Folding patterns of chromatin of chicken erythrocyte studied by using AFM and TEM

Four folding patterns (～ 15, ～ 30–40, ～60 and ～90-110 nm) of the higher-order structure of chromatin in chicken erythrocytcs have been observed with an atomic force microscope (AFM) under near natural conditions. Results showed that the chromatin in the intcrphase nucleus of chicken erythrocyte waa not in a disorganized form but represented a higher-order conformation. The thin sections of the chromatin in the nucleus of chicken erythrocyte were examined with a transmission electron rnicroscope (TEM). Compared with TEM, AFM had the advantages that the samples did not need the preparation procedures such as fixing, sectioning and staining, and thus were closer to their native condition.     

罗氏沼虾精子发生的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术，研究了罗氏沼虾精子发生的全过程．观察表明：精原细胞较大，近卵圆形，核大而圆，染色质分散．初级精母细胞比精原细胞略小，染色质凝聚成块状，散布于核质中．次级精母细胞呈多边形，染色质致密，核膜双层，细胞质和核质问通过核孔进行物质交换．精细胞近圆形或多边形，染色质较密集地均匀分布，胞质较丰富，有线粒体、游离核糖体和内质网分布．精子分化早期，染色质向胞核的一侧移动，随着分化的进行，精细胞核逐渐拉长，变得弯曲．分化晚期，细胞质中出现许多膜片层结构，分泌一些碎细丝状物质，沿核的边缘向核凸起的一端推进，不断聚集、突起，最终形成具横纹精子的棘突．成熟的精子呈漏斗状，包括一个杯形的核和由其发出的一个横纹状棘突．     

The asymmetric membrane structure of erythrocytes from Crucian carp studied by atomic force microscopy

Cell membranes play a key role in cellular activities. Fish erythrocytes, prototype of the nucleated erythrocytes of lower vertebrates, are predominantly oval, biconvex discs with elliptical nucleus and much larger in size than human erythrocytes. In attempts to disclose the correlation of membrane structure between fish and human erythrocytes, we used in situ atomic force microscope （AFM） combined with single-molecule force spectroscopy to study the membrane structure of Crucian carp erythrocytes under quasi-native conditions. Our results revealed the asymmetric distribution of proteins in Crucian carp erythrocyte membrane： the outer leaflet of membrane is rather smooth without any proteins, whereas the inner leaflet of membrane is very rough with dense proteins. The asymmetry of fish erythrocyte membrane structure fits well with the semi-mosaic model of human erythrocyte membrane structure. This similarity of membrane structure between human and fish erythrocytes extends the semimosaic model of erythrocytes membrane structure to a wider range of species.     

改进旋涂法制备纳米粉体分析样品

介绍了一种改进旋涂法——DDS涂膜法(Deposit-Dip-Spin-coating),主要用来制备纳米粉体原子力显微镜(AFM)分析样品。DDS法在保证有足够多的纳米颗粒吸附在云母表面的同时,还增大了溶剂的挥发速度,颗粒的运动局限在一个很小的区域,减小了干燥过程中的团聚,纳米颗粒得到很好的分散。采用DDS法制备PbZr0.90Ti0.10O3-Fe0.003(PZT-Fe)纳米粉体样品,得到了清晰的AFM图像。结合扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析,对样品均匀性、可调因素和测量准确性进行了探索,表明DDS法制备的样品质量好,AFM图像直观、真实地反映了纳米晶体的粒径分布情况。     

Au纳米晶在单晶硅(110)表面上的分形生长

利用水溶液法制备了Au纳米粒子水溶胶, 透射电镜观察, Au纳米粒子的平均粒径 为29 nm. 将此溶胶滴至干净的单晶硅(110)表面上, Au纳米粒子自组装形成分形结构. 通 过控制温度, 所得的分形结构表现出不同的形貌特点. 利用光学显微镜观察Au纳米粒子 的聚集分形生长过程, 用原子力显微镜对分形结构的表面形貌进行表征, 讨论了分形生 长机理.     

