姜黄素对IL-6损伤的大鼠海马神经元的功能性保护作用及机制

目的:探讨姜黄素对IL-6损伤的大鼠海马神经元的功能性保护作用及其机制.方法:应用离体脑片记录技术,记录大鼠海马CA1区的兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP),给予Schaffer侧支高频电刺激(HFS)诱发长时程增强(LTP),观察不同药物处理组EPSP起始斜率的变化情况.结果:与对照组相比,IL-6和N-甲基D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)对大鼠海马脑片的LTP产生明显的抑制作用(P<0.05);而姜黄素可部分拮抗IL-6和NMDA对海马脑片LTP的抑制作用,与模型组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);IL-6、姜黄素和NMDA对大鼠海马神经元的基础突触传递无影响.结论:姜黄素对海马神经元具有功能性保护作用,其机制可能是作用于神经元细胞膜上的NMDA受体,拮抗IL-6引起神经元功能异常.     

Structural characteristics and biological functions of the HIV-1 gp120 V3 region

Recent studies demonstrate that the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 plays an important role in the attachment of HIV-1 to the target cells. Several amino acids in this domain are involved in the interaction of gp120 with the co-receptors. The V3 loop elicits one of the earliest antiviral antibody responses in HIV-1 infection and has been identified as the principal neutralizing determinant (PND). A subset of antibodies to V3 loop show a broad range of neutralizing activity. Unfortunately, this loop undergoes broad mutation and is one of the hypervariable regions. Mutations of some amino acids in this PND could affect syncytium formation, virus infectivity and neutralization. Knowing the structural characteristics and biological functions of the V3 region could help us to understand mechanism of HIV infection and to develop new strategy against HIV-1. In this review, the structural characteristics, variation and biological functions of the V3 loop as well as immunological responses to the V3 loop are discussed.     

Prevention of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by gp120 V3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the late-stage clinical manifestation of long-term persistent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Immune responses directed against the virus and against virus-infected cells during the persistent infection fail to mediate resolution of the infection. As a result, a successful AIDS vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of the persistent infection following introduction of the virus into the host. The third hypervariable (V3) domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is a disulphide-linked closed loop of about 30 amino acids which binds and elicits anti-HIV-1 type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies. The in vitro characteristics of anti-V3 domain antibody suggest that this antibody could by itself prevent HIV-1 infection in vivo, an idea supported by chimpanzee challenge studies in which protection against the HIV-1 persistent infection seemed to correlate with the presence of anti-V3 domain antibody. Here we directly demonstrate the protective efficacy of anti-V3 domain antibody in vivo and propose that this antibody is potentially useful as both a pre- and post-exposure prophylactic agent.     

Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 domain with broadly neutralizing antibody PG9

Variable regions 1 and 2 (V1/V2) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope glycoprotein are critical for viral evasion of antibody neutralization, and are themselves protected by extraordinary sequence diversity and N-linked glycosylation. Human antibodies such as PG9 nonetheless engage V1/V2 and neutralize 80% of HIV-1 isolates. Here we report the structure of V1/V2 in complex with PG9. V1/V2 forms a four-stranded β-sheet domain, in which sequence diversity and glycosylation are largely segregated to strand-connecting loops. PG9 recognition involves electrostatic, sequence-independent and glycan interactions: the latter account for over half the interactive surface but are of sufficiently weak affinity to avoid autoreactivity. The structures of V1/V2-directed antibodies CH04 and PGT145 indicate that they share a common mode of glycan penetration by extended anionic loops. In addition to structurally defining V1/V2, the results thus identify a paradigm of antibody recognition for highly glycosylated antigens, which-with PG9-involves a site of vulnerability comprising just two glycans and a strand.     

