Influence of mill scale and rust layer on the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel in simulated concrete pore solution

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to investigate the influence of mill scale and rust layer on the passivation capability and chloride-induced corrosion behaviors of conventional low-carbon (LC) steel and low-alloy (LA) steel in simulated concrete pore solution. The results show that mill scale exerts different influences on the corrosion resistance of both steels at various electrochemical stages. We propose that the high long-term corrosion resistance of LA steel is mainly achieved through the synergistic effect of a gradually formed compact, adherent and well-distributed Cr-enriched inner rust layer and the physical barrier protection effect of mill scale.     

低碳钢在湿热工业海洋大气中的腐蚀特征

以0.1 mol·L-1 NaCl+0.01 mol·L-1 NaHSO3溶液为腐蚀介质,采用干/湿周浸加速腐蚀实验、腐蚀失重、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法,研究了湿热工业海洋大气中低碳钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:实验钢的腐蚀过程均遵循幂函数d=Atn分布规律,钢种不同,常系数A、n的值不同;腐蚀产物主要由非晶物质和少量Fe3 O4、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH晶体组成.所得锈层可分为主体锈层和界面疏松带两部分,由内至外锈层中Fe、O含量梯度变化很小.Cl-、SO2与水分的长期协同作用会导致内锈层结构变差,而添加稳定性或耐蚀性较高的元素可以改善锈层质量,进而增强钢材的耐腐蚀性能.     

Corrosion behavior and mechanism of the automotive hot-dip galvanized steel with alkaline mud adhesion

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of hot-dip galvanized steel and interstitial-free (IF) substrate with alkaline mud adhesion were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear polarization. The results show that non-uniform corrosion occurs on the galvanized steel and IF substrate during 250 h with the mud adhesion. The corrosion products on the galvanized steel are very loose and porous, which are mainly ZnO, Zn₅(OH)₈C₁₂·H₂O and Zn(OH)₂, and Fe-Zn alloy layer with a lower corrosion rate is exposed on the galvanized steel surface; however, the corrosion products on IF substrate are considerably harder and denser, whose compositions of rust are mainly FeOOH and Fe₃O₄, and several pits appear on their surface. The results of continuous EIS and linear polarization measurements exhibit a corrosion mechanism, that is, under activation control, the charge transfer resistances present different tendencies between the galvanized steel and IF substrate; in addition, the evolution of linear polarization resistances is similar to that of charge transfer resistances. The higher contents of dissolved oxygen and Cl- ions in the mud play an important role in accelerating the corrosion.     

Corrosion behavior of low alloy steels in a wet–dry acid humid environment

The corrosion behavior of corrosion resistant steel (CRS) in a simulated wet–dry acid humid environment was investigated and compared with carbon steel (CS) using corrosion loss, polarization curves, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), N₂ adsorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the corrosion kinetics of both steels were closely related to the composition and compactness of the rust, and the electrochemical properties of rusted steel. Small amounts of Cu, Cr, and Ni in CRS increased the amount of amorphous phases and decreased the content of γ-FeOOH in the rust, resulting in higher compactness and electrochemical stability of the CRS rust. The elements Cu, Cr, and Ni were uniformly distributed in the CRS rust and formed CuFeO₂, Cu₂O, CrOOH, NiFe₂O₄, and Ni₂O₃, which enhanced the corrosion resistance of CRS in the wet–dry acid humid environment.     

碳钢在四川典型盐化工环境中的大气腐蚀行为

为研究四川电网输变电设备在典型工业环境中的金属腐蚀特点,以便为输变电设备差异化防腐措施提供理论指导,选取碳钢为研究对象,针对四川典型盐化工城市自贡市,在该市乡村环境和重工业污染环境地区分别开展一年期大气腐蚀试验。通过宏观形貌观察、腐蚀速率测试、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、能谱分析(energy spectrum analysis, EDS)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、电化学测试等多种方法,全面研究了碳钢在这两种环境下的大气腐蚀行为。结果表明：碳钢在自贡地区腐蚀程度较为严重,重工业污染环境大气腐蚀速率为32.14μm/a,即使在乡村环境也受到较为严重的腐蚀,腐蚀速率达到21.92μm/a。碳钢在上述两种环境中的大气腐蚀行为具有显著差异,在氯离子含量更高的重工业污染环境中,碳钢表面更容易生成针状腐蚀产物,锈层保护性差,腐蚀将进一步加速。为提高自贡地区输变电设备腐蚀防护效果,可采取在重工业污染地区适当提高防护等级的差异化防腐措施。     

