低合金高强钢中非金属夹杂物的改性

借助热力学软件Thermo-Calc和ASPEX自动扫描电镜等分析手段,研究了低合金高强钢精炼过程渣--钢反应和钙处理对夹杂物改性行为的影响.通过提高炉渣碱度和w(CaO)/w(Al2O3)值以及降低炉渣氧化性等措施,钙处理前钢中Al2O3夹杂物转变为靠近1600℃液相区的CaO--MgO--Al2O3复合夹杂物和少量的MgO.Al2O3尖晶石.在渣--钢反应对Al2O3部分变性的基础上,钙线喂入量每炉由优化前的800 m减少到300 m仍能达到夹杂物改性的目的.     

冶炼65钢夹杂物控制的实践

冶炼过程中产生的夹杂物对65钢(C:0.62～0.70、Si:0.17 ～0.37、Mn:0.50～0.80)性能有较大影响,采用扫描电子显微镜分析了不同生产阶段65钢中夹杂物,结果表明,转炉出钢钢样中氧化物夹杂主要为FeO·CaO·SiO2、Al2O3·CaO·SiO2和SiO2·MnO,喂线前钢样中氧化物夹杂主要为CaO·SiO2·Al2O3和SiO2·MnO·Al2O3,中间包钢样中的氧化物夹杂主要为CaO · Al2O3 MnO·SiO2 · FeO和MnO · Al2O3·FeO,盘条中氧化物夹杂主要为CaO ·Al2O3型和CaO·CaS·MnS复合夹杂物.加强合金脱氧、优化钙处理、提高水口氩封和优质保护渣,可促进钢中夹杂物的控制和去除.     

无取向硅钢中镁铝尖晶石的变性机理

对无取向硅钢钙处理过程中镁铝尖晶石夹杂的变性机理进行了研究,重点考察了钙处理前期和中期MgO-Al2 O3的变性过程.钙处理前,钢中除了发现单纯的MgO- Al2 O3外,还发现少量被AlN包裹的MgO- Al2 O3.钙处理1.5 min后,在MgO-Al2 O3表面有中间产物CaS或CaO形成;钙处理4.5 min后,生成由内到外依次为MgO-Al2 O3、CaO-MgO-Al2 O3和CaO-Al2 O3的夹杂物;钙处理10 min后,未反应的MgO-Al2 O3消失,CaO-MgO-Al2 O3和CaO-Al2 O3的成分趋于均匀.通过热力学计算得到了Al2 O3/MgO-Al2 O3/MgO和MgO-Al2 O3/xCaO·yAl2 O3的稳定相图,发现在含铝越高的钢中,镁铝尖晶石变性越困难.结合夹杂物的扫描电镜观察、能谱分析和面扫描图分析结果,提出了夹杂物的变性路径：MgO或Al2 O3→MgO- Al2 O3→CaO-MgO-Al2 O3→CaO-Al2 O3;在产物的中间层CaO-MgO-Al2 O3中,Al2 O3含量除了一般情况下的逐渐降低外,偶尔还存在突然升高的情况.     

铝镇静钢钙处理后氧化铝夹杂物变性动力学模型

将Al2O3以及固态的钙铝酸盐均视为未反应核,确定铝离子在液态钙铝酸盐层的扩散是铝镇静钢钙处理后Al2O3夹杂物变性的限制性环节,由未反应核模型建立了Al2O3夹杂物变性的动力学模型,并且通过热力学分析计算了模型参数.模型结果显示:随着Al2O3夹杂物直径的增大,其完全变性为液态钙铝酸盐的时间大幅延长.钢液中Ca在一定范围内增加,不仅在热力学上有利于Al2O3变性,也使其变性速率迅速增大,但Ca超过一定值时对变性速率促进减弱.温度升高不利于Al2O3夹杂物变性反应,从而使变性的驱动力减小,对夹杂物变性促进作用不很明显.模型结果与工业试验和夹杂观察结果基本相符.     

LF精炼对CSP集装箱钢T[O]和夹杂物影响

为提高武钢薄板坯连铸连轧产线集装箱钢水洁净度,通过工业试验考察了LF精炼过程炉渣成分、软吹氩以及钙处理工艺对钢中T[O]和夹杂物的影响.试验结果表明,适当提高(CaO+MgO)/SiO2有利于降低钢中T[O],但同时要考虑(CaO+MgO)/Al2O3的比值,适当增加钙处理前后软吹氩时间可明显提高钢水洁净度;将炉渣中(CaO+MgO)/SiO2和(CaO+MgO)/Al2 O3控制在合适范围不仅有利于提高钢水洁净度,而且有利于钢中低熔点CaO--MgO--Al2 O3系夹杂物的生成.根据相关热力学数据给出了实际生产钢中生成不同液态铝酸钙时[Ca]--[Al]平衡热力学计算模型.     

