固废制备的填充剂中NaCl对橡胶品质的影响

将碱厂白泥、造纸白泥、含油污泥等固体废弃物加工为橡胶填充剂是一种较好的资源化利用技术,但这些填充剂中往往残留有一定量的NaCl,可能对橡胶制品的性能造成一定影响.本文通过向天然橡胶中添加含有NaCl的填充剂研究了NaCl对橡胶制品性能的影响.实验表明,NaCl在橡胶加工过程中作为晶核起异相结晶作用,可提高橡胶的交联性和热稳定性;在实验的含量范围内,NaCl对填充剂粉体的分散性、硫化时间稍有影响,但橡胶交联性明显提高;硬度、拉伸强度、拉断伸长率等主要力学性能变化不大;老化后的橡胶力学性能基本不变,且部分力学性能高于对照样品.研究揭示,只要NaCl的含量控制在4%以内,基本不会对橡胶工程和橡胶制品性能产生影响;该研究成果有利于含NaCl固体废弃物资源化利用新技术的开发与应用.     

短程高效回收废锂离子电池中铜金属的技术及机理研究

信息通讯技术和电动汽车产业的快速发展产生了大量的废锂离子电池,其资源化回收成为资源可持续利用及环境保护的重要手段.但传统的回收过程工艺繁琐,资源化效率较低阻碍了产业的良性发展.为了缩短废锂离子电池的资源化工艺,选择离子液体作为加热介质,通过熔化黏结剂,分离铜箔和负极材料实现对废锂离子电池中铜金属的回收.回收过程发生急剧的热对流和热传导过程,利用搅拌机快速运转强化了热对流的过程和机械力分离正极材料,基于传热理论傅里叶定律建立了热传递过程数学模型.通过详细实验研究发现,当加热温度180℃、搅拌速度350 r/min、停留时间30 min,可以实现铜金属的短程高效回收.本技术的研发大大促进了铜铝金属的高效回收,打通了废锂离子电池的闭环供应链.     

酸解法对甘氨酸母液脱色后废活性炭的再生研究

在用海因法生产甘氨酸的过程中,为了精制甘氨酸,需要用大量的活性炭对甘氨酸母液进行脱色,而脱色后的活性炭就成了废活性炭.为了实现废活性炭的再利用,针对此废活性炭用酸解法对其进行再生.研究了再生酸种类、浓度、用量、再生温度和再生时间等对废活性炭再生效果的影响,确定了适宜的再生条件:硫酸质量分数为70％,硫酸溶液与废活性炭的...     

基于层次分析法评价粉煤灰资源化利用

以某企业对粉煤灰的资源化利用为例,基于层次分析法从经济效益、社会效益、技术和管理四个准则层及其分解的十四个指标层出发,确定权重矢量和评价矩阵,通过计算得到层次单排序和总排序及该企业的综合评价值.综合评价表明,该企业对粉煤灰资源化利用技术的应用情况为优,其利用综合评价值S为86.1分.     

污水生态处理技术体系与展望

对污水的生态处理原理进行扼要论述，对污水的生态处理技术体系进行较为全面地概括，并就目前的应用条件与适用范围进行了阐述，在简要回顾污水的生态处理技术发展历史的基础上对该领域今后的发展趋势进行了展望，以推进污水生态处理系统的技术创新和在我国各地区的广泛应用，为全面实施污水处理与水资源综合利用相结合的污水无害化与资源化战略提供科学依据与技术支撑。     

基于Citespace分析的秸秆能源化利用技术研究进展

秸秆的处理处置是农业农村生态环境保护重点关注的方向,了解秸秆资源化利用领域研究应用的热点和前沿,有助于我国制定并优化相关的政策规划。基于文献计量软件Citespace及Web of Science核心数据库,对秸秆能源化领域进行了可视化分析,展现秸秆能源化利用的国际趋势。结果表明,20多年来论文发文量呈现不断增长的趋势,排名前四的国家分别为中国、美国、德国、法国。中美两国科学家在各自领域形成了强大的科研团队,发文量Top10学者中共有9名中美学者。秸秆能源化利用研究主要围绕生物质生产燃料的机理研究、基于物理方法的秸秆能源化利用、秸秆厌氧发酵生产甲烷、氢气以及能源化利用过程中的环境影响等5个主要研究主题开展。秸秆能源化研究仍处于快速发展期,未来秸秆的预处理、生物发酵、全生命周期研究仍将是研究热点。     

城市垃圾处理技术

法国正在开发新的城市垃圾处理技术 ,以替代生活垃圾的焚烧和填埋。用甲烷化处理有机垃圾 ,用机械化的方法对包装材料进行分拣 ,对于环境和经济来说都是很有前途的方法。过去十年 ,法国在生活垃圾的处理领域主要采用的是焚烧的办法 ,利用热能或通过焚烧来发电。用有机垃圾生产沼气和高品质的堆肥位于法国蒙伯利埃的Valorga国际工程公司开发了一种用生活垃圾进行甲烷化处理的工艺 ,只用几个星期的周期 ,便可以提供堆肥和沼气。该公司的商务经理贝尔特朗·伊莱尔 (BertrandHyllaire)说 :“我们的工艺特点就在于能够处理除包装材料之外的残余…     