Effect of Ni on the corrosion resistance of bridge steel in a simulated hot and humid coastal-industrial atmosphere

The corrosion resistance of weathering bridge steels containing conventional contents of Ni (0.20wt%, 0.42wt%, 1.50wt%) and a higher content of Ni (3.55wt%) in a simulated hot and humid coastal-industrial atmosphere was investigated by corrosion depth loss, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The results showed that, with increasing Ni content, the mechanical properties of the bridge steel were markedly improved, the welding parameters were satisfactory at room temperature, and the corrosion resistance was enhanced. When the Ni content was low (≤ 0.42wt%), the crystallization process of the corrosion products was substantially promoted, enhancing the stability of the rust layer. When the Ni content was higher (~3.55wt%), the corrosion reaction of the steel quickly reached a balance, because the initial rapid corrosion induced the formation of a protective rust layer in the early stage. Simultaneously, NiO and NiFe₂O₄ were generated in large quantities; they not only formed a stable, compact, and continuous oxide protective layer, but also strongly inhibited the transformation process of the corrosion products. This inhibition reduced the structural changes in the rust layer, thereby enhancing the protection. However, when the Ni content ranged from 0.42wt% to 1.50wt%, the corrosion resistance of the bridge steel increased only slightly.     

环境中氯离子浓度对耐候钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

研究海水环境中氯离子浓度对耐候钢耐蚀性能的影响,用扫描电镜和红外光谱仪等对试样耐蚀机理进行观察分析。结果表明,耐候钢在低Cl-浓度下的耐蚀性能要好于高Cl-浓度下的耐蚀性能;两组试样中均存在较致密的内锈层和疏松的外锈层,锈层成分主要为Fe3O4和γ-Fe2O3;低Cl-浓度下,合金元素容易在锈层富集,形成较致密且厚的内锈层,使材料耐蚀性能增强。     

碳钢和低合金钢大气腐蚀锈层的红外光谱研究

运用红外光谱分析方法,对青岛、成都两地的大气腐蚀锈层样品进行了比较测试,得出了锈层的主要组成物相及各物相的相对含量随腐蚀环境、时间的变化情况     

用于散热器的冷轧钢板耐蚀性

利用化学浸泡及电化学方法研究了４种钢制散热器材质在不同含氧量和氯离子浓度下的腐蚀速度及耐蚀性，并用Ｘ射线衍射对锈蚀物进行了结构分析。实验结果表明，钢材腐蚀速度主要取决于供热水系统中的溶氧量。在脱氧条件下则形成Ｆｅ３Ｏ４保护膜，此时氯离子将加速材料的腐蚀。腐蚀极化电阻则随残余应力的增加而下降。     

Short-term exposure of low-alloyed steels in Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere

The rusts formed on carbon steel and weathering steel exposed in Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere for 6 months were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, infrared transmission spectroscopy （iRS）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electron probe micro analyzer （EPMA） and electrochemical po- larization techniques. The two kinds of steels showed the similar corrosion rate, corrosion product composition and electrochemical polarization behavior. Their rusts were mainly composed of β-FeOOH, Fe8（O,OH）16Cl1.3 and a little γ-FeOOH. Cl^- played an important role during the corrosion process of low-alloyed steels. The alloyed elements Cr, Ni and Cu in weathering steel were detected in the rusts; however, they showed no remarkable protective ability.     