MNP-端粒酶反义寡核苷酸复合物诱导HL-60细胞凋亡

反义寡核苷酸具有抑制细胞基因表达作用,对于病毒感染及癌症的治疗具有潜在疗效,然而由于其在生物介质中的不稳定性和低穿透率,常需要修饰于一定的载体上,纳米粒子便是其良好的载体,修饰后可提高反义寡核苷酸的稳定性,研究应用FACS,MTT比色法,电子显微镜,原子力显微镜,细胞集落法研究MNP-端粒酶反义寡核苷酸复合物体外诱导HL-60细胞（人急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞系）细胞凋亡情况,研究结果表明：通过MTT比色法检测可知不同的药物浓度对细胞的生长有明显的抑制影响;实验组细胞在诱导后于流式细胞术检测中产生了亚二倍体峰（凋亡峰）;通过集落形成及电镜观察都有明显的凋亡现象产生,因此认为MNP-端粒酶反义寡核苷酸复合物具有诱导HL-60细胞凋亡的作用。     

Film Morphology, Emulsification of Dodecyl/Carboxyl Modified Polysiloxane and Its Application Performance on Cotton Fabrics

The film morphology of dodecyl/carboxyl modified polysiioxane (RCAS) on cotton fabric or the silicon wafer was investigated and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy ( FESEM ),atomic force microscope ( AFM ),and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR).Experimental results indicate that RCAS is a good film forming material on different substrates.Relatively smooth film was formed on cotton fabric surface,on which the grooves disappeared.In addition,RCAS formed a micromorphology inhomogeneous and unsmooth film on the silicon wafer.Many high or low bright peaks distributed randomly on the film surface,especially as the field was 2μm ×2 μmand the date scale was 5 nm in AFM observation.Then RCAS was emulsified with nonionic surfactant alkyl polyoxyethylene ether in order to achieve a transparent organosilicon emulsion-RCAS emulsion ( RCSE),which possessed good stability.The properties of RCSE and its application performance on cotton fabrics were investigated and characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM),particle size analysis,and voltage test instrument.The results show that the average particle size of RCAS emulsion is 28.32 nm,while the ζ voltage is - 37.88 mV.Compared with untreatd cotton fabric,the.softness of treated fabric can be improved with RCSE to a certain extent.At the.same time,the fabric treated with RCSE acquires unique fluffy and soft handle.     

单壁碳纳米管超声裂解制备石墨烯纳米带

将单壁碳纳米管仅通过气相氧化和超声裂解两步制备出了石墨烯纳米带,采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)对制备出的石墨烯纳米带进行形貌和结构分析。结果表明,此方法制备的石墨烯纳米带宽度狭窄、边缘光滑,并且相比于刚性的单壁碳纳米管具有良好的柔韧性,大约为2nm的厚度也说明了石墨烯纳米带的双层结构。在气相氧化和超声裂解的过程中,拉曼光谱中D峰与G峰的比值始终保持在0.15左右,表明在整个制备过程中,并没有引入新的缺陷。此方法相比于其他方法制备出的纳米带具有结晶度高、宽度狭窄、边缘光滑等优点。     

Y型分叉碳纳米管的研究

Y型结构碳纳米管几何结构独特,具有典型的应用价值,可作为网络状增强组分应用于高性能复合材料中,在三极管纳米电子器件等领域发挥作用,因此引起众多研究者的关注.用电弧法制备了Y型碳纳米管,研究了它的形成机理和制备工艺参数,并利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和电子能谱(EDS)考察了它们的形貌和结构特征.研究结果显示,Y型碳管在其拐点处存在催化剂粒子,由于催化剂的作用,在体系内产生了七元环拓扑缺陷,进而形成Y型分叉结构.Y型碳管结构的形态与制备参数有关,催化剂含量愈高,形成Y型和其它奇异结构碳管愈多.     

