The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and the phylogenetic position of Achalinus meiguensis (Reptilia: Squamata)

The mitochondrial genome complete sequence of Achalinus meiguensis was reported for the first time in the present study. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. meiguensis is 17239 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 2 non-coding regions (Control regions). On the basis of comparison with the other complete mitochondrial sequences reported, we explored the characteristic of structure and evolution. For example, duplication control regions independently occurred in the evol...     

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Chinese alligator,Alligator sinensis, and phylogeny of crocodiles

The 16746-neueleotide (nt) sequence of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) of Chinese alligator,Alligator sinensis,was determined using the Long-PCR and primer walking methods.As is typical in vertebrates,the mtDNA encodes 13 proteins,2 rDNA,22 tRNA genes,and a noncoding control region.The Composition of bases is respectively 29.43%A,24.59%T,14.86%G,31.12% C.The gene arrangement differs from the common vertebrate gene arrangement,but is similar to that of other crocodiles,DNA sequence data from 12S rRNA,168 rRNA,protein-coding genes and combined sequence data were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of reptiles with the MP and ML methods.With this large data set and an appropriate range of outgroup taxa,the authors demonstrate that Chinese alligator is most closely related to American alligator among three crocodilian species,which suppors the traditional viewpoint.According to the branch lengths of ML tree from the combined data set,the primary divergence between Alligator and Caiman genus was dated at about 74.9 Ma,the split between Chinese alligator and American alligator was dated at 50.9Ma.     

鱼类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)及其在分子系统学中的应用

应用线粒体DNA标记,分析种群间的遗传关系、确定种群地理格局、确定种群间的基因流以及确定物种进化显著性保护单元（EsU）,从而为分子系统学研究提供了一个新的具有很强操作性的科学手段。文中论述了鱼类线粒体DNA研究的最新进展,重点介绍了线粒体DNA标记在分子系统学研究中的广泛应用。     

社鼠和针毛鼠线粒体DNA序列的歧异及其系统进化关系

社鼠和针毛鼠是有着广泛地理分布的山地鼠种,它们的一些形态特征及核型明显有别于同属的其它鼠类.社鼠的亚种--雷琼社鼠局限于分布在广东省西部地区和海南省,它的形态特征多似社鼠,但也有少数特征相似于针毛鼠.对于社鼠和针毛鼠的分类地位及社鼠亚种的分化一直有着各种讨论.本研究进行了社鼠和雷琼社鼠以及针毛鼠龙门种群和香港种群的细胞色素b (264个核苷酸位点)和12S rRNA (387个核苷酸位点)基因片段的测序.社鼠与雷琼社鼠线粒体的细胞色素b基因片段间包含有19个变异位点、12S rRNA 基因片段间包含11个变异位点和2个插入/缺失位点.针毛鼠的2个种群间的细胞色素b 和12S rRNA 基因片段分别包含了3个和11个变异位点.通过邻接法和最大简约法重建的系统进化关系表明:雷琼社鼠与社鼠有着紧密的亲缘关系,它的亚种地位得到了线粒体DNA序列证据的肯定.针毛鼠龙门种群和香港种群细胞色素b和12S rRNA 基因片段序列的歧异反映出两个种群由于长期的地理隔离及其所经历自然选择的结果.     

Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA of Russell's snapper (L.russellii)

The entire mitochondrial DNA sequence (mitogenome) of Russell's snapper (Lutjanus russellii) was determined using long PCR and primer-walking methodology,representing the first complete mitogenome accessioned for Lutjanid fishes (16,505 bp,GenBank Accession No.EF514208).The mitogenome was similar in gene composition and order to those of other vertebrates,having 37 structural genes,i.e.,two ribosomal RNAs,22 transfer RNAs,and 13 protein-coding genes.Phylogenetic analyses based on the mtDNA sequence of Russell's snapper supported a close relationship between Lutjaninae and Caesioninae,consistent with taxonomic hypotheses based on morphology.More studies utilizing mitogenomes are needed to resolve high-level relationships among snappers.     

暗纹东方鲀线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因的克隆与序列分析

克隆并测定了暗纹东方鲍（Takifugu fasciatus）线粒体ATP合酶Fo亚基8（ATPase8）和亚基6（ATPase6）的序列,并对其进行了初步分析。结果表明：PCR扩增产物的总长度为923bp,其中842bp为ATP8和ATP6基因的编码区。ATP8基因长168bp,编码55个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其蛋白分子质量为6．8KD,等电点为7．85;ATP6基因长684bp,编码227个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其蛋白分子质量为24．9KD,等电点为9．16。暗纹东方纯ATP合酶Fo亚基8和亚基6与其他已报道的部分东方纯属鱼类具有很高的同源性。通过探讨ATP合酶F0亚基所含的信息量,发现相对于其他线粒体基因,ATPase8和ATPase6基因所含鉴别信息较少。     