Relationship between the specific surface area of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel in a wet-dry acid corrosion environment

The relationship between the specific surface area (SSA) of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel under wet-dry acid corrosion conditions was investigated. The results showed that the corrosion current density first increased and then decreased with increasing SSA of the rust during the corrosion process. The structure of the rust changed from single-layer to double-layer, and the γ-FeOOH content decreased in the inner layer of the rust with increasing corrosion time; by contrast, the γ-FeOOH content in the outer layer was constant. When the SSA of the rust was lower than the critical SSA corresponding to the relative humidity during the drying period, condensed water in the micropores of the rust could evaporate, which prompted the diffusion of O₂ into the rust and the following formation process of γ-FeOOH, leading to an increase of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time. However, when the SSA of the rust reached or exceeded the critical SSA, condensate water in the micro-pores of the inner layer of the rust could not evaporate which inhibited the diffusion of O₂ and decreased the γ-FeOOH content in the inner rust, leading to a decrease of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time.     

Corrosion behavior and characteristics of the product film of API X100 steel in acidic simulated soil solution

The short-term corrosion behavior of API X100 steel in an acidic simulated soil was investigated by electrochemical measurements and soaking experiments, followed by corrosion morphology observations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The results show that X100 steel exhibits an obvious pitting susceptibility in an acidic soil environment. Pits nucleate after approximately 10 h of immersion. Along with the nucleation and growth of the pits, the charge-transfer resistance and open-circuit potential first increase sharply, then decrease slowly, and eventually reach a steady state. The maxima of the charge-transfer resistance and open-circuit potential are attained at approximately 10 h. The evolution of the electrochemical process is confirmed by the analysis of the product film. The product film exhibits a porous and loose structure and could not protect the substrate well. The product film is primarily composed of ferrous carbonate and ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)₂). The concentration of Fe(OH)₂ in the product film increases from the inside to the outside layer.     

pH值对Q235钢在模拟酸性土壤中腐蚀行为的影响

通过腐蚀失重计算、扫描电镜、X射线衍射方法、极化曲线分析等手段,研究了pH值对Q235钢在模拟酸性土壤中腐蚀行为的影响.在模拟酸性土壤环境中,Q235钢的腐蚀速率随土壤pH值升高而降低,经360 h腐蚀后,在pH值为4.0、4.5和5.1的土壤中试样的腐蚀速率分别为0.68、0.48和0.42 mm·a-1.随土壤pH值升高,Q235钢锈层更为致密,其表面蚀坑由窄深型发展变为宽浅型发展.腐蚀产物均为SiO2、α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、Fe2 O3及 Fe3 O4,随土壤 pH值升高,腐蚀产物中α-FeOOH/γ-FeOOH质量比升高.极化曲线分析表明,随土壤pH值升高,Q235钢腐蚀电位升高,自腐蚀电流密度降低,试样腐蚀速率减小.     

Effect of different atmospheres on dry friction behavior of steel sliding against brass at high speed

The atmosphere components have an influence on tribological behaviors of tribo-pairs. Through changing the atmosphere component, the effect of atmosphere component on the tribological behaviors of CrNiMo steel against brass at high sliding velocity was investigated. The wear test was carried out on a high-speed friction and wear test rig whose test atmosphere could be controlled. The tests were performed at four sliding velocities （30, 40, 50, 60 m/s）, one contact pressure （1.33 MPa） and two atmosphere components （N2 or O2）. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of various pins were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The chemical compositions of the surfaces and subsurfaces for steels were determined with an energy dispersion spectroscopy. The results showed that the wear rate of the steel pins were low all the time with the sliding velocity increasing in oxygen atmosphere, and that the wear rate of the steel pin in nitrogen atmosphere was higher than that of the steel pin in oxygen atmosphere. It was found that the thin and compact oxidation layer formed on the worn surface of the steel in oxygen atmosphere played a key role in wear resistance. However, the wear rate of the steel pin increased rapidly with the sliding velocity increasing in nitrogen atmosphere, which was attributed to the thick and loose surface layer formed on the worn surface of the steel.     

超临界水中310-ODS钢表面氧化膜形成机制和性能

采用腐蚀增重方法研究310-ODS钢在600℃低溶氧的超临界水中的全面腐蚀敏感性,取样周期分别为100、300、600、1 000、1 500h,对试样表面氧化膜进行扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析.结果表明:310-ODS钢在浸泡早期(300h)已经在表面形成较为致密的氧化膜,腐蚀速率快速降低;氧化膜为双层结构,内层致密富Cr,外层多孔富Fe,随着浸泡时间的增加,内层变得均匀,外层变化不大.310-ODS钢在600℃超临界水中的氧化过程满足固态生长机制,晶界处的Y2O3改善了材料的耐腐蚀性能.     