反义HSP90诱导HeLa细胞凋亡的研究

目的 探讨反义ＨＳＰ９０降低ＨｅＬａ细胞恶性度的机制。方法 经荧光染色观察细胞形态,ＤＮＡ Ｌａｄｄｅｒ及流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞。结果 转染有反义ＨＳＰ９０的ＨｅＬａ细胞经荧光染色细胞呈不均一亮蓝色,荧光染色观察可见细胞变小,染色质浓缩并产生凋亡小体,ＤＮＡ Ｌａｄｄｅｒ可见明显的梯形条带,流式细胞仪检测有凋亡的细胞。结论 反义ＨＳＰ９０可诱导细胞凋亡。     

酿酒酵母超微结构观察方法的研究

本文用常规电镜技术对不同细胞周期的酿酒酵母ＳａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓＣｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ菌体细胞和原生质体进行超微结构的对比观察，结果发现，用减数分裂时期的原生质体进行超微结构的观察，效果最为理想。包括细胞核在内的许多细胞器都可观察到。纺锤极体，微管，染色质，染色体，核仁等核内结构也都十分清晰。     

荔枝雌花发育过程中花药败育的超微结构观察

应用扫描电镜、透射电镜和DAPI荧光染色方法对荔枝雌花发育过程中花药败育进行了研究,结果发现:败育的花药在减数分裂之前其药壁细胞即开始解体,减数分裂后,药壁组织发生细胞程序性死亡,导致对营养物质竞争力的减弱;发生凋亡的细胞,细胞核染色质固缩,其电子密度高于正常,核仁消失,染色质趋边化的双层核膜降解,有的核变形而凹陷,核膜破裂,在核膜破裂处可见到由核物质组成的凋亡小体.正在凋亡的细胞中,几乎都可观察到细胞核周围有许多线粒体,一些线粒体变形拉长,嵴肿胀,有的线粒体发生缢缩,线粒体膜降解而变得模糊,有的已破裂.表明线粒体与细胞凋亡可能有直接的关系.     

金鱼精子头在卵细胞质中转化的超微结构研究

用透射电镜研究了金鱼卵子受精后起始阶段精子头在卵细胞质中的转化过程，结果表明：这种转化同样必须经精子核膜的崩解、原来高度致密的精子染色质的解聚与分散以及新的核膜（雄原核核膜）的形成。     

Synthesis and characterization of nano/micro-structured crystalline germanium dioxide with novel morphology

Nano/micro-structured germanium oxide （GeO2） was prepared using GeCl4 and KOH by a simple solution method in alkalic alcoholic solution. Different morphologies of GeO2 were obtained by changing the reaction conditions. The effects of the reaction time, the concentration of the reactants, the reaction temperature and the dispersant upon the morphology of the deposited GeO2 have been investigated. The products were detected by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, atomic force microscope （AFM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Novel cross-like structures were obtained by using n-butylamine as the dispersant. The formation of the cross-like structures has been discussed and a solution-liquid-solid （SLS） mechanism was proposed.     

紫杉醇诱导HeLa细胞凋亡的研究

目的：探讨紫杉醇抑制HeLa细胞生长的机制。方法：经荧光染色、电镜观察细胞形态,DNALadder及流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞。结果：紫杉醇作用24h经荧光染色细胞呈不均一亮蓝色,作用48h细胞被染成红色,电镜观察可见细胞变小,染色质浓缩并产生凋亡小体,DNALadder未见明显的梯形条带,流式细胞仪检测紫杉醇作用24h细胞凋亡。结论：紫杉醇可诱导细胞凋亡,也可直接杀伤HeLa细胞,而且以后者为主。     

