The persistent anomaly of summertime circulation over the Ural Mountains

The tropical heating and transient activity features during the period of the persistent anomaly of summertime circulation over the Ural Mountains are studied, and a possible mechanism responsible for formation and maintenance of persistent anomalies is proposed. The mechanism can be summarized as a kind of self-sustaining through a two-way interaction of stationary wave with transient eddies under the consistent forcing of abnormal heating in the tropics.     

The 1997–1998 warm event in the South China Sea

A strong warm event happens during spring 1997 to spring 1999 in the South China Sea. Its intensity and duration show that it is the strongest event on the record over the past decades. It also corresponds with the severe flood over the valley of the Yangtze River and a couple of marine environmental events. This note addressed the evolution process by using several data sets, such as sea surface temperature, height and wind stress in addition to subsurface temperature. The onset of the warm event almost teleconnects with the El Niño event in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Summer monsoon is stronger and winter monsoon is weaker in 1997 so that there are persistent westerly anomalies in the South China Sea. During the development phase, the warm advection caused by southerly anomalies is the major factor while the adjustment of the thermocline is not obvious. Subsequently, the southerly anomalies decay and even northerly anomalies appear in the summer of 1998 resulting from the weaker than normal summer monsoon in 1998 in the South China Sea. The thermocline develops deeper than normal, which causes the downwelling pattern and the start of the maintaining phase of the warm event. Temperature anomalies in the southern South China Sea begin to decay in the winter of 1998–1999 and this warm event ends in the May of 1999.     

The 1997-1998 warm event in the South China Sea

A strong warm event happens during spring 1997 to spring 1999 in the South China Sea. Its intensity and duration show that it is the strongest event on the record over the past decades. It also corresponds with the severe flood over the valley of the Yangtze River and a couple of marine environmental events. This note addressed the evolution process by using several data sets, such as sea surface temperature, height and wind stress in addition to subsurface temperature. The onset of the warm event almost teleconnects with the El Ni?o event in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Summer monsoon is stronger and winter monsoon is weaker in 1997 so that there are persistent westerly anomalies in the South China Sea. During the development phase, the warm advection caused by southerly anomalies is the major factor while the adjustment of the thermocline is not obvious. Subsequently, the southerly anomalies decay and even northerly anomalies appear in the summer of 1998 resulting from the weaker than normal summer monsoon in 1998 in the South China Sea. The thermocline develops deeper than normal, which causes the downwelling pattern and the start of the maintaining phase of the warm event. Temperature anomalies in the southern South China Sea begin to decay in the winter of 1998-1999 and this warm event ends in the May of 1999.     

Role of sea surface temperature and soil-moisture feedback in the 1998 Oklahoma-Texas drought

The drought that affected the US states of Oklahoma and Texas in the summer of 1998 was strong and persistent, with soil moisture reaching levels comparable to those of the 1930s 'dust bowl'. Although other effects of the record-strength 1997-98 El Ni?o were successfully predicted over much of the United States, the Oklahoma-Texas drought was not. Whereas the response of the tropical atmosphere to strong anomalies in sea surface temperature is quite predictable, the response of the extratropical atmosphere is more variable. Here we present results from mechanistic experiments to clarify the origin and maintenance of this extratropical climate extreme. In addition to global atmospheric models, we use a regional model to isolate regional climate feedbacks. We conclude that during April and May 1998, sea surface temperature anomalies combined with a favourable atmospheric circulation to establish the drought. In June-August, the regional positive feedback associated with lower evaporation and precipitation contributed substantially to the maintenance of the drought. The drought ended in the autumn, when stronger large-scale weather systems were able to penetrate the region and overwhelm the soil-moisture feedback. Our results show the potential for numerical models including appropriate physical processes to make skillful predictions of regional climate.     