龙虾叶状幼体弧菌病防治的研究

对龙虾叶状幼体弧菌病采用多项措施，多种药物防治对比试验研究，总结出用沙－活性炭过滤海水，减少水体病原菌量，用漂白粉消毒水池和用具，杜绝污染源，用土毒素药浴亲虾，避免病原菌由卵带入，选用体格健壮的中年亲虾，保证孵化出的叶状幼体有旺盛的生命力，投放光合细菌、金藻、扁藻、丰年虫幼体、文蛤肉喂叶状幼体，改善叶状幼体营养，增强叶状幼体抗病力，利用光合细菌加速培育水体中有机物分解，净化水质，恶化病原菌生存环境     

Computed tomography ( CT ) of nasal cavity ofIkechosaurus sunailinae (Reptilia: Choristodera)

The CT technique was first applied to observing the nasal cavity ofIkechosaurus sunailinae. The results indicate that the nasal cavity is very complex, and it was divided into two parts: the posterior-upper part and the anterior-lower one. These control olfaction and thermoregulation respectively. The partial loss of pineal systems suggests that this animal may have been evolving toward endothermy. Therefore,Ikechosaurus may have had a strong ability to thermoregulate, thus keeping a high level of activity. But it still did not maintain constant temperature, as the birds and mammals do.     

团花树皮的环烯醚萜类成分

从团花树皮中分离得到６个环烯醚萜类化合物,根据光谱数据和理化性质鉴定它们的结构分别为马钱素甙元（Ｉ）,马钱素（Ⅱ）,马钱酸（Ⅲ）８－表金吉甙（Ⅳ）当药甙（Ｖ）,３′－Ｏ咖啡酰当药甙（Ⅵ）其中Ｉ～Ⅴ均为首次从该植物中分离得到,Ⅵ为新化合物。     

Identification of a novel tillering dwarf mutant and fine mapping of the TDDL（T） gene in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Rice plant architecture is an important agronomic trait that affects the grain yield. To understand the molecular mechanism that controls plant architecture, a tillering dwarf mutant with darker-green leaves derived from an indica cultivar IR64 treated with EMS is characterized. The mutant, designated as tddl（t）, is nonallelic to the known tiilering dwarf mutants. It is controlled by one recessive nuclear gene, TDDL（T）, and grouped into the dn-type dwarfism according to Takeda＇s definition. The dwarfism of the mutant is independent of gibberellic acid based on the analyses of two GA-mediated processes. The independence of brassinosteroid （BR） and naphthal-3-acetic acid （NAA） of the tddl（t） mutant, together with the decreased size of parenchyma cells in the vascular bundle, indicates that the TDDL（7） gene might participate in another hormone pathway. TDDL（T） is fine mapped within an 85.51 kb region on the long arm of rice chromosome 4, where 20 ORFs are predicted by RiceGAAS （http：//ricegaas.dna.affrc. go.jp/rgadb/）. Further cloning of TDDL（T） will benefit both marker assisted selection （MAS） of plant architecture and dissection of the molecular mechanism underlying tillering dwarf in rice.     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体opw(only pollen wall)候选突变基因的克隆

在T-DNA插入突变体Salk_059463株系的群体中,筛选到两株雄性不育突变体,对TDNA序列上的一对引物进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:其基因组中没有T-DNA插入.遗传分析表明这两株雄性不育突变体由同一单个隐性基因控制,引起不育的主要原因是从花药发育的第8期开始,小孢子细胞质内容物逐渐减少直至消失,到花药发育的第12期,药室内的小孢子只剩下一个花粉壁空壳,故该突变体命名为opw(only pollen wall).利用图位克隆的方法对OPW基因进行了定位,结果表明OPW基因位于第二条染色体上分子标记T28M21和T3G21之间的12 kb区间内,该区间内一共有21个基因注释.通过克隆区间内的基因并测序发现opw-1突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第289和第290个碱基之间插入了一个A碱基,而opw-2突变体基因组中At2g40140基因编码序列的外显子在第412和第413个碱基之间插入了一个T碱基,造成的编码序列移码使第424至第426碱基成为终止密码子,故At2g40140是编码OPW的候选基因.     

The expression of vasa gene during zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) oogenesis

vasa gene expression pattern during oogenesis of zebrafish was examined usingin situ hybridization and fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. During zebrafish oogensis,vasa mRNA is expressed strongly and uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm in stage II oocytes, followed by a distribution among vacuome in stage III. Later in stage IV and V,vasa mRNA is enriched at the cortex and finally localized at the cortex. The fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR shows that the quantity ofvasa mRNA decreases from stage II to stage III, but remains relatively invariable from stage III to stage V. The observed differences invasa mRNA expression in the different stages of zebrafish oogenesis suggest thatvasa gene plays an important role during oogenesis. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30370744, 30150005) Biography: XIANG Fang (1979-), male, Master candidate, research direction: molecular development of animals.     