图像视频信号的压缩采样与稀疏重建

要视觉传感器通常不知道它们“看到”的现象之下的物理过程,以远远超出图像视频信号有效维度的Shannon／Nyquist采样率获取图像视频数据,从而导致了对图像视频信号的存储、传输等数字处理的巨大压力．压缩感知（compressivesensing,CS）理论表明：在某个线性变换域下稀疏的信号,可以利用少量的观测数据精确地重建,或在噪声情况下鲁棒地重建．压缩感知是实现图像视频信号有效维度采样的理论基础,为图像视频信号的采样、处理和识别等领域带来了前所未有的突破．本文对图像视频信号领域压缩感知面临的基本问题：压缩采样、稀疏重建模型及其优化求解算法的研究进展进行了综述．在采样方面,分析了图像视频信号随机观测矩阵和有结构观测矩阵的性能;在稀疏重建模型方面,从图像视频信号的稀疏先验性出发、介绍了分析型的重建模型和合成型重建模型的构建方法;在优化求解方面,针对重建模型,介绍了约束优化问题和无约束优化问题两类求解算法．以此为基础,分析了在图像视频领域压缩感知的理论与应用的进一步发展所面临的问题和挑战,展望了未来的发展方向．     

人工微结构材料与热的调控

人类目前利用能源的效率还很低,大量的能源以废热的形式被浪费掉了,因此对废热的处理和利用是关系到国民经济和环境保护的重大问题.通过人工微纳结构材料实现热能的转换及控制是近年来兴起的一个交叉领域,它涵盖了物理学、化学、材料科学、工程等诸多学科.本文综述了该领域的最新发展情况:包括微纳米结构对热电材料的热电优值的提升,声子晶体中热导率的急剧减小,热二极管等声子热能器件对热能的调控、以及热学隐身衣等热超构材料的理论设想和实验实现.最后,总结了中国在这个领域的研究现状,并展望了未来的发展方向和趋势.     

染料敏化电池-温差热电混合发电系统的性能研究

建立染料敏化电池一温差热电混合发电系统的理论模型,利用非平衡态热力学理论导出该混合发电系统输出功率和效率的一般表达式,分析系统的一般性能特性,确定混合发电系统在最大输出功率和效率时的优化条件,讨论了一些主要性能参数对混合发电系统性能特性的影响．结果表明使用半导体温差热电器可有效地利用染料敏化电池所产生的低品位的废热,从而提高混合发电系统整体的输出功率和效率．本文所得结果可为实际混合发电器的设计和优化运行提供理论依据．     

The anatomical and physiological bibliography of George E. Day (1815–1872)

The history of the Greenlandic mineral cryolite is outlined from its discovery in late-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, when its potential for industrial use was first recognized by the Danish chemist Julius Thomsen. During the 1850s, several attempts were made to exploit cryolite for the production of soda and/or aluminium, of which only the soda process became implemented on an industrial scale. The main part of the paper examines the early cryolite soda manufacture, its chemical basis as well as its industrial significance. The focus is thus the intersection of chemical science and technology. It is argued that Thomsen's process depended intimately on current chemical knowledge, and that, with regard to the science-technology relationship, the cryolite soda manufacture signified a new kind of industrial chemistry.     

Technologies of sleep research

Sleep is investigated in many different ways, many different species and under many different circumstances. Modern sleep research is a multidisciplinary venture. Therefore, this review cannot give a complete overview of all techniques used in sleep research and sleep medicine. What it will try to do is to give an overview of widely applied techniques and exciting new developments. Electroencephalography has been the backbone of sleep research and sleep medicine since its first application in the 1930s. The electroencephalogram is still used but now combined with many different techniques monitoring body and brain temperature, changes in brain and blood chemistry, or changes in brain functioning. Animal research has been very important for progress in sleep research and sleep medicine. It provides opportunities to investigate the sleeping brain in ways not possible in healthy volunteers. Progress in genomics has brought new insights in sleep regulation, the best example being the discovery of hypocretin/orexin deficiency as the cause of narcolepsy. Gene manipulation holds great promise for the future since it is possible not only to investigate the functions of different genes under normal conditions, but also to mimic human pathology in much greater detail.     

The diversity of marine sterols and the role of algal bio-masses; from facts to hypothesis

Modern analytical methods have revealed the great variety of marine sterols, which possess many different side chains and unsaturation patterns. Such biochemical transformations require well-defined mechanistic pathways, and there must be some 'Raison d'Etre' for a situation which has withstood evolution and adaptive changes. However, in this area, insufficient and sometimes not very substantial experimental work has made it difficult to see correlations, and hence to form a solid hypothesis. A review is now presented in which the molecules dissolved in sea water, or found in marine organisms are considered with particular reference to algal production, and to the bio-ecological significance of the main sterols.     