HIV-1外膜蛋白gp120在酵母Pichia pastoris中的表达

目的 用巴斯德毕赤酵母系统表达HIV外膜糖蛋白gp120.方法 将从HIV-1型国际标准株pHXB2-gp160的基因序列中扩增出的gp 120分子的长片段基因(1 419 bp)和短片段基因(417bp)分别克隆入真核表达载体pPICZαA与pPICZB中,以电穿孔法转化酵母GS 115.用YPDS-zeo平板筛选重组子、PCR方法检测整合到酵母菌GS 115基因组中的gp 120片段基因,经甲醇诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹分析表达产物.结果 诱导后gp 120短片段多肽在GS 115中少量表达,在诱导表达24 h重组蛋白表达量及抗原性达到最高,表达产物被降解,具有良好的抗原特异性.诱导后gp 120长片段多肽未被GS 115所表达.结论 在巴斯德毕赤酵母中成功表达gp 120分子长片段需要优化gp 120基因,为制备HIV-1的诊断抗原和基因工程重组疫苗打下基础.     

姜黄素对ActD/TNF-α协同诱导PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:观察放线菌素D (ActD)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)对大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞(PC12细胞)的协同损伤作用,探讨中药单体姜黄素对这种损伤的保护作用及机制.方法:采用MTr法确定实验药物的最佳浓度;LDH法检测PC12细胞的损伤;倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化;caspase-3活性检测试剂盒检测caspase-3的活性.结果:ActD/TNF-t可致PC12细胞的生存力下降(P＜0.05);细胞培养液中LDH的活性升高(P＜0.05);PC12数量减少,体积缩小,突起变短;可致PC12细胞内caspase-3的活化增强(P＜0.05).浓度为5μmol/L姜黄素可阻止ActD/TNF-α所致的细胞的生存力下降(P＜0.05);抑制ActD/TNF-α引起的细胞培养液中LDH的活性升高(P＜0.05);拮抗ActD/TNF-α引起的细胞数量减少,体积变小,突起减少变短;抑制ActD/TNF-α引起的PC12细胞内caspase-3的活化(P＜0.05).结论:姜黄素可以拮抗ActD/TNF-α协同作用引起的PC12细胞损伤,其机制可能与抑制caspase-3的活化有关.     

肌肽对顺铂所致小鼠急性肾损伤的保护作用

研究肌肽（carnosine）对顺铂（cisplatin, CDDP）所致小鼠体内急性肾损伤的保护作用,并探讨可能的机制.雌性昆明小鼠按体重分成4组,分别为正常对照组,肌肽对照组,顺铂化疗模型组和肌肽保护组.正常对照组和肌肽对照组分别连续腹腔注射生理盐水和肌肽10 d;顺铂化疗模型组于第5天单次腹腔注射顺铂;肌肽保护组连续腹腔注射肌肽10 d,并于第5天单次腹腔注射顺铂;所有动物于第10天采血处死,分别测定各组血清尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(CRE)含量,分析肾皮质匀浆丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力变化,苏木精-伊红染色观察肾组织病理学改变.结果表明：顺铂化疗模型组血清CRE,BUN和肾皮质匀浆MDA含量明显上升,GSH和SOD含量显著下降,肾组织病理学变化明显,肌肽保护组可明显改变上述现象. 由此得出结论,肌肽可以减轻顺铂引起的急性肾损伤,其作用机制可能与其抗氧化作用和清除自由基活性有密切关系.     

Excitatory effect of histamine on neuronal activity of rat cerebellar fastigial nucleus in vitro

The cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) holds an important role in motor control and body balance. Previous studies have revealed that the nucleus is innervated by direct hypothalamocerebellar histaminergic fibers. However, the functional role of histaminergic projection in cerebellar FN has never been established. In this study, we investigated the effect of histamine on neuronal firing of cerebellar FN by using slice preparations. Sixty-five FN cells were recorded from 47 cerebellar slices, and a vast majority of the cells responded to histamine stimulation with an excitatory response (58/65, 89.2%). Perfusing slices with low-Ca2 /high-Mg2 medium did not block the histamine-induced excitation (n=10), supporting a direct postsynaptic action of histamine on the cells. Furthermore, the excitatory effect of histamine on FN neurons was not blocked by selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine (n=15) or chlorpheniramine (n=10), but was effectively suppressed by ranitidine (n=15), a highly selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist. On the other hand, highly selective histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit (n=20) instead of histamine H1 receptor agonist 2-pyridylethylamine (n=16) mimicked the ex- citatory effect of histamine on FN neurons. The dimaprit-induced FN neuronal excitation was effectively antagonized by selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine (n=13) but not influenced by se- lective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine (n=15). These results demonstrate that histamine excites cerebellar FN cells via the histamine H2 receptor mechanism and suggest that the hypotha- lamocerebellar histaminergic fibers may modulate cerebellar FN-mediated sensorimotor integration through their excitatory innervations on FN neurons.     