Chromosome instability and immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in a DNA methyltransferase gene

The recessive autosomal disorder known as ICF syndrome (for immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies; Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 242860) is characterized by variable reductions in serum immunoglobulin levels which cause most ICF patients to succumb to infectious diseases before adulthood. Mild facial anomalies include hypertelorism, low-set ears, epicanthal folds and macroglossia. The cytogenetic abnormalities in lymphocytes are exuberant: juxtacentromeric heterochromatin is greatly elongated and thread-like in metaphase chromosomes, which is associated with the formation of complex multiradiate chromosomes. The same juxtacentromeric regions are subject to persistent interphase self-associations and are extruded into nuclear blebs or micronuclei. Abnormalities are largely confined to tracts of classical satellites 2 and 3 at juxtacentromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16. Classical satellite DNA is normally heavily methylated at cytosine residues, but in ICF syndrome it is almost completely unmethylated in all tissues. ICF syndrome is the only genetic disorder known to involve constitutive abnormalities of genomic methylation patterns. Here we show that five unrelated ICF patients have mutations in both alleles of the gene that encodes DNA methyltransferase 3B (refs 5, 6). Cytosine methylation is essential for the organization and stabilization of a specific type of heterochromatin, and this methylation appears to be carried out by an enzyme specialized for the purpose.     

平流层NAM异常对东北冷涡活动影响的研究

为了研究平流层环流异常对东北冷涡的影响, 使用NCEP/NCAR(1958?2010年)再分析资料(日平均、月平均位势高度场及温度场), 对平流层NAM (northern hemisphere annular mode, 北半球环状模)异常期间东北冷涡的活动特征和三维空间结果进行了统计和合成分析。结果发现, 与平流层NAM正异常相比, 在平流层NAM负位相异常期间, 东北冷涡发生的频次更多和持续天数更长, 强度也更强。对平流层NAM不同位相异常期间的合成分析表明, 在平流层NAM负位相异常期间, 东北冷涡强度更强, 与平流层环流异常联系更紧密。同时平流层NAM负位相异常期间, 有强的行星波活动, 行星波的活动促进和加强了东北冷涡的发展。研究结果对使用平流层NAM异常预测冬季东北冷涡有重要意义。     

西太平洋海温和北极海冰异常对大气环流的影响

利用九层菱形截断１５波的全球大气环流谱模式,对赤道西太平洋海表温度,北极海冰及综合异常精形在北半球夏季大气环流中的作用进行了一系列数值试验和分析。结果表明：赤道西太平洋海表温度的异常变化与北极海冰面呼焦异均可显著影响大气环流,但海冰异常对低纬大气环流的影响远小于西太平洋的海温异常的影响。对全球大气环流异常形成机制的讨论,表二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波开的传播及外强迫引起的大气内部动力学过程虽夏季大气环流异常     

铜离子对鲫鱼血红细胞微核和核异常的影响

研究了铜离子对鲫鱼的遗传毒害性。结果显示 :铜离子对鲫鱼的毒性是比较大的。在用不同的铜离子浓度处理相同时间或用同一浓度处理不同时间后 ,鲫鱼的微核率、核异常率与总核异常率都明显上升。微核率与浓度之间 ,以及与处理时间之间均出现较为明显的正相关性 ,即具有剂量效应和时间效应。核异常率和总核异常率除个别组外 ,也都出现了同样的效应。     

2010-2011年冬季La Ni(n)a事件对北半球极涡的影响分析

为了探讨强极涡与La Ni(n)a事件之间的关系,利用NCEP/NCAR(日平均、月平均位势高度及温度场)再分析资料对2010-2011年冬季进行个例研究.与气候态相比,2010-2011年冬季北半球平流层极涡偏强,同时,显著的强海温负异常(La Ni(n)a事件)也持续整个冬季.结果表明,受La Ni(n)a事件影响,对流层环流场和温度场得到较大的调整,出现PNA (Pacific North American)型异常环流形势和相对应的温度异常分布.2010年12月,阿留申地区出现负值的热量经向输送,使得该地区从对流层上升至平流层的行星波动与气候态相比明显减弱,从而导致平流层极涡较气候平均态偏强.这一La Ni(n)a事件对平流层极涡影响的动力过程也从1948-2010年期间选出的13个冬季强La Ni(n)a事件的合成分析结果中得到证实.     

