较为平直;声跃层的深度冬季总体分布为南浅北深,夏季在10°N西印度洋和10°S东印度洋各有一部分明显的较深区域;跃层厚度普遍冬季大于夏季,东部大于西部,跃层强度的分布在冬季存在1个高值区,在夏季存在2个高值区;跃层的断面分布上,其结构、强度和位置都随季节有明显变化。     

印度洋T波与地震震源参数的相关性

从2004—12—26苏门答腊（Mw=9．3）大地震发生后,在该区域诱发的137个地震的波形记录中提取出了清晰的T波,并分析研究了T波波形特征与地震震源参数的相关性．通过分析计算得到如下结论：（I）对于同一震级的地震,走滑型地震在海水声纳层中激发的T波能量大于正逆断层型地震;（Ⅱ）随着深度的增加,激发的T波与P波能量的比值（T／P）在逐渐减小;（Ⅲ）T与P,S波峰值到时差与地震震中距呈现较好的线性关系;（Ⅳ）在纬度1．0至2．5的区域,存在一个地震波向声波转换效率高的区域．     

热带太平洋和印度洋海温对东南亚降水的影响

 应用谱分析的方法,讨论了东南亚降水分别与热带印度洋和太平洋海温的关系.得出热带印度洋和太平洋海温变化对东南亚降水影响的最佳落后时间长度.同时找出了上述2片海域对东南亚降水影响的几个关键区,它可以作为东南亚旱涝预报的强信号因子.     

印度洋的风浪、涌浪和混合浪的时空特征

为了展现印度洋的海浪特征,利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA-40海浪再分析资料,对印度洋的海表风场、风浪、涌浪、混合浪场进行研究,主要分析了季节特征、月变化特征、风速和波高的变化趋势、涌浪指标,定义了南印度洋西风指数和涌浪北伸脊点。结果表明:印度洋的风浪场与海表风场整体上对应较好,尤其是季风期间的北印度洋,涌浪场与混合浪场对应较好;从波高来看,阿拉伯海在1-5月和9-12月的涌浪以及孟加拉湾全年的涌浪对混合浪的贡献大于风浪;印度洋海表风速呈显著递增的区域主要集中在咆哮西风带和30°S以北,风浪波高变化趋势的分布与风速大体一致,大部分海域的涌浪波高、混合浪波高表现显著性逐年递增;印度洋的涌浪在混合浪中占据主导地位,40°S以北的涌浪常年向北传播,且南印度洋西风带西南季风的强度直接决定着涌浪北传的程度。