Histochemical localization of alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the skin ofMystus (Mystus) vittatus Bl. (Siluriformes)

Summary An attempt has been made to localize alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the skin ofMystus vittatus by using histochemical techniques. The alkaline phosphatase activity is found in metabolically active cells such as basal columnar cells, mucous cells and polygonal support cells. The acid phosphatase activity is intense in the outermost squamous support cells and in the basal columnar cells. These activities have been correlated with some physiological functions of the epidermis.Acknowledgment. We are thankful to P. Vishwanatham, Government College, Mhow, and Dr R.S. Shrivastava, Holkar Science College, Indore, for providing laboratory facilities and to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for a fellowship for M.S.     

Cell kinetics and radiation pathology

Conclusion Radiation pathology is a general term describing the damage that occurs in tissues after irradiation. After the very low doses, received by the normal working population, no major pathology is seen. There is a hazard of cancer induction if DNA damage that has been inflicted in an individual cell is repaired in such a way that the DNA remains intact but rearranged. This radiation carcinogenesis is however a low risk compared with many chemical carcinogens in the environment and in cancer chemotherapy.The treatment of cancer by radiation is now commonly accepted as one of the most effective forms of treatment. It can kill tumour cells effectively, but the dose that can be given is limited by the normal tissues that are inevitably included in the beam. Cell function is maintained for some time even after very large doses. However normal tissues show a loss of function and structure because the proliferating subcompartment of each tissue is depleted as the radiation injured cells fail to divide and die. The time at which the cell deficit is detected varies from hours in some tissues to months or years in others. It depends upon the normal rate of cell turnover. The apparent sensitivity of each tissue therefore depends upon the time at which the assessment is made. Lung and kidney would appear very resistant at 1–3 months post irradiation, but would seem very radiosensitive at 6–12 months as their latent damage is expressed.The ultimate expression of radiation pathology is the death of the whole animal as the essential organ function fails. The time of this death is only comprehensible if the time sequence and the proliferation kinetics of the target cells are taken into account. It must be recognised that it is initial damage to the clonogenic cells, not to the differentiated cells per se that is important.     

Single cell biology beyond the era of antibodies: relevance,challenges, and promises in biomedical research

Research of the past two decades has proved the relevance of single cell biology in basic research and translational medicine. Successful detection and isolation of specific subsets is the key to understand their functional heterogeneity. Antibodies are conventionally used for this purpose, but their relevance in certain contexts is limited. In this review, we discuss some of these contexts, posing bottle neck for different fields of biology including biomedical research. With the advancement of chemistry, several methods have been introduced to overcome these problems. Even though microfluidics and microraft array are newer techniques exploited for single cell biology, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) remains the gold standard technique for isolation of cells for many biomedical applications, like stem cell therapy. Here, we present a comprehensive and comparative account of some of the probes that are useful in FACS. Further, we illustrate how these techniques could be applied in biomedical research. It is postulated that intracellular molecular markers like nucleostemin (GNL3), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) and HIRA can be used for improving the outcome of cardiac as well as bone regeneration. Another field that could utilize intracellular markers is diagnostics, and we propose the use of specific peptide nucleic acid probes (PNPs) against certain miRNAs for cancer surgical margin prediction. The newer techniques for single cell biology, based on intracellular molecules, will immensely enhance the repertoire of possible markers for the isolation of cell types useful in biomedical research.     

The folding process of hen lysozyme: a perspective from the ‘new view’

How a conformationally disordered polypeptide chain rapidly and efficiently achieves its well-defined native structure is still a major question in modern structural biology. Although much progress has been made towards rationalizing the principles of protein structure and dynamics, the mechanism of the folding process and the determinants of the final fold are not yet known in any detail. One protein for which folding has been studied in great detail by a combination of diverse techniques is hen lysozyme. In this article we review the present state of our knowledge of the folding process of this enzyme and focus in particular on recent experiments to probe some of its specific features. These results are then discussed in the context of the ‘new view’ of protein folding based on energy surfaces and land scapes. It is shown that a schematic energy surface for lysozyme folding, which is broadly consistent with our experimental data, begins to provide a unified model for protein folding through which experimental and theoretical ideas can be brought together.     

The tragedy of the canon; or,path dependence in the history and philosophy of science

We have previously argued that historical cases must be rendered canonical before they can plausibly serve as evidence for philosophical claims, where canonicity is established through a process of negotiation among historians and philosophers of science (Bolinska and Martin, 2020). Here, we extend this proposal by exploring how that negotiation might take place in practice. The working stock of historical examples that philosophers tend to employ has long been established informally, and, as a result, somewhat haphazardly. The composition of the historical canon of philosophy of science is therefore path dependent, and cases often become stock examples for reasons tangential to their appropriateness for the purposes at hand. We show how the lack of rigor around the canonization of case studies has muddied the waters in selected philosophical debates. This, in turn, lays the groundwork for proposing ways in which they can be improved.     

超临界流体技术制备纳米材料进展

目前,已经有多种与超临界流体有关的技术用于纳米材料的制备。在这些技术方法中,超临界流体可以作为介质,也可以直接作为反应物来参与制备过程。超临界流体技术广泛应用于制备无机材料、有机材料、高分子聚合物、医药、电子等方面纳米级材料。本文概述了超临界流体制备纳米材料的研究和应用情况。