Protective effect of DNA-mediated immunization with liposome-encapsulated GRA4 against infection of Toxoplasma gondii

The dense granule protein 4 (GRA4) is a granular protein from Toxoplasma gondii, and is a candidate for vaccination against this parasite. In this study, the plasmid pcDNA3.1-GRA4 (pGRA4), encoding for the GRA4 antigen, was incorporated by the dehydration-rehydration method into liposomes composed of 16 mmol/L egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), 8 mmol/L dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), and 4 mmol/L 1,2-diodeoyl-3-(trimethylammonium) propane (DOTAP). C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly three times with liposome-encapsulated pGRA4 to determine whether DNA immunization could elicit a protective immune response to T. gondii. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of sera from immunized mice showed that liposome-encapsulated pGRA4 generated high levels of IgG antibodies to GRA4. Production of primary interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 in GRA4-stimulated splenocytes from vaccinated mice suggested a modulated Th1-type response. 72.7% of C57BL/6 mice immunized with liposome-encapsulated pGRA4 survived the challenge with 80 tissue cysts of ME49 strain, whereas C57BL/6 mice immunized with pGRA4 had only a survival rate of 54.5%. When immunized BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally challenged with 10³ tachyzoites of the highly virulent RH strain, the survival time of mice immunized with liposome-encapsulated pGRA4 was markedly longer than that of other groups. Our observations show that liposome-encapsulated pGRA4 enhanced the protective effect against infection of T. gondii.     

三磷酸腺苷二钠对慢性高原病大鼠肝脏保护作用

 为研究三磷酸腺苷二钠对慢性高原病(chronic mountain sickness,CMS)大鼠肝脏的保护作用,取60 只SD 大鼠,对其中50 例进行慢性高原病造模后,随机分为高原模型组、硝苯地平对照组、三磷酸腺苷二钠低剂量组、三磷酸腺苷二钠中剂量组、三磷酸腺苷二钠高剂量组,每组10 只;剩余10 只平原环境饲养为正常对照组;造模30 d 后,根据大鼠体重进行干预。连续灌胃15d 后,测定肺动脉压(pulmonary artery pressure,PAP)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactionprotein,CRP)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartatetransaminase,AST)等指标。结果发现,与正常对照组比较,高原模型组和硝苯地平对照组大鼠体内的Hcy,IL-6,CRP,MDA,ALT 和AST 水平升高,SOD 和GSH-PX 水平降低,PAP 升高,提示高原低氧对大鼠的肝脏造成损害。与高原模型组比较,三磷酸腺苷二钠高剂量组大鼠体内的Hcy,IL-6,CRP,MDA,ALT 和AST 水平降低(P < 0.05),SOD 和GSH-PX 水平升高(P < 0.05)。故而认为高剂量的三磷酸腺苷二钠对CMS 大鼠肝脏有保护作用。     

Excitatory effect of histamine on neuronal activity of rat cerebellar fastigial nucleus Jn vitro