New ancient DNA sequences suggest high genetic diversity for the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)

Partial DNA sequences of cytochrome b gene (mtDNA) were successfully retrieved from Late Pleistocene fossil bone of Mammuthus primigenius collected from the Xiguitu County (Yakeshi), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and from Zhaodong, Harbin of Heilongjiang Province in northern China. Two ancient DNA fragments (109 bp and 124 bp) were authenticated by reproducible experiments in two different laboratories and by phylogenetic analysis with other Elephantidae taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using these sequences and published data in either separate or combined datasets indicate unstable relationship among the woolly mammoth and the two living elephants, Elephas and Loxodonta. In addition to the short sequences used to attempt the long independent evolution of Elephantidae terminal taxa, we suggest that a high intra-specific diversity existed in Mammuthus primigenius crossing both spatial and temporal ranges, resulting in a complex and divergent genetic background for DNA sequences so far recovered. The high genetic diversity in the extinct woolly mammoth can explain the apparent instability of Elephantidae taxa on the molecular phylogenetic trees and can reconcile the apparent paradox regarding the unresolved Elephantidae trichotomy.     

New ancient DNA sequences suggest high genetic diversity for the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)

Partial DNA sequences of cytochrome b gene (mtDNA) were successfully retrieved from Late Pleistocene fossil bone of Mammuthus primigenius collected from the Xiguitu County (Yakeshi), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and from Zhaodong, Harbin of Heilongjiang Province in northern China. Two ancient DNA fragments (109 bp and 124 bp) were authenticated by reproducible experiments in two different laboratories and by phylogenetic analysis with other Elephantidae taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using these sequences and published data in either separate or combined datasets indicate unstable relationship among the woolly mammoth and the two living elephants, Elephas and Loxodonta. In addition to the short sequences used to attempt the long independent evolution of Elephantidae terminal taxa, we suggest that a high intra-specific diversity existed in Mammuthus primigenius crossing both spatial and temporal ranges, resulting in a complex and divergent genetic background for DNA sequences so far recovered. The high genetic diversity in the extinct woolly mammoth can explain the apparent instability of Elephantidae taxa on the molecular phylogenetic trees and can reconcile the apparent paradox regarding the unresolved Elephantidae trichotomy.     

基于ISSR数据探讨节茎曲柄藓(Campylopus umbellatus(Arn.) Paris)遗传多样性和居群遗传结构

选用简单序列重复区间扩增多态性(ISSR)分子标记,对分布于浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区顺溪坞和凉源、浙江台州临海天台山、浙江舟山嵊泗列岛、江苏苏州天平山、广西上思十万大山、台湾宜兰县马告生态公园和云南西双版纳纳板河流域国家自然保护区8个自然居群的40份节茎曲柄藓(Campylopus umbellatus(Arn.) Par.)的遗传多样性进行了研究.应用筛选出的12条引物,共扩增出172条清晰、重复性高的条带.使用POPGENE 3.2分析发现:其中158条条带的多态性位点百分率(PPB)为91.86%,根井正利基因多样性指数(H)为0.292 2,香农-维纳多样性指数(I)为0.445 9,说明节茎曲柄藓居群遗传多样性水平较高.8个居群的遗传分化系数(G_(st))为0.634 6,居群间的基因流(N_m)为0.287 9,63.33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,36.67%的遗传变异存在于居群内,说明节茎曲柄藓居群间的遗传分化明显.基于ISSR数据的聚类分析表明:以遗传距离65为分组阈值,8个居群可被分为6组,节茎曲柄藓居群间的遗传分化主要由地理因素造成,居群内的遗传分化可能与生境的异质性有关.     

刚果盆地的棘管轮属(轮虫门;单巢亚纲;棘管轮科)

研究了2010年4月到5月和2012年6月二次采集自刚果盆地的水样,共发现棘管轮属Mytilina Bory de St.Vincent 1826的8个种,其中2个种 M.crassipes (Lucks,1912) 和 M.trigona (Gosse,1851)是非洲新纪录种; M.macrocera (Jennings,1894)和 M.bisulcata (Lucks,1912)是刚果盆地多个样点的常见种;M.ventralis (Ehrenberg,1830)和M.trigona,在刚果盆地个别样点比较多见;M.michelangllii Reid & Turner,1988, M.crassipes和M. brevispina (Ehrenberg,1830)在此次刚果盆地的调查中非常罕见;描述了一种棘管轮,其形态奇特,可能是新种.     

