The evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir

Phosphorus is a biolimiting nutrient that has an important role in regulating the burial of organic matter and the redox state of the ocean-atmosphere system. The ratio of phosphorus to iron in iron-oxide-rich sedimentary rocks can be used to track dissolved phosphate concentrations if the dissolved silica concentration of sea water is estimated. Here we present iron and phosphorus concentration ratios from distal hydrothermal sediments and iron formations through time to study the evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir. The data suggest that phosphate concentrations have been relatively constant over the Phanerozoic eon, the past 542 million years (Myr) of Earth's history. In contrast, phosphate concentrations seem to have been elevated in Precambrian oceans. Specifically, there is a peak in phosphorus-to-iron ratios in Neoproterozoic iron formations dating from ～750 to ～635?Myr ago, indicating unusually high dissolved phosphate concentrations in the aftermath of widespread, low-latitude 'snowball Earth' glaciations. An enhanced postglacial phosphate flux would have caused high rates of primary productivity and organic carbon burial and a transition to more oxidizing conditions in the ocean and atmosphere. The snowball Earth glaciations and Neoproterozoic oxidation are both suggested as triggers for the evolution and radiation of metazoans. We propose that these two factors are intimately linked; a glacially induced nutrient surplus could have led to an increase in atmospheric oxygen, paving the way for the rise of metazoan life.     

福建盆谷型农业小流域氮磷流失模式分析——以漳州市五川流域为例

利用现场连续采样监测分析和模型模拟确定了福建盆谷型农业小流域不同水文时期农业氮磷迁移和流失的模式和关键源区.2002年每月基流时期的水质采样分析表明:可溶态氮从流域的源头区到流域的出口区表现为上升的趋势,但是可溶态磷却表现为下降的趋势.由于小流域内部土壤空间的物理和化学性质的分异,流域源头区是可溶态磷的关键源区,而流域的出口区是可溶态氮的关键源区.通过用实测数据检验后的agri-cultural non-point source model模型,确定了流域两侧的坡地区是可溶态氮磷流失和迁移的关键源区.     

Oceanic Cd/P ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean

During glacial periods, low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been associated with increased oceanic carbon uptake, particularly in the southern oceans. The mechanism involved remains unclear. Because ocean productivity is strongly influenced by nutrient levels, palaeo-oceanographic proxies have been applied to investigate nutrient utilization in surface water across glacial transitions. Here we show that present-day cadmium and phosphorus concentrations in the global oceans can be explained by a chemical fractionation during particle formation, whereby uptake of cadmium occurs in preference to uptake of phosphorus. This allows the reconstruction of past surface water phosphate concentrations from the cadmium/calcium ratio of planktonic foraminifera. Results from the Last Glacial Maximum show similar phosphate utilization in the subantarctic to that of today, but much smaller utilization in the polar Southern Ocean, in a model that is consistent with the expansion of glacial sea ice and which can reconcile all proxy records of polar nutrient utilization. By restricting communication between the ocean and atmosphere, sea ice expansion also provides a mechanism for reduced CO2 release by the Southern Ocean and lower glacial atmospheric CO2.     

Using quantile regression to analyze the stressor–response relationships between nutrient levels and algal biomass in three shallow lakes of the Lake Taihu Basin,China

