太阳黑子数与电离层TEC的相关性分析

为了研究电离层TEC与太阳黑子数在短周期上的相关关系,采用1997～2004年的太阳黑子数资料与同期厦门站的电离层TEC数据,利用小波功率谱分析的方法提取3个尺度的短周期,并利用小波相干谱的方法重点研究了两者在278 d周期上的相关性。研究表明：太阳黑子数和电离层TEC主要存在准27 d、准半年周期以及年周期等短周期,而且电离层TEC和太阳黑子在准27 d周期上有良好的相关性。位相计算表明,电离层TEC的变化滞后于太阳黑子数2～3 d。厦门地区TEC与太阳活动的相关性在夏季比其他季节更强,这对提高该地区电离层TEC预报精度有很大意义。     

Periodicity of sunspot activity in the modern solar cycles

Sunspot number, sunspot area and sunspot unit area are usually used to show sunspot activity. In this paper,periodicity of sunspot activity of modern solar cycles has been investigated through analyzing the monthly mean values of the three indices in the time interval of May 1874 to May 2004 by use of the wavelet transform. Their global power spectra and local power spectra are given while the statistical tests of these spectra are taken into account. The main results are (1) the local wavelet power spectrum of the sunspot number seems like that of the sunspot area, indicating that the periodicity of the both indices is similar. The local power spectrum of the sunspot unit area resembles the local power spectra of the previous two indices, but looks more complicated. (2) the possible periods in sunspot activity are about 10.6 (or 10.9 years for the sunspot unit area), 31,and 42 years, and the period of about 10.6 years is statistically significant in the considered time. For the periods of about 31 and 42 years, their power peaks are under the 95% confidence level line but over the mean red-noise spectral line, and for the other rest periods, their power peaks are even under the mean red-noise spectral line, which are statistically insignificant. (3) the local power of the three periods is higher in the late stage than in the early stage of the considered time. (4) the period characteristics of the three indices, shown in the global power spectra and the local power spectra, are similar but there is difference in detail.     

太阳活动峰年和谷年期间黑子群与耀斑的统计分析

基于NOAA/SWPC公布的太阳活动数据,我们选取第24太阳活动峰年附近的12个连续月份(2011年7月至2012年6月)和第23太阳活动周谷年附近的12个连续月份(2005年7月至2006年6月),统计了这两段时间中太阳黑子群和耀斑的活动规律,并根据时间、黑子群分布纬度、寿命和磁场类型等对峰年和谷年进行了详细分析和比较,主要结论如下所述.(1)黑子群数随时间的变化在峰年和谷年均比较随机,峰年期间黑子数比谷年增多1.5倍左右.耀斑爆发与黑子群活动具有良好的相关性,但峰年期间存在某个月份耀斑数很少的现象,而谷年期间存在某个月份耀斑数集中增多的现象.(2)无论峰年还是谷年,δ类型黑子群的耀斑产率(耀斑总数与黑子群总数之比)最大,但β型黑子群产生的耀斑爆发最多.耀斑产率与磁场类型有密切关系,但与其所处太阳活动周中的阶段无关.(3)黑子群和耀斑的纬度分布的南北不对称性,以X级耀斑最为显著.峰年较谷年的耀斑数增加主要集中在C级和M级.(4)耀斑产率同黑子群寿命具有良好的相关性,但黑子群的数目同它们的寿命之间没有明显的规律.     

A method to predict amplitude and date of maximum sunspot number

A method to predict the amplitude and date of the maximum sunspot number is introduced. The regression analysis of the relationship between the variation rate of monthly sunspot numbers in the initial stage of solar cycles and both of the maximum and the time-length of ascending period of the cycle showed that they are closely correlative. In general, the maximum will be larger and the ascending period will be shorter when the rate is larger. The rate of sunspot numbers in the initial 2 years of the 23rd cycle is thus analyzed based on these grounds and the maximum of the cycle is predicted. For the smoothed monthly sunspot numbers, the maximum will be about 139.2±18.8 and the time-length of ascending period will be about 3.31±0.42 years, that is to say, the maximum will appear around the spring of the year 2000. For the mean monthly ones, the maximum will be near 170.1±22.9 and the time-length of ascending period will be about 3.42±0.46 years, that is to say, the appearing date of the maximum will be later.     

Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years

Direct observations of sunspot numbers are available for the past four centuries, but longer time series are required, for example, for the identification of a possible solar influence on climate and for testing models of the solar dynamo. Here we report a reconstruction of the sunspot number covering the past 11,400 years, based on dendrochronologically dated radiocarbon concentrations. We combine physics-based models for each of the processes connecting the radiocarbon concentration with sunspot number. According to our reconstruction, the level of solar activity during the past 70 years is exceptional, and the previous period of equally high activity occurred more than 8,000 years ago. We find that during the past 11,400 years the Sun spent only of the order of 10% of the time at a similarly high level of magnetic activity and almost all of the earlier high-activity periods were shorter than the present episode. Although the rarity of the current episode of high average sunspot numbers may indicate that the Sun has contributed to the unusual climate change during the twentieth century, we point out that solar variability is unlikely to have been the dominant cause of the strong warming during the past three decades.     

Long-term variations of solar activity

Using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram we analyzed two sunspot series: the one over the past 11000 years at the 10-year interval based upon the survey data of 14C concentration in tree-rings, recon- structed by Solanki et al.; and the sunspot number over the past 7000 years, derived from geomagnetic variations by Usoskin et al. We found the periods and quasi-periods in solar activity, such as about 225, 352, 441, 522 and 561 a, and near 1000 and 2000 a. An approach of wavelet transform was applied to check the two sunspot time series, with emphasis on investigating time-varying characteristics in the long-term fluctuations of solar activity. The results show that the lengths and amplitudes of the periods have changed with time, and large variations have taken place during some periods.     

Lons-term variations of solar activity

Using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram we analyzed two sunspot series： the one over the past 11000 years at the 10-year interval based upon the survey data of ^14C concentration in tree-rings, reconstructed by Solanki et al.; and the sunspot number over the past 7000 years, derived from geomagnetic variations by Usoskin et al. We found the periods and quasi-periods in solar activity, such as about 225, 352, 441,522 and 561 a, and near 1000 and 2000 a. An approach of wavelet transform was applied to check the two sunspot time series, with emphasis on investigating time-varying characteristics in the long-term fluctuations of solar activity. The results show that the lengths and amplitudes of the periods have changed with time, and large variations have taken place during some periods.     

Time-variation of the near 5-month period of sunspot numbers

The variation of the near 5-month period of sunspot numbers is discussed on the basis of the wavelet transform of the daily sunspot number series in the 14th—22nd solar cycles. The result shows that the period exists in every cycle and its energy density (amplitude) is comparatively large in the peak section of the cycle. In the distinct cycle, the length and intensity of the period is different, which means that the period varies with time. The near 25-day period is also analyzed and it is found to be timevariable and even not very stable in the peak section of the cycle. The variations of the two periods show that the near 5-month period should not be simply regarded as the multiples of the near 25-day period.     

太阳磁场磁性指数对东亚夏季风的影响

根据太阳黑子相对数建立了1850~2011年太阳磁场磁性指数序列,并分析了其变化规律与特征,应用SLP和NCEP/NCAR资料归一化得出相对应年代的东亚夏季风指数以及东亚地区的海陆温度变化趋势,基于Morlet小波分析法对太阳磁场磁性指数和东亚夏季风的相关性做了相应的分析,并在此基础上分析了太阳活动影响东亚夏季风的途径。结果表明:海陆温差的变化是太阳活动影响东亚夏季风的主要途径;从1972年开始东亚地区海陆温差大幅度减小,随之东亚夏季风也存在较大幅度的减弱并与太阳磁场磁性指数呈负相关;且太阳磁场磁性指数与东亚夏季风存在相同的22年和40年层次周期。     

用数字信号处理方法分析太阳黑子活动的周期性

太阳黑子数是描述太阳活动水平的主要指标,太阳活动直接影响人类健康和人类赖以生存的环境—地球;依据数字信号处理原理,采用多种处理方法,分析处理了1770-1869年的太阳黑子数年均值;得出了太阳黑子存在11-12年周期的结论.结果表明该方法对研究太阳活动规律乃至天体规律是有效的.     