平流层NAM异常对乌拉尔山阻塞高压的影响

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 对53年(1958?2010年)冬季的平流层北半球环状模(NAM)正、负异常下传期间乌拉尔山阻塞高压的活动特征分别进行合成分析。结果表明, 在平流层NAM负异常下传期间, 阻塞高压事件的发生频次更高, 生命期更长, 并且在空间上发展得更加深厚。阻塞高压崩溃之后, 冷空气主体偏北, 所造成的我国北方地区降温也更强。通过对E-P 通量分析发现, 在NAM负异常下传期间, 乌拉尔山区域的波动更容易向上传播, 更有助于对流层乌拉尔山阻塞高压的维持和发展。这些结果对利用平流层环流异常信号预测我国北方冬季短期气候变率, 尤其是寒潮天气有重要意义。     

除草剂“草甘膦”对蟾蜍外周血红细胞微核及核异常的影响

本文研究了低毒除草剂“草甘膦”对蟾蜍外周血红细胞微核及核异常的影响，分别统计了微核细胞率；微核率；异常率和核异常率，研究结果表明，用草甘膦处理3天和5天后，不同浓度的药物对蟾蜍的红细胞微核率和核异常率均有一定程度的影响；但用不同黉度药物处理后红细胞的微核率和核异常率虽有差异，却没有出现显著的剂量效应。     

正压海洋对中纬西风响应的解析解及讨论

采用中纬度正压准平衡海洋模型,解析求解了其对时变风场强迫的响应,主要结论有: 在时刻t=0和T／2 (T为风场变化周期),在β通道中线上该风场强迫出明显的海洋流场,而在时刻t=T／4和3T／4,虽无大气风场强迫,但仍有较弱的海洋流场。在β通道西边界附近的海洋响应为一对由气旋性和反气旋性曲率构成的涡旋偶,这与在日本本州岛以东、以南海洋流场的EOF模态相像。该解析解中时变风场与流场响应的频率完全相同,但两者存在有位相差,这表明流场响应要滞后于风场异常。该海洋响应的性质属准平衡涡旋波。该解析解能够大体反映时变风场强迫下中纬度北太平洋上层海洋流场的响应,且较先前的结果要优。     

Magnetic recording of the Cenozoic oceanic crustal accretion and evolution of the South China Sea basin