Understanding the stressor–response relationship between nutrient levels and algal biomass is a prerequisite for the management of eutrophication in lakes. In this study, a quantile regression(QR) approach was used to interpret the stressor–response relationships between nutrient(e.g., phosphorus, nitrogen) concentrations and algal biomass as measured by chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) levels. QR results indicated that Lake Dianshan and Lake Changdang,which are both heavily eutrophicated, were P-limited only.In contrast, Lake Kuilei, which has significantly lower nutrient levels and algal biomass than the other two lakes,was P- and N-limited. Moreover, in Lake Kuilei, N and P levels had significant interaction effects on the algal biomass at the upper quantiles(s [ 0.68). The degree to which the lakes were P-limited increased with rises in the mean total P concentration in the lakes. QR has many advantages over ordinary least squares regression for discriminating limiting factors and, in particular, allows us to estimate changes near the upper extremes of distributions associated with limiting factors. QR is adapted to more specialized risk management problems, such as early warnings of the risk of algal blooms.The probable value-at-risk of harmful algal blooms for Lake Kuilei, Lake Dianshan and Lake Changdang is s = 0.76(Chl-a = 9 mg/m3), s = 0.87(Chl-a = 24 mg/m3) and s = 0.72(Chl-a = 35 mg/m3), respectively. Given the results of the stressor–response relationship analysis, we conclude that reductions in P input represent the most feasible and least costly approach for managing eutrophication in the shallow lakes of the Lake Taihu Basin. To control the magnitude and duration of algal blooms in shallow lakes,reductions in P and N inputs are required. The 95 % CI bounds of slopes indicated that the interactions of nonnutrient factors with nutrients had strong impacts on the algal biomass in lightly eutrophicated Lake Kuilei. It is suggested that, in addition to reductions in nutrient loads,several ecological measures, such as an increase in the biomass of submerged macrophytes and the reduction of hydraulic retention time by flushing, could represent important components of an integrated approach to eutrophication management in the Lake Taihu Basin.     

Unsaturated fatty acid content in seston and tropho-dynamic coupling in lakes

Determining the factors that control food web interactions is a key issue in ecology. The empirical relationship between nutrient loading (total phosphorus) and phytoplankton standing stock (chlorophyll a) in lakes was described about 30 years ago and is central for managing surface water quality. The efficiency with which biomass and energy are transferred through the food web and sustain the production of higher trophic levels (such as fish) declines with nutrient loading and system productivity, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that in seston (fine particles in water) during summer, specific omega3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3-PUFAs), which are important for zooplankton, are significantly correlated to the trophic status of the lake. The omega3-PUFAs octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, but not alpha-linolenic acid, decrease on a double-logarithmic scale with increasing total phosphorus. By combining the empirical relationship between EPA-to-carbon content and total phosphorus with functional models relating EPA-to-carbon content to the growth and egg production of daphnids, we predict secondary production for this key consumer. Thus, the decreasing efficiency in energy transfer with increasing lake productivity can be explained by differences in omega3-PUFA-associated food quality at the plant-animal interface.     

三峡库区澎溪河流域不同高程消落带土壤磷形态特征

研究了三峡库区澎溪河流域落干期不同高程消落带土壤不同磷形态分布特征,并分析了各形态磷与土壤理化性质之间的相关性。结果表明,澎溪河流域消落带土壤TP含量均值为599.00 mg/kg,消落带土壤TP、IP含量均沿高程逐渐下降。消落带土壤活性磷（Ac-P）含量明显低于180 m的岸边土壤,155,145 m消落带土壤Ac-P含量低于165 m消落带土壤,与140 m沉积物中Ac-P含量相近,表明频繁的干湿交替会加剧消落带Ac-P的流失。消落带土壤TP、IP和Ca-P均与pH值表现出显著的负相关关系,表明pH对土壤磷形态的含量有着重要影响;OM与Or-P表现出极显著的正相关性,表明有机质的输入在一定程度上会影响Or-P的含量。     

温度和降水对赣江流域土地利用方式与河流氮磷营养盐相关性的影响

针对赣江流域的10个子流域,研究温度和降水如何影响土地利用方式与河流氮磷营养盐浓度的相关性.土地利用类型划分为水田、旱地、林地、草地、水域和建设用地,氮磷指标为2014年每月对赣江7条支流测定的氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO^-₃-N)和总磷(TP)浓度,用相关分析得到土地利用方式与水体氮磷的相关性.结果表明:(i)不考虑温度和降水的影响,旱地与河流NH⁺₄-N具有显著相关性,建设用地与河流NO^-₃-N具有显著相关性;(ii)旱地、草地和林地在中温条件下与河流氮营养盐的相关性更高,在低温条件下与磷营养盐的相关性更高.水田和水域在高温条件下与河流氮营养盐的相关性更高,在中温条件下与磷营养盐的相关性更高;(iii)除林地外,其他土地利用方式在高降水量情况下与河流氮磷营养盐的相关性更高.     