Al脱氧弹簧钢钙处理过程中铝酸钙硫化物析出热力学分析

通过钢液与夹杂物间的热力学平衡计算,对Al脱氧弹簧钢钙处理过程中铝酸钙硫化物的析出行为进行热力学分析,探讨[Al]、[Ca]、[S]浓度和钢液温度对Al2O3夹杂物变性行为的影响。结果表明,1600℃钢液温度下,w[Al]=0.03%时,Al2O3生成为低熔点12CaO·7Al2O3时的w[Ca]0.0034%,其值随钢液温度降低而减小,随铝含量增大而增大。CaS析出时的临界钙含量随钢液温度降低而显著减小,当w[S]0.005%时,w[Ca]随w[S]变化而显著变化。要使钢中夹杂物控制在低熔点12CaO·7Al2O3区域,需控制w[S]0.0037%,该值随钢液温度的降低或铝含量的增大而减小。     

高钙镁钙耐火材料对无取向硅钢中Al质量分数的影响

以合成高钙镁钙砂为原料,制成CaO质量分数分别为40%、50%和60%的高钙镁钙材料,研究不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]质量分数的作用.利用电镜扫描及能谱分析,通过测量了在1 600 ℃反应30 min后镁钙材料反应层中Al和钢水中[Al],分析了不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]变化的影响.结果表明,无取向硅钢中的[Al]首先氧化生成Al2O3,然后,与高钙镁钙材料中CaO反应生成CaO·Al2O3,CaO·2Al2O3,CaO·6Al2O3等铝酸盐化合物,以实现对钢液中[Al]的减少作用;随着高钙镁钙材料中的CaO质量分数的提高,对钢液中[Al]的减少作用增强,但当CaO质量分数达到40%时,各种高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中的[Al]的作用基本达到平衡,此时,钢液中[Al]减少率超过96%.说明质量分数达到40%的CaO高钙镁钙材料可用于无铝无取向硅钢的深脱铝处理.     

高钙镁钙耐火材料对无取向硅钢中Al质量分数的影响

以合成高钙镁钙砂为原料,制成CaO质量分数分别为40%、50%和60%的高钙镁钙材料,研究不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]质量分数的作用。利用电镜扫描及能谱分析,通过测量了在1600℃反应30 min后镁钙材料反应层中Al和钢水中[Al],分析了不同CaO质量分数的高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中[Al]变化的影响。结果表明,无取向硅钢中的[Al]首先氧化生成Al2O3,然后,与高钙镁钙材料中CaO反应生成CaO.Al2O3,CaO.2Al2O3,CaO.6Al2O3等铝酸盐化合物,以实现对钢液中[Al]的减少作用;随着高钙镁钙材料中的CaO质量分数的提高,对钢液中[Al]的减少作用增强,但当CaO质量分数达到40%时,各种高钙镁钙材料对无取向硅钢中的[Al]的作用基本达到平衡,此时,钢液中[Al]减少率超过96%。说明质量分数达到40%的CaO高钙镁钙材料可用于无铝无取向硅钢的深脱铝处理。     

304和321不锈钢连铸水口结瘤的不同机理

分析了304和321不锈钢连铸水口结瘤物的物相,探讨了结瘤机理.结果表明,304水口结瘤物主要由Al2O3,MgO·Al2O3和少量细小的金属颗粒构成,结瘤层较薄,对正常浇铸的影响不显著,控制钢中Al＜0.01%,可改善其结瘤.321连铸水口结瘤有TiN和CaO·TiO2两种类型:TiN型结瘤物主要由TiN和少量金属组成,控制措施是保持钢中钛氮积小于3.5,Al＜0.01%;CaO·TiO2型结瘤物由CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3和大量金属构成,尽可能减少钢中CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3双相夹杂物的数量和避免二次氧化,可改善CaO·TiO2型结瘤,适当提高浇铸温度可缓解CaO·TiO2型结瘤.     

钙处理对铝镇静钢中非金属夹杂物变性效果的影响

通过对LF前—LF后—中间包—连铸工艺生产40Cr钢各环节系统取样,以及电子显微镜对夹杂物的形貌、尺寸及组成的分析,发现40Cr铸坯中含有大量CaO(CaS)-Al2O3-MgO类复合夹杂.采用Factsage计算得到的CaO-CaS-Al2O3三元相图对钙处理后CaO(CaS)-Al2O3夹杂形成过程进行了理论计算;并对实际发现的CaO(CaS)-Al2O3-MgO类复合夹杂物的面扫描分布进行描边处理,探讨了该类夹杂物的组成和形成过程.经Factsage理论计算发现,CaO-CaS-Al2O3三元相图中液相区各成分质量分数为CaO 32%～58%、CaS 0%～5%以及Al2O342%～65%,钙处理后CaO含量有逐渐增加,CaS含量有逐渐减小趋势.结合夹杂物的面扫描分布发现,CaO(CaS)-Al2O3-MgO类复合夹杂物的组成为xCaO·yAl2O3+mMgO·nAl2O3+Al2O3+CaS,钙处理后Ca能够使Al2O3变性为CaO-Al2O3,但同时夹杂物中也有很高的CaS成分,随着钙处理的充分进行,CaS将由内及外向CaO-Al2O3逐渐转变.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that