We review and discuss some of the recent scientific findings made on magnetic data in the South China Sea (SCS). Magnetic anomalies bear extremely rich information on Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution. 3D analytical signal amplitudes computed from magnetic anomalies reveal very precisely relict distributions of Mesozoic sedimentary sequences on the two conjugate continental margins, and they are also found very effective in depicting later-stage magmatism and tectonic transitions and zonation within the SCS oceanic crust. Through integrated analyses of magnetic, gravity and reflection seismic data, we define the continent-ocean boundary (COB) around the South China Sea continental margin, and find that the COB coincides very well with a transition zone from mostly positive to negative free-air gravity anomalies. This accurate outlining of the COB is critical for better tracing magnetic anomalies induced by the oceanic crust. The geometrically complex COB and inner magnetic zonation require the introduction of an episodic opening model, as well as a transform fault (here coined as Zhongnan Fault) between the East and Southwest Sub-basins, while within the East and Southwest Sub-basins, magnetic anomalies are rather continuous later-ally, indicating nonexistence of large transform faults within these sub-basins. We enhance magnetic anomalies caused by the shallow basaltic layer via a band-pass filter, and recognize that the likely oldest magnetic anomaly near the northern continental margin is C12 according to the magnetic time scale CK95. Near the southern continental margin, magnetic anomalies are less recognizable and the anomaly C12 appears to be missing. These differences show an asymmetrical opening style with respect to the relict spreading center, and the northern part appears to have slightly faster spreading rates than to the south. The magnetic anomalies C8 (M1 and M2, ~26 Ma) represent important magnetic boundaries within the oceanic basin, and are possibly related to changes in spreading rates and magmatic intensities. The magnetic evidence for a previously proposed ridge jump after the anomaly C7 is not clear. The age of the Southwest Sub-basin has yet to be further examined, most favorably with deep-tow magnetic surveys and ocean drilling. Our magnetic spectral study shows that the shallowest Curie points are located around the eastern part of the Southwestern Sub-basin, whereas within the East Sub-basin Curie depths are smaller to the north of the relict spreading center than to the south. This pattern of Curie depths is consistent to regional heat flow measurements and later-stage volcanic seamount distributions, and we therefore reason that Curie-depth variations are closely associated with later-stage magmatism, rather than with crustal ages. Although magnetic anomalies located around the northern continent-ocean transition zone (COT) are relatively quiet, this area is not a typical magnetic quiet zone since conceptually it differs markedly from an oceanic magnetic quiet zone. The relatively quiet magnetic anomalies are seemingly associated with a shallowing in Curie isotherm and thinning in magnetic layer, but our comprehensive observations suggest that the well-preserved thick Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are major causes for the magnetically quiet zone. The high similarities between various low-pass filtered marine and air-borne magnetic anomalies and satellite magnetic anomalies clearly confirm that deeper magnetic sources (in the lower crust and the uppermost mantle) have contributions to long-wavelength surface magnetic anomalies in the area, as already inferred from magnetically inversed Curie depths. The offshore south China magnetic anomaly (SCMA) becomes more prominent on low-pass filtered marine and air-borne magnetic anomalies and satellite magnetic anomalies, indicating very deeply-buried magnetic sources beneath it.     

广西融水县有富多金属矿区地球化学研究及金矿找矿预测

在广西融水县有富多金属矿区开展3种地球化学方法(地电提取测量法、土壤离子电导率测量法和土壤热释汞测量法)的测量找矿研究工作。在一含铜矿化脉体上方发现有电导率(Con)、热释汞(Hg),地电提取Au离子的异常,认为地电化学方法在该区是可行和有效的。运用这套方法在研究区发现了5个电导率异常、10个土壤热释汞异常、13个地电提取Au异常,从而圈定出有望找矿(化)综合异常(段)6个,并划定出2块异常找矿远景区。由于研究区为未知地块,因此建议施工7个地表探槽,探槽总长230m。     

Climate change threats to protected plants of China: an evaluation based on species distribution modeling

Climate change poses major new challenges to biodiversity conservation. Distribution ranges of species have been proven to be affected by climate anomalies. Detecting the extent of protected species response to climate change can help formulate flexible conservation strategies to overcome the changing climate. Using species distribution modeling and high resolution climate data, we simulated current distribution patterns of 233 protected plants in China. Those patterns were then projected into future suitable habitats for each species under nine climate change scenarios, with no migration or full migration hypotheses. Under the most extreme climate change scenario （CGCM-B2a）, we evaluated species extinction risks. Sixteen percent of protected plants are expected to lose more than 30 % of their current ranges. By calculating areal shifts, hotspots for emigrants, immigrants, and persistent species were identified under climate change. Flexible conservation strategies were addressed for those regions. Those strategies strongly depend on the migration types of species and sensitivity of the hotspots to changing climate. In hotspots for emigrants, the main conservation strategy is ex situ protection; protected species from these regions should be stored in seed banks or botanical gardens. For hotspots of immigrants, enough space should be maintained for new species, and some measures are necessary to assist dispersal. For hotspots of persistent species, more natural reserves are needed. We highlight related fields that can help conserve protected species in the future, such as conserving the soil seed bank and understanding of the effects of migration ability and interactions between protected species.     