Application of chemical fractionation and X-ray powder diffraction to study phosphorus speciation in sediments from Lake Hongfeng,China

Based on the techniques of sequential extraction and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), the distribution characteristics of phosphorus speciation were investigated in 13 sediment samples from Lake Hongfeng, an important drinking water source for Guiyang with a typical karstic limestone environment. The total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the sediments ranged from 973.36 to 2334.18 mg/kg with a mean concentration of 1635.87 mg/kg (dry weight), and it was evident that the phosphorus level in the sediments was high compared with other eutrophic lakes such as Lake Chaohu and Lake Xihu. The results of the two methods, sequential extraction and XRD, demonstrated the presence of different phosphorus species in the lake sediments. Being compatible with local geophysical characteristics, the results of sequential extraction techniques indicate that the average percentages of dissolved phosphorus (DP), aluminum-bound phosphorus (Al-P), iron-bound phosphorus (Fe-P), calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) and organic phosphorus (OP) in the sediments were 0.40%, 7.06%, 5.07%, 45.48% and 38.49%, respectively. Notably, the concentrations of inorganic phosphorus (IP) were higher than those of OP, and the IP consisted primarily of Ca-P. The high concentrations of Ca-P may temporarily control the release of phosphorus from the sediments because it is a relatively stable, inert and non-bioavailable phosphorus fraction. The results of XRD analysis indicated that, among phosphorus species, AlPO₄ was found in all sediment samples at relatively high concentrations. Moreover, the TP concentrations in the sediments were high; thus the release potential and bioavailability of phosphorus in the sediments was important. Further statistical analyses of the results revealed significant correlations between phosphorus species in the sediments with two extractable principal components and four selectable cluster levels allowing interpretation of possible origins of phosphorus loading and transformation mechanisms of phosphorus species. Furthermore, available remediation measures were briefly assessed for the lake while considering its distinct environmental features.     

木屑强化生物滞留池对径流中营养物质的长期有效去除

生物滞留设施出水通常含有较多淋出的营养物质,降低了其用作景观水体补充水的价值.采用硬木屑作为生物滞留设施基质的有机成分,以降低基质中的营养物质含量,同时强化设施除氮能力.通过连续2年的现场实验,考察设施出水中污染物的含量及其变化,分析影响设施出水水质的因素,并考察营养物质减少可能造成的对植物生长的影响.结果表明,设施出水中氮(N)和磷(P)均得到有效控制,质量浓度远低于污水再生利用能够达到的出水平均质量浓度.在连续2年的运行过程中,基质中木屑降解淋出量减少,设施出水化学需氧量(COD)和总磷(TP)平均质量浓度下降至10.88和0.08 mg·L~(-1),出水总氮(TN)质量浓度没有明显变化,平均质量浓度为2.72 mg·L~(-1).使用发酵木屑作为基质有机组分可在减少生物滞留设施出水中有机物与营养物质淋出的同时,稳定提供设施脱氮需要的碳源,设施出水可为城市河道提供优质的补充水源.     

磷酸盐浓度对微生物铁还原过程的影响

微生物铁还原过程对淹水稻田中水体富营养化调控具有重要的作用,但高浓度磷酸盐对氧化铁的微生物过程是否产生抑制尚不清楚．为此采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、接种水稻土浸提液混合培养和铁还原菌纯培养等方法,探讨了磷酸盐浓度对微生物铁还原过程的影响程度．结果表明：在水稻土泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率随磷酸盐浓度增加而降低,淹水后期高浓度磷酸盐处理中的Fe（Ⅱ）累积量呈下降趋势;磷营养为4～16mmol／L时,四川水稻土中的微生物群落能较好地利用葡萄糖和丙酮酸盐进行Fe（OH）3还原反应,江西水稻土中的铁还原微生物群落对葡萄糖的响应时间有所延迟,2种水稻土浸提液的微生物群落对乳酸盐的利用较差,反应40d后才有明显的Fe（OH）1还原现象在接种铁还原茵的纯培养试验中,磷酸盐浓度在小于1mmol／L或大于16mmol／L时均不能进行铁还原反应,表明铁还原过程对磷酸盐的调控存在浓度阂值．     