Prediction of solar cycle based on the invariant

A new method of predicting solar activities has been introduced in this paper. The method can predict both the occurrence time and the maximum number of sunspot at the same time. By studying the variation of sunspot, we find that the combination of the several variables was nearly invariable during the entire solar cydes, as called invariant. And just only by determining the start time of a cycle, we can predict the occurrence time of cycle‘s peak value accurately. Furthermore, according to observational data of the sunspot cycles, it showed that the sunspot maximum number has correlation not only with the prophase variety of the number in the cycle but also with the anaphase of the previous period. So we can introduce an equivalent regression coefficient, which can dynamically self-adapt to different cycle lengths, and effectively solve the inconsistency between the accuracy and the lead-time of the forecast. It can guarantee the satisfied accuracy and effectively increases the lead-time of the forecast. This method can predict the maximum sunspot number for solar cycle at the approximate half rise of the period. This method predicts that the occurrence time of the maximum sunspot number for cycle 24 will be in January 2011.     

混凝土内钢筋锈蚀速率时变的全过程模式

讨论恒定气候环境下,混凝土内钢筋锈蚀速率的变化。在恒定气候环境和氯盐侵蚀条件下,对混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀电流密度进行测量。测量结果表明,在钢筋锈蚀过程中,锈蚀速率(锈蚀电流密度）具有时变特性,并且其时变过程可以划分为6个阶段。试验结果也显示了混凝土强度及混凝土电阻率对钢筋锈蚀速率变化的影响。基于不同锈蚀水平下钢筋与混凝土交界面过渡区(ITZ）的细观结构,开展了试验结果的机理分析,发现锈蚀层的发展和锈胀开裂是影响锈蚀过程的主要因素。最后,建立了钢筋锈蚀速率时变的全过程模式。     

Has the maximum of Solar Cycle 23 appeared?

In this note, we define firstly a compositive parameter as an index describing the level of solar activity in a solar cycle. The parameter is derived from a combination of the smoothed monthly mean sunspot number with the fluctuation of the associated monthly mean sunspot numbers to the smoothed one. Then, a method is developed for estimating the time of the appearance of a solar maximum based on the conception of similar cycles. An application of the method to the 23rd solar cycle shows that the maximum of the cycle should have appeared in the period from April to August 2000, and the descending phase of Cycle 23 has come.     

地磁位谐波振幅的南北非对称性

 利用第10代国际参考地磁场模型(IGRF)的资料,研究了地磁位的谐波振幅的纬度分布及其时间变化.结果表明,地磁位偶极子成分的谐波振幅北半球大于南半球,谐波振幅随时间减小,北半球的减小比南半球快,振幅变化率高纬度地区周期小,低纬度地区周期长,平均有60 a左右的周期.非偶极子成分的谐波振幅南半球大于北半球,谐波振幅随时间增大,北半球比南半球增加快,振幅变化率南半球比北半球变化强烈,没有明显的周期规律.地磁位的谐波振幅变化有明显的纬度依赖性,在南北半球的分布及其时间变化与地球赤道非对称.     

混沌时间序列的局域线性回归预测方法

混沌时间序列预测是８０年代末发展起来的一种非线性预测新方法．它已在天气预报、经济预测、电力负荷预测、股市预测等方面得到成功应用．混沌运动是确定系统具有内在随机性的一种运动,它的行为极其敏感地依赖于初始条件．混沌系统从两个极其邻近的初始点出发的两条轨道...     