地表温度异常机理及热红外遥感监测——以河南焦作煤层气富集区为例

在地表能量辐射平衡理论分析的基础上,从岩石热传导、土壤热传导以及煤层气储层影响热导率等方面分析了地下热传导,探讨了地球内部热量传递导致地表温度异常的原因。选择河南焦作煤层气富集区作为热红外遥感监测靶区,运用ASTER热红外遥感数据进行温度反演。首先利用大气辐射传输模型MODTRAN 4进行大气校正获得大气透过率,然后根据NDVI计算地表比辐射率,最后采用分裂窗简化算法反演地表温度。结果表明:研究区温度反演最低为296.62K,最高为302.67K,部分研究区呈现显著温度异常。通过分析该区域温度异常的不同原因,注意到富含煤层气对应的靶区呈现温度异常,根据地下热传导机理,据此推断该靶区温度异常是由于地下煤层富含煤层气从而导致地下热导率低于周围地层的热导率所致,该结论仍需要应用其他手段进一步验证。     

基于背景场的地震亮温异常时空演变分析——以2014年新疆于田Ms7.3级地震为例

本文处理了新疆地区2010~2014年的FY-2E卫星热红外亮温数据,基于构建的亮温背景场资料,对2014年2月12日新疆于田Ms7.3级地震前地表红外亮温的时空分布和演变特征进行了分析。研究发现震前亮温异常主要呈条带状分布于塔里木盆地西南缘和东南缘地区,其位置和走向均与于田地震所处断裂带相吻合;异常出现在2014年1月27日(地震前16天),一直持续到2月2日(地震前10天),之后迅速消失;亮温异常十分明显,异常出现时亮温均值相比背景值增幅达8K～10K,异常值增幅可达20K以上。此次亮温异常现象在时空演变的各个方面均与于田地震具有很好的相关性,亮温背景场资料对于地震异常提取具有一定参考价值。     

玉树Mw7．1地震前电离层异常扰动初步分析

为了研究地震电离层效应,采用CODE提供的全球电离层地图（GIM）数据分析了2010年4月14日玉树7．1级地震．通过插值提取了震中区域震前的TEC时间序列,利用滑动四分位距法排除太阳（SSN、F10．7）和地磁活动（Dst、Kp）的干扰,发现电离层在震前26天和13天存在明显异常．全球电离层异常分布结果显示,震前26天的电离层异常幅度小于震前13天的异常幅度,这可能与临震时间有关．此外,两次异常的峰值点与震中区域并不严格对应,而是靠近震中偏向赤道的一侧,同时磁共轭区也有异常出现,但范围和幅度较小,这两次电离层异常有可能是地震前兆．     

Effects of autumn-winter Arctic sea ice on winter Siberian High

The intensity of the winter Siberian High has significantly negative correlations with Arctic sea ice concentration anomalies from the previous autumn to winter seasons in the Eastern Arctic Ocean and Siberian marginal seas. Our results indicate that autumn-winter Arctic sea ice concentration and concurrent sea surface temperature anomalies are responsible for the winter Siberian High and surface air temperature anomalies over the mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and East Asia. Numerical experiments also support this conclusion, and consistently show that the low sea ice concentration causes negative surface air temperature anomalies over the mid-high latitudes of Eurasia. A mechanism is proposed to explain the association between autumn-winter sea ice concentration and winter Siberian High. Our results also show that September sea ice concentration provides a potential precursor for winter Siberian High that cannot be predicted using only tropical sea surface temperatures. In the last two decades (1990–2009), a strengthening trend of winter Siberian High along with a decline trend in surface air temperature in the mid-high latitudes of the Asian Continent have favored the recent frequent cold winters over East Asia. The reason for these short-term trends in winter Siberian High and surface air temperature are discussed.     

大气环流对冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常的响应

利用全球大气环流模式CAM3,研究了冬季北半球大气环流和东亚副热带西风急流对同期黑潮延伸体海温异常增暖响应的敏感性及东亚西风急流的响应机理.结果表明,模式能较好地刻画冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常增暖导致的北半球大气环流异常,特别是中纬地区大气环流异常“+、-”相问的分布特征.中高纬是大气对冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常响应的敏感区,...