Eco-physiological studies onZornia diphylla pers. with reference to adaptive seed dormancy

Summary Seeds ofZornia diphylla possess a complex type of dormancy which is of great survival value for the species. Seeds show polymorphism. The optimum temperature for germination explains the cause of its distribution in the tropics. The grazing and scraping promotes the vegetative growth.The author is grateful to Dr.R. Sahai and Dr.R. S. Tripathi, Gorakhpur University, for guidance and to Dr.Y. B. Singh, Principal, and Dr.G. C. Srivastava, Head Dept. Botany, for encouragement and facilities. Thanks are due to my colleagues late SriP. N. Gupta, SriJ. Abraham, SriF. Abbasi, and Dr.A. B. Sinha for their cooperation.     

Karyotypic races of the common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) from northern Poland

Summary Karyotypic races of the common shrew which differed with respect to the combinations of chromosome arms in certain 2-armed autosomes were distinguished in Poland. Two eastern races with the arm combinationik, and one western race with the arm combinationhi in the third pair of autosomes were established. In the contact area of these chromosomal forms, the fourth karyotypic race with the arm combinationhk was found.I wish to express my gratitude to my wife, A.M. Wójcik, M. Sc., for her help in catching the animals and making chromosome preparations. I must also offer my thanks to Dr J. Zima for giving me access to his as yet unpublished data, and to Prof. Z. Pucek and Dr S. Fedyk for reading the first draft of this paper.     

Alteration in catecholamines in local cerebral cortex lesions

Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass corticale Läsionen eine Akkumulation von Noradrenalin an der Läsionsstelle hervorrufen.

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I wish to express my thanks to Dr.Catherine Mytilineou, Dr.Lucien Côté and Mrs.Irene Tar for their assistance in this study.     

Enhancement by caffeine of sister-chromatid exchange frequency induced by antineoplastic agents in human lymphocytes

Summary The SCE frequency induced by Thiotepa and the effect of this antineoplastic drug in combination with caffeine have been studied in cultures of human peripheral blood. Caffeine was found to enhance SCE and breakage frequencies induced by Thiotepa in human lymphocytes.Acknowledgment. I am deeply grateful to Dr M.J.W. Faed, for stimulating discussions, guidance and constructive criticism. This paper is a part of my Ph.D. thesis submitted to Dundee University.     

Autoradiographic studies on RNA synthesis and transport in the Salivary gland ofLygaeus sp. (Hemiptera-Lygaeidae)

Summary Autoradiographic studies using³H-uridine in the salivary gland of adultLygaeus sp. were carried out. The gland cell nuclei, particularly the multiple nucleoli, are the sites of incorporation of the label exhibiting RNA synthesis. The labelled molecules (RNA) are transported to the cell cytoplasm and then into the gland lumen in which no turnover of the radioactivity is observed.I am grateful to my teacher, Prof. P. S. Ramamurty, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, for his constant inspiration. Grateful acknowledgement is made to Prof. J. P. Thapliyal, Dept of Zoology, B. H. U. for encouragement and to Dr Om Prakash, Dept of Biochemistry, B. H. U. for his valuable criticism.     

Effect of fungal staling growth products on colony interaction amongRhizoctonia solani Kuhn and some potential rhizosphere fungi

Summary Colony interactions betweenRhizoctonia solani Kuhn: a root pathogen ofLycopersicon esculentum Mill and some dominant rhizosphere fungi were assessed in vitro in virgin and staled agar to examine their antagonistic ability and tolerance to antagonism. The range of inhibition ofR. solani varied widely in competition with some of the antagonists.Acknowledgments. I would like to express my appreciation to Dr R. S. Dwivedi for encouragement and CSIR for financial assistance.Address for reprint request: Dr D.K. Arora, Old G/14, Jodhpur Colony, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.     

Occurence of diploid drones in a neotropical bumblebee

Zusammenfassung Mutter-Sohn-Kreuzung bei der südamerikanischen HummelBombus atratus Franklin ergab diploide Männchen mit normalen Arbeiterinnen im Verhältnis von 3 zu 1. Tur Interpretation des genetischen Mechanismus wurden 2 geschlechtsgebundene Loci angenommen, als bisher angenommen wurde, was für einen älteren Mechanismus bei Apiden spricht.

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This study was made possible by a grant of the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).