营养盐对天津市景观水体环境质量的影响

讨论了天津景观水体生态环境营养盐的污染特征、营养比例以及空间变化规律,分析了各水期营养盐变化及其对生态系统的影响,剖析了生态系统对胁迫因子的响应机理,分析了水体内部的生物代谢过程,及总磷和浮游生物的生长与气候、换水、降雨、沉积物、人为干扰之间的联系.结果表明：天津市景观水体出水口的营养盐含量高于上游来水;无机氮、总氮、可溶性磷酸盐、总磷全年变化规律为,丰水期〉平水期〉枯水期;天塔湖总氮、总磷的季节变化与河道相似,可溶性磷酸盐、无机氮季节变化与河道相反,丰水期低于平水期;与2000年改造之初相比,天津景观水体存在着富营养化加重的趋势.     

应用主成份分析法评判湖泊营养类别

采用主成份分析法对１８个湖泊的是总磷、总氮、耗氧量、生物量、透明度进行了分析，并对湖泊营养类别进行了评判。分析结果表明，湖泊营养状态是总磷、总氮，耗氧量、生物量、透明度综合作用的结果，其中总磷的作用最大，其次是总氮。     

三仙湖氮磷污染现状与问题诊断

 三仙湖湖区水质好坏及水量多寡关乎湖南南县及周边地区的战略饮用水安全。三仙湖流域水质与底质的调查结果表明：三仙湖湖体水中总磷平均质量浓度为0.18 mg/L,总氮平均质量浓度为1.26 mg/L,总体水质为V类,总磷超标严重,对比国内重要湖泊水质总氮均值依次表现为三仙湖 < 洞庭湖 < 鄱阳湖 < 太湖,总磷均值为鄱阳湖 < 洞庭湖 < 三仙湖 < 太湖。沉积物中总氮污染较重,总磷生态效应较总氮低,对比国内重要湖泊底质总氮均值表现为洞庭湖 < 三仙湖 < 鄱阳湖 < 太湖,总磷均值表现为三仙湖 < 鄱阳湖 < 洞庭湖 < 太湖。分析表明,目前存在农业面源污染严重、湖内底泥淤积、内源污染释放风险较大、散养牲畜进入湖区放养现象突出、受精养塘等渔业污染严重等问题。     

Effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subarctic lakes

The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on increases in ambient levels of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation in high-latitude regions' has raised concerns about the response of northern ecosystems to environmental change. The concentration of coloured dissolved organic material, which is derived from terrestrial vegetation and acts as a screen for ultraviolet radiation, is low in high-latitude lakes. The underwater light environment in these lakes is therefore likely to be sensitive to small variations in the supply of this material, in addition to the effects of ozone depletion. Here we use fossil diatom assemblages in combination with bio-optical models to estimate the magnitude of past variations in the underwater light regime of a lake at the boreal tree line. We find large shifts in underwater UV-B, UV-A and photosynthetically available radiation associated with changes in the input of coloured dissolved organic material into subarctic lakes during the Holocene. The inferred changes in biological exposure to UV radiation were at least two orders of magnitude greater than those associated with moderate (30%) ozone depletion. Our findings indicate that freshwater ecosystems at present located across vegetation gradients will experience significant shifts in underwater spectral irradiance through the effects of climate change on catchment vegetation and the export of coloured dissolved organic material.     

坡面氮、磷流失特征分析及预测

利用室内人工降雨系统和大型可变坡土槽,模拟了裸土坡地在不同的初始土壤营养物质量分数、径流量、坡度及植被覆盖率下的产污过程,分析了典型降雨过程中氮、磷质量浓度随时间的变化过程以及径流中营养物质的流失规律.结果表明:径流中氮、磷质量浓度受表层土壤营养物的质量分数影响很大;氮、磷质量浓度在产流初期迅速下降,随后下降速度趋于平稳;在多数情况下,径流中硝酸盐氮的质量浓度高于氨氮质量浓度,亚硝酸盐氮的质量浓度很低.在物理机理研究的基础上提出了氮、磷的污染负荷模型.     