血糖均值增龄曲线选择性偏差校正方法

为研究正常人群血糖的变化规律,应用大量实测数据构建了人群血糖均值随年龄变化曲线,提出一种基于Heckman模型的血糖曲线选择性偏差校正方法,对血糖曲线进行了偏差分析及校正.根据偏差显著性系数(IMR)呈显著状态以及数据校正对方程的参数估计结果的优化,证实了选择性偏差的存在以及对其有效的校正;应用跟踪数据进行了曲线趋势变化的验证,校正后的曲线平均误差明显小于校正前的平均误差,表明校正方法及校正结果的有效性.     

110年来太阳黑子活动与南方低温冰冻灾害关系探析——以广东粤北地区为例

以2008年广东低温雨雪冰冻灾害天气及其影响为研究切入点,本文根据史料和气象资料分析了110年来广东地区出现的10次低温雨雪天气及灾害情况,认为太阳黑子活动与冰灾的产生有一定的相关关系.研究发现广东冰灾多出现在太阳活动谷年及其附近;冰灾与太阳黑子活动11年和22年的周期有相关性;太阳黑子活动谷年前后,则广东冰灾发生的机率会更高.     

地球主磁场的周期性特征

 利用BJ模型和国际地磁参考场(IGRF)模型资料,研究了地球主磁场的周期特点.结果表明,地磁偶极子磁矩变化率、功率谱变化率以及非偶极子磁场各阶球谐系数的平均漂移速率均存在60 a左右的周期.其它与二阶项有关的地磁参数中普遍具有30 a周期,且西向漂移的加权平均项及其二阶项也存在30 a周期变化.因此60 a和30 a周期是地磁长期变化的主要特征周期.     

第22太阳活动周软X射线耀斑的统计研究

根据GOES卫星资料 (1～ 8 ) ,统计了第 2 2太阳活动周 (1986 .9～ 1996 .10 )软X射线耀斑数 ,共计 2 0 930个耀斑 ,其中X级最少 ,不到 1% ;M级为 10 % ;C级最多 ,约占 6 0 % .统计发现 ,此活动周有两个峰 ,分别在 1989年和 1991年 ,1989年平均耀斑指数为 4 2 7,1991年为 4 6 8;C、M及X级耀斑数在活动周的上升期迅速增大 ,两年多时间就达到极大 ;而下降期缓慢减小 ,长达 4年多 ;耀斑发生率随软X射线峰值流量的变化呈幂律谱分布 ,谱指数为 - 2 .135 ,相关系数为- 0 .987;小耀斑易受背景影响 ,B级耀斑以及C级耀斑中的较小者在峰年及其前后往往湮没在背景中 ,无法辨别 .还发现X射线耀斑的光学对应体 (Hα耀斑 )与X射线耀斑的比率随X射线耀斑级别的增高而增大 ,X级的光学对应体达 94 % ,M级为 83% ,C级为 6 3% ,B级只有 30 % .     

1644-1911年云贵地区旱涝灾害的周期特征以及对太阳黑子活动的响应

为探究历史时期气候灾害特征及影响因子,建立了清代1644-1911年云贵地区的旱涝指数序列,采用滑动t检验和总体经验模态分解（EEMD）分析了清代云贵地区旱涝灾害的突变特征和多时间尺度周期性特征,研究表明：清代云贵地区旱涝指数整体较平稳,呈现先明显增加后减少,然后趋于平稳,清末又明显增加的趋势,旱涝指数序列具有多个跃变点,且具有显著的2.8 a和6.6 a年际周期,13.0 a和40.2 a的年代际周期.由旱涝灾害年次和年均县次比的空间分布图发现,其具有同旱同涝的空间分布特征.由于13.0 a的周期与太阳黑子相对数序列的周期接近,故采用交叉小波分析着重探究了太阳黑子活动对云贵地区旱涝变化的影响,发现云贵地区旱涝指数序列同太阳黑子相对数序列在3~6 a的时间尺度具有强凝聚性共振周期.