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Acknowledgment. I would like to thank Dr.W. E. Kerr, Dr.R. Zucchi and Dr.S. F. Sakagami for their excellent assistance during the course of this investigation as well during the translation. I also would like to thank Dr.R. H. Crozier for his suggestions and comments and I extend my thankfulness to professorsJ. Chaud Netto andZ. Silveira.     

Possible genetic consequences of meiosis in pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) populations

Resumen El analisis de la primera división meiótica des roeder fosorial,Thomomys bottae, muestra una uniformidad notable en la colocación de quiasmas en los bivalentes, a pesar de las diferencias existentes en los cariotipos somáticos. La frecuencia promedio de quiasmas por bivalente es muy baja (1.03), y la mayoria de los bivalentes demuestran que sus quiasmas se localizan en o cerca de un estremo del par.

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Acknowledgment is given to Dr.W. B. Heed and Dr.C. J. Cole for enlightening discussions and to my wife,Carol Patton, for aid in the field. Financial assistance was provided by an institutional biomedical sciences support grant from the National Institutes of Health and from the Committee on Research, University of California, Berkeley.     

Arousal-induced increase of cortical [K+] in unrestrained rats

Summary Changes of extracellular concentration of brain potassium [K⁺]_e were studied in lightly anesthetized unrestrained rats with ion-selective K⁺-microelectrodes introduced into the cerebral cortex with a head-mounted microdrive system. Nociceptive stimuli elicited EEG arousal lasting for 47 sec on the average which was accompanied by an increase of [K⁺]_e from 3.0 mM to 3.31 ± 0.04 mM.Acknowledgment. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Bure from the Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, for his kind help in the preparation of this article.     

Chiasmate type of meiosis in the roachNauphoeta cinerea (Oliver) (Fam: Blattidae)

Résumé Nauphoeta cinerea est un des Cafards chez lesquels le chiasma de la méiose a été nettement observé. Ce cas vient à l'appui de l'assertion deSuomalainen selon laquelle des chiasmas se présenteraient sous une forme soit «cachée» soit «visible» chez tous les Cafards. La «méiose sans chiasma» queJohn etLewis supposent existes au moins chezP. americana n'est pas non plus confirmée par nos recherches.

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I wish to thank one of the research scholars of the Department, Mr. V. L.Kallapur, for sparing readily some specimens of the roach for my work. Constructive criticisms by my colleague Dr. R. M.Patil are also acknowledged.     

Synergism of terramycin to inhibit the reproductivity ofAphis fabae Scop

Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass Piperonylbutoxid (0,2%) in Kombination mit Terramycin (0,2%) und dem Emulgator NP₁₀ (0,1%) die Larvalentwicklung verlangsamt und sowohl das Gewicht wie die Reproduktionsfähigkeit der resultierenden Adulten vonAphis fabae reduziert. Durch Zugabe des allein unwirksamen Piperonylbutoxyds werden diese Effekte gesteigert.

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I express my sincere thanks to Professor Dr.H. Schmutterer, Giessen University, West Germany, for advice and encouragement, and to the German Academic Exchange Service for the financial assistance.     

Fluoride and calcium levels in the aorta

Zusammenfassung Fluor- und Kalziumwerte in verkalktem Aortengewebe wurden mit denen von makroskopisch normal erscheinendem Aortengewebe verglichen. Der Fluorgehalt der Aorta verschiedener Personen zeigte grosse individuelle Schwankungen, die unabhängig vom Kalziumgehalt waren. Eine direkte Korrelation des Aortenfluors mit dem Lebensalter wurde festgestellt. Die statistische Auswertung der Untersuchungen vonCall et al.² ergab, dass der Fluorgehalt der Aorta unabhängig von demjenigen des Skelettes ist.

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I appreciate the cooperation of Drs. E.Booth and J. R.Mc-Donald, pathologists at Hutzel and Harper Hospitals respectively, for furnishing the aorta specimens; D. L. J.Savage and Mr. J. M.Lucas of the Department of Statistics at Yale University for their statistical interpretation of my data; Dr. R. A.Kemp Harper, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, England, and Dr. G.Nalbone, Department of Industrial Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy, for furnishing the illustrations in Figures 1 and 2.     

Isolation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins from seeds ofPhaseolus vulgaris L.

Summary Bean seeds challenged withRhizoctonia solani or exposed to natural microflora yielded the isoflavonoid phytoalexins: phaseollin, phaseollidin, phaseollinisoflavan, coumestrol and kievitone. The data suggest that seeds may have the major host-defence factors of a plant.The author thanks Dr Suresh S. Patil of University of Hawaii for his guidance and provision of laboratory facilities. Gift of phytoalexin samples by Dr S. Pueppke and Dr N.T. Keen is gratefully acknowledged. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, is thanked for the financial assistance.     