新型Bola两亲分子作为基因治疗药物输递载体的研究

为检测新型Bola两亲分子(Orn-C16-G)用作基因载体的性能,制备了Bola与siRNA的复合物(Bolaplexes),用原子力显微镜观察其在不同复合比下的形貌;并转染Hela细胞,用CCK-8检测Bolaplexes的细胞毒性,用荧光显微镜、流式细胞仪表征Bolaplexes的细胞内吞效果。实验结果显示,复合比1∶1条件下,Bola分子可以有效地压缩siRNA分子形成较小尺寸的复合物(100～200 nm)。Bolaplexes可高效地进入Hela细胞,并且毒性低于商售转染试剂,有较好的应用前景。本研究为下一步Bola两亲分子用于基因治疗的临床研究奠定了基础。     

乌桕种子成熟过程中种皮和胚乳超微结构观察

为探讨乌桕种子成熟过程中种皮结构和胚乳内部营养物质的变化,进一步了解该种子休眠形成的机制,以不同采收期的乌桕种子为材料,分别对种皮和胚乳进行了扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察。结果表明:随着种子的不断成熟,种皮的厚度不断增加; 同一种子不同部位种皮的厚度不相同,胚根处、子叶端的种皮较其他部位厚,这可能是种子萌发时胚根难以突破种皮的主要原因。乌桕种皮坚硬革质化,由外到内依次为角质层、栅栏层、骨状石细胞层及薄壁组织层,栅栏层细胞排列紧密,这不仅增加了种皮的坚硬度,还可对种子与外界水、气交换造成影响; 乌桕种皮表面和内部均含有蜡质,其含量随着种子的成熟而增多,提高了种子对外界不良环境的抵御能力。透射电镜观察发现,在种子成熟前期,胚乳细胞中存在较多大液泡,各种细胞器结构完整,细胞中散布着一些较小的高电子致密物质。种子成熟过程中,水分含量不断降低,部分细胞器消融,细胞核因失水而缩小变形,脂滴逐渐消融,变成透明状,高电子致密物质大量累积、聚集,脂蛋白含量增加,同时淀粉转化成糖类物质,表明乌桕种子已完全成熟,进入休眠期。     

贝特舒对人角膜上皮细胞凋亡诱导作用的实验研究

为了揭示常用青光眼药物贝特舒(betaxolol)对人角膜上皮(HCEP)细胞的毒性及其作用机理,使用不同质量浓度贝特舒对体外培养HCEP细胞进行了处理,并利用倒置显微镜跟踪观察了细胞的生长和形态,用吖啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB)荧光双染色法检测了质膜的通透性,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测DNA的断片化,用透射电镜检测细胞的超微结构。发现在0.17500~2.80000g/L的质量浓度范围内,贝特舒对HCEP细胞具有显著的毒性,并随着质量浓度的提高和处理时间的延长而逐渐增大,处理24h即可使大部分细胞皱缩死亡;进一步的研究结果发现,质量浓度为0.17500~2.80000g/L的贝特舒能显著提高HCEP细胞的质膜通透性,并使其出现DNA断片化、染色质凝缩和形成凋亡小体等凋亡细胞的结构变化。可见,在贝特舒0.17500~2.80000g/L的质量浓度范围内对HCEP细胞具有显著的毒性,并具有质量浓度和时间依赖性,其毒性作用的发挥是通过诱导细胞凋亡实现的,在眼科临床应用中毒副作用极大。     

Microstructure studies of air-plasma-spray-deposited CoNiCrAlY coatings before and after thermal cyclic loading for high-temperature application

In the present study, bond-coats for thermal barrier coatings were deposited via air plasma spraying (APS) techniques onto Inconel 800 and Hastelloy C-276 alloy substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the phases and microstructure of the as-sprayed, APS-deposited CoNiCrAlY bond-coatings. The aim of this work was to study the suitability of the bond-coat materials for high temperature applications. Confirmation of nanoscale grains of the γ/γ′-phase was obtained by TEM, high-resolution TEM, and AFM. We concluded that these changes result from the plastic deformation of the bond-coat during the deposition, resulting in CoNiCrAlY bond-coatings with excellent thermal cyclic resistance suitable for use in high-temperature applications. Cyclic oxidative stability was observed to also depend on the underlying metallic alloy substrate.