Effects of solution environments under disbonded coatings on the corrosion behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soils

A rectangle crevice assembly was used to study the effects of cathodic protection (CP) potential, crevice thickness, holiday size, bubbling CO₂, and surface condition on the chemical and electrochemical environment of the local solution under disbonded coatings. It is found that the cathodic protection removes dissolved oxygen from the crevice and thus shifts the solution to a more alkaline state. Furthermore, the potential of the steel reaches the protected potential range. The available protection distance increases with the negative applying potential. The steady potential and pH distribution are easily achieved, but the polarization degree is not satisfied within the thinner crevice. The difference in the solution environment is found to correlate to the holiday size. The smaller the holiday, the smaller the difference is. The presence of CO₂ inhibits the formation of an alkaline environment. It is also found that the rust layer dramatically decreases the polarization rate in the crevice.     

耐候钢耐蚀性能的评定

采用干湿浸渍实验获得耐候钢的防护性锈层.应用交流阻抗实验方法测试了所得的锈层,建立了等效电路分析数据.结果表明,交流阻抗方法可以有效地分析耐候钢内锈层的性质.干湿浸渍循环实验与交流阻抗方法相结合,可以快速、合理地评价耐候钢耐蚀性能.     

Experimental and numerical study on plasma nitriding of AISI P20 mold steel

In this study, plasma nitriding was used to fabricate a hard protective layer on AISI P20 steel, at three process temperatures (450°C, 500°C, and 550°C) and over a range of time periods (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 h), and at a fixed gas N₂:H₂ ratio of 75vol%:25vol%. The morphology of samples was studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the formed phase of each sample was determined by X-ray diffraction. The elemental depth profile was measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and glow dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness profile of the samples was identified, and the microhardness profile from the surface to the sample center was recorded. The results show that ε-nitride is the dominant species after carrying out plasma nitriding in all strategies and that the plasma nitriding process improves the hardness up to more than three times. It is found that as the time and temperature of the process increase, the hardness and hardness depth of the diffusion zone considerably increase. Furthermore, artificial neural networks were used to predict the effects of operational parameters on the mechanical properties of plastic mold steel. The plasma temperature, running time of imposition, and target distance to the sample surface were all used as network inputs; Vickers hardness measurements were given as the output of the model. The model accurately reproduced the experimental outcomes under different operational conditions; therefore, it can be used in the effective simulation of the plasma nitriding process in AISI P20 steel.     

E690海洋平台用钢力学性能和海洋大气腐蚀行为

以传统的E36海洋平台钢为对比钢,研究三种E690海洋平台钢的组织和力学性能,以及模拟海洋大气环境下的腐蚀行为.通过失重法测得实验钢在不同腐蚀时间下的腐蚀速率,利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪观察并测定了锈层的形貌特征和相组成,采用电子背散射衍射技术对实验钢的晶界类型进行分析.结果表明:以贝氏体组织为特征的E690海洋平台钢具有优异的力学性能,-40℃的冲击值超过了200J;晶界类型主要为3°～15°的亚晶界和大于50°的大角度晶界;E690海洋平台钢周浸16 d后的锈层致密且腐蚀速率已趋于稳定,最低腐蚀速率为0.84 mm.a-1,远低于组织为铁素体+珠光体钢的1.4 mm.a-1,实验钢的锈层主要由Fe3O4、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH及γ-FeOOH四种晶态相和非晶无定形物组成.通过分析得出,热处理工艺和组织构成对材料的初期腐蚀行为有重要影响,而化学成分和锈层自身的致密性对材料后期腐蚀行为起决定作用.     

喷射沉积H13钢的组织和硬度

用传统铸造和喷射成形工艺制备了H13钢,然后再进行锻造加工,利用光学金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)等分析方法及硬度测试对不同工艺制备的H13钢的显微组织和硬度进行分析.研究结果表明,喷射成形及其锻造加工的H13钢的组织及硬度明显的优于传统工艺制备的H13钢.