3种蓑藓属(Macromitrium)植物DNA C-值测定——兼论苔藓DNA C-值研究的生物学意义

分别以小立碗藓(Physcomitrella patens)和水稻(日本晴亚种)(Oryza sativa spp.japonica)为标样,用流式细胞术分别测定了中华蓑藓(Macromirium cavaleriei)、钝叶蓑藓(M.japonicum)和缺齿蓑藓(M.gymnostomum)3种藓类植物的DNA C-值,由此建立了应用流式细胞术测定蓑藓属植物DNA C-值的方法,讨论了影响藓类植物DNA C-值测定结果的因素.最后讨论了苔藓植物DNA C-值变异式样、系统发育和分类学意义,以及今后有关藓类植物DNA C-值研究中值得关注的几个方向.     

苜蓿盲蝽属(Adelphocoris)细胞色素B基因片段序列分析(半翅目:异翅亚目:盲蝽科)

用蛋白酶K消化法提取并正反链双向测序获得半翅目盲蝽科盲蝽亚科苜蓿盲蝽属（Adelphocoris）6个种以及苜蓿盲蝽Ad．lineaolatus的3个种群的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因片段的序列,应用Mega计算该8个cytb432bp片段序列的碱基组成、核苷酸的种间变异率和所编码的144个氨基酸的变异率,序列的碱基组成中A＋T的平均含量较高且在第三位点最高。平均达到81．6％,表明该基因在密码子的使用上具有偏向性,变异位点和信号位点多发生在三联体密码子的第三位点,第二位点最为保守,不同异型序列间的转换＋颠换（ns＋nv）值最高的为100,最小的为0;转换／颠换（ns／nv）值最高为9．33,在Ad．fasciaticollis与Ad．sutualis之间,最低为0．88,在Ad．lineaolatus的宁夏和甘肃种群之间。几种颠换类型都能够在本属的异型序列之间看到,苜蓿盲蝽属的不同异型序列间的差别大小各异,差异最大的是苜蓿盲蝽Ad．lineaolatus的甘肃种群（Ad．lineaozatus2）与内蒙古种群（Ad．lineaolatus3）之间,具有100个碱基的差异,宁夏种群与甘肃种群之间的核苷酸变异率为7％,而二者与内蒙古种群的变异率分别为23％和28％,大于或等于与其他种类间的变异,所以该2个种群与内蒙古种群（典型的Ad．lineaolatus）已处在种化过程的末期,已经形成不同的新种,种间差异最小的是Ad．rufescens与Ad．luridus,变异率为0,应为同一个种,所以Ad．rufescens的分类地位有待于进一步研究证实。     

广东汕尾凹顶藻类(红藻门)的形态分类学研究

为了解中国南海北部凹顶藻物种的多样性以及加快该地的凹顶藻属物种资源开发和利用,本研究利用形态学和解剖学方法,对采自广东汕尾的大型海洋红藻凹顶藻类(Laurencia Complex)进行分类学研究。经鉴定共发现4个物种,即波状软凹藻(Chondrophycus undulatus (Yamada)Garbary et Harper)、凹顶藻(Laurencia chinensis Tseng)、三列凹顶藻(Lt.risticha Tseng,Chang,Xia et Xia)和小瘤栅凹藻(Palisada parvipapillata (Tseng)Nam)。文中对此4种凹顶藻类物种的内、外部形态特征进行了较详细的描述与介绍,并结合生物冷冻切片技术,获得了各个物种较清晰的解剖学特征图片,对未来凹顶藻类物种的鉴定提供一定分类学意义。     

饥饿对南方鲇和草鱼的生长及能量代谢的影响

以南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为对象,在(27.5±0.5)℃条件下,分别饥饿0d,3d,7d,14d,21d和28d,观察各实验处理对鱼体的生长及能量代谢的影响.研究发现:在饥饿28d后,2种鱼的体质量、体长无显著变化,但各自的肥满度和肝器官指数均显著降低(p0.05),南方鲇脂肪含量的降低幅度大于草鱼,其蛋白含量的降低幅度却小于草鱼.各饥饿处理时间点的草鱼静止代谢率(RMR)均显著高于南方鲇(p0.05),且随饥饿时间的延长呈直线下降的趋势;而南方鲇的RMR则呈先上升再下降的趋势.2种鱼的特定体质量生长率(SGR)在饥饿进程中均呈负增长,南方鲇和草鱼的各线粒体状态3呼吸率和细胞色素C氧化酶活性随饥饿时间延长均表现出了不同的变化的趋势.以上结果表明,南方鲇和草鱼应对饥饿胁迫的生理生态学机制存在组织特异性和物种特异性.通过讨论提出,由于南方鲇与草鱼为不同的营养类型,尤其是捕食行为模式各异,因此进化出不同的适应饥饿胁迫的能量生态对策.