富营养化水体中氮磷物质与光谱反射率的相关性分析

利用FieldSpec HandHeld地物光谱仪对不同的富营养化水体进行反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析,通过研究水体反射光谱的特征,分析了光谱反射率与总氮、总磷浓度之间的关系.结果表明：光谱反射率比R640/R447与总氮浓度、R703/R447与总磷浓度的线性相关程度较好,并以此分别建立了两者的反演模型.     

生石灰的除磷性能与除磷机理研究

将生石灰作为除磷材料,用以处理含磷废水.在不同初始磷浓度含磷废水中投入不同量生石灰,测量出残余磷浓度,计算出生石灰有效利用率,得出生石灰能够较快且有效地从含磷废水中去除磷,且对高浓度含磷废水中有更好效果.通过pH在除磷时的变化规律,研究生石灰除磷机理,并借助FTIR等表征发现,生石灰的主要成分为CaO,该材料在含磷废水中能够快速释放Ca2+和OH-,并与磷酸根离子发生混凝反应,形成磷酸钙沉淀从而达到除磷的目的.     

Rapid physiological adjustment of roots to localized soil enrichment

SOIL microsites rich in available nutrients are an important source of mineral nutrients for plants in many environments(1-5). Patchiness in nutrient availability below ground is analogous to resource availability in canopy gaps above ground(6). Although the physiological changes occurring in leaves exposed to sun and shade in canopy gaps are well known(7-9), we do not know any studies that show similar physiological changes in roots in enriched soil patches. Here we present evidence of large and rapid increases in the uptake kinetics of plant roots after creating nutrient-rich soil patches in the field. The mean rate of phosphate uptake at a given external phosphate concentration increased by as much as 80% for roots from enriched soil patches compared with roots of control patches treated with distilled water. The changes took place within days of patch treatment. This degree of plasticity was particularly notable for plants growing in soils of very low available phosphorus. These results showing rapid physiological plasticity of roots in fertile soil microsites have important implications for the theory and modelling of nutrient uptake in all soils.     

一株堆肥高效解磷菌的筛选、鉴定及其溶磷特性

磷是植物必需的营养元素之一,但大多数耕地土壤中磷素易与Ca²⁺、Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺、Al³⁺等结合成无效态磷,植物难以直接吸收利用。解磷微生物可活化难溶性磷,将其接种于堆肥,有助于提高堆肥产品磷素植物可利用程度。从鸡粪好氧堆肥中筛选获得高效解磷细菌,为生物强化富磷堆肥的制备提供菌种。利用NBRIY培养基初筛获得解磷菌,利用蒙金娜(PVK)培养基复筛获得高效解磷菌株,对其进行16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定,并研究不同碳源、氮源、初始pH、难溶性磷种类、难溶性磷添加量、可溶性磷浓度对菌株溶磷能力的影响。初筛获得7株解磷细菌,分别命名为PSB1～PSB7;复筛后,PSB6的溶磷量最大(126.37 mg/L);其余菌株的溶磷量在50.12～109.56 mg/L。PSB6经16S rDNA初步鉴定为Bacillus sp.(MW513386)。PSB6最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适N源为硫酸铵,最适生长初始pH为7.0,不同难溶性磷中,PSB6对磷酸三钙溶解效果最好,溶磷量为126.37 mg/L。当磷酸三钙添加...     

Ocean nutrient ratios governed by plankton biogeography

The major nutrients nitrate and phosphate have one of the strongest correlations in the sea, with a slope similar to the average nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) content of plankton biomass (N/P = 16:1). The processes through which this global relationship emerges despite the wide range of N/P ratios at the organism level are not known. Here we use an ocean circulation model and observed nutrient distributions to show that the N/P ratio of biological nutrient removal varies across latitude in Southern Ocean surface waters, from 12:1 in the polar ocean to 20:1 in the sub-Antarctic zone. These variations are governed by regional differences in the species composition of the plankton community. The covariation of dissolved nitrate and phosphate is maintained by ocean circulation, which mixes the shallow subsurface nutrients between distinct biogeographic provinces. Climate-driven shifts in these marine biomes may alter the mean N/P ratio and the associated carbon export by Southern Ocean ecosystems.