Nuclear pores. can they expand and contract to regulate nucleocytoplasmic exchange?

Summary Recent evidence has revived the idea that translocation of macromolecules between nucleus and cytoplasm may be regulated via expansion and contraction of the entire diameter of the nuclear pore complex. The present investigation does not support this hypothesis.Acknowledgments. We are indebted to Dr J.H.M. Willison for discussion of his and Dr Rajaraman's results before their publication. We also wish to thank Dr C. Thurston, Dr D.H. Williamson and Dr K. Lambert for providing some of the specimens used in this investigation. N.J. Severs acknowledges the support of the Science Research Council and the Cancer Research Campaign.     

Karyomorphology of two species ofTor (Pisces; Cyprinidae) with a high number of chromosomes

Summary The karyotypes ofTor khudree andTor tor, occurring in the Himalayan streams in India, are described. As reported earlier forT. putitora, the diploid complements in these 2 congeneric species also comprise 100 chromosomes. The modal number being 2n=50 in this family,Tor appears to be of tetraploid origin.The author is greatly indebted to Prof. G.K. Manna, and Prof. A.K. Bose, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, for encouragements and laboratory facilities. Financial aid from the University of Kalyani is gratefully acknowledged. Sincere thanks are also due to Dr M.K. Jyoti and Miss Anu Agarwal of the Department of Biosciences, Jammu University for their cordiality and help in various ways during my stay at Jammu.     

The rise of the tinplate industry.—V. Cockshutt on tinplate manufacture

Two laboratories which offered the new career of scientific work to women at the beginning of the twentieth century were the Biometric Laboratory and the Galton Eugenics Laboratory at University College London. The scientific careers of two women, Dr. Alice Lee (1859–1939) and Dr. Ethel Elderton (1878–1954), are examined. Intellectual and economic factors involved in the choice of a career in eugenics are described, together with some aspects of the relationship between eugenics and feminism.     

Membrane potential measurement in mouse salivary gland cells

Zusammenfassung Acetylcholin erzeugt auf das Membranpotential von Azinuszellen der Glandula submandibularis der Maus eine diphasische Veränderung des Membranpotentials (rasche Hyperpolarisation und langsame, verzögerte Depolarisation oder rasche Depolarisation und langsame Hyperpolarisation). Hinweise sprechen dafür, dass Acetylcholin die Permeabilität für Na⁺-und K⁺-Ionen erhöht.

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I am grateful to Dr.E. K. Matthews, who placed all necessary facilities in his laboratory at my disposal, for his great interest in this project and for many useful discussions.

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The excellent technical assistance ofG. L. Pedersen is gratefully acknowledged. Financial support came from; the Carlsberg Foundation, The Wellcome Trust and Johann and Hanne Weiman's legacy.     

A fungitoxic principle from the leaves ofLawsonia inermis Lam.

Summary During antifungal screening of higher plants, the leaves ofLawsonia inermis were found to exhibit strong fungitoxicity. On chemical investigation, the antifungal factor was found to be 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (Lawsone). The minimum effective dose against test organism was found to be 1000 ppm. Lawsone was found to exhibit fungicidal activity, wide fungitoxic spectrum and nonphytotoxicity.Acknowledgment. Authors are thankful to Dr Nitya Nand, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, for providing facilities to carry out chemical investigations. Our thanks are particularly due to Dr R. S. Kapil, Dr Geeta Devi Tripathi and Dr S. C. Tripathi for their help rendered in various ways.     

Effect of thiamine hydrochloride on the blood level of 2-formyl 1-methyl pyridinium oxime chloride (2-PAM.Cl) in rats

Summary The biological half-life of 2-PAM.Cl was found to increase in female rats pretreated with thiamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.m.). No such effect was observed in the male rats.Dr B.L. Chowdhri very kindly synthesized the compound 2-PAM.Cl in the Department of Chemistry of this establishment for this work.The authors are thankful to Dr P.K. Ramachandran, Director, and Dr A.K. Chatterjee, Deputy Director, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, for their keen interest in this work.     

Unsolved and controversial issues in human nutrition. Introduction

The Editors wish to thank Dr Y. Schutz for coordinating this multi-author review.