The cerebellar fastigial nucleus （FN） holds an important role in motor control and body balance. Previous studies have revealed that the nucleus is innervated by direct hypothalamocerebellar hletaminergic fibers. However, the functional role of histaminergic projection in cerebellar FN has never been established. In this study, we investigated the effect of histamine on neuronal firing of cerebellar FN by using slice preparations. Sixty-five FN cells were recorded from 47 cerebellar slices, and a vast majority of the cells responded to histamine stimulation with an excitatory response （58/65, 89.2%）. Perfusing slices with low-Ca^2＋/high-Mg^2＋ medium did not block the histamine-induced excitation （n=10）, supporting a direct postsynaptic action of histamine on the cells. Furthermore, the excitatory effect of histamine on FN neurons was not blocked by selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine （n=15） or chlorpheniramine （n=10）, but was effectively suppressed by ranitidine （n=15）, a highly selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist. On the other hand, highly selective histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit （n=20） instead of histamine HI receptor agonist 2-pyridylethylamine （n=16） mimicked the excitatory effect of histamine on FN neurons. The dimaprit-induced FN neuronal excitation was effectively antagonized by selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine （n=13） but not influenced by selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine （n=15）. These results demonstrate that histamine excites cerebellar FN cells via the histamine H2 receptor mechanism and suggest that the hypothalamocerebellar histaminergic fibers may modulate cerebellar FN-mediated sensorimotor integration through their excitatory innervations on FN neurons.     

大鼠脑损伤海马神经干细胞bFGF表达及三七总皂苷的作用研究

目的 探讨脑损伤对神经干细胞bFGF阳性细胞表达的影响及三七总皂苷的作用.方法 通过免疫细胞化学的方法检测脑损伤后以及给予三七总皂苷后新生大鼠海马神经干细胞bFGF阳性细胞的表达.结果 三七总皂苷可促进缺血再灌注组的bFGF阳性细胞的数目明显增多.缺血组1h、2h的bFGF阳细胞计数均多于正常组;模型组6h后阳性细胞计数开始低于正常组,具有统计学意义.24h给药组的bFGF阳性细胞的面密度和光密度均高于模型组,有显著性差异P＜0.001),具有统计学意义.结论 体外模拟脑缺血在一定时间内能引起海马神经干细胞内的bFIGF水平上调,三七总皂苷对bFCF水平的上调具有促进作用.     

大鼠脑损伤海马神经干细胞bFGF表达及三七总皂苷的作用研究

目的探讨脑损伤对神经干细胞bFGF阳性细胞表达的影响及三七总皂苷的作用。方法通过免疫细胞化学的方法检测脑损伤后以及给予三七总皂苷后新生大鼠海马神经干细胞bFGF阳性细胞的表达。结果三七总皂苷可促进缺血再灌注组的bFGF阳性细胞的数目明显增多。缺血组1h、2h的bFGF阳细胞计数均多于正常组;模型组6h后阳性细胞计数开始低于正常组,具有统计学意义。24h给药组的bFGF阳性细胞的面密度和光密度均高于模型组,有显著性差异伙0.001）,具有统计学意义。结论体外模拟脑缺血在一定时间内能引起海马神经干细胞内的bFGF水平上调,三七总皂苷对bFGF水平的上调具有促进作用。     

藏药六味木香丸对大鼠实验性胃溃疡损伤的保护作用

实验通过建立SD大鼠幽门结扎致胃溃疡模型和药物致胃溃疡模型,并测量实验大鼠溃疡指数、胃液的p H值、胃液总酸度及胃蛋白酶活性,来观察藏药六味木香丸对大鼠幽门结扎致胃溃疡及药物致胃溃疡的影响和机制.实验结果表明,六味木香丸能明显或部分降低幽门结扎致大鼠胃溃疡模型和消炎痛致大鼠胃溃疡模型的溃疡指数;同时对幽门结扎致大鼠胃溃疡模型药物能明显或部分减少胃液的分泌量,升高胃液p H值,降低胃液总酸度(均P0.05或P0.01),显示出药物对胃酸的分泌有一定的抑制作用和碱化胃液效应,但对胃蛋白酶的分泌未见明显影响(P0.05).由上述结果可知,藏药六味木香丸对大鼠实验性胃溃疡具有一定的保护作用.     

大鼠记忆保持能力与相关脑区突触界面结构的相关性

采用一次性被动回避反应的大鼠模型，以ＳＴＬ为指标将大鼠发为记忆保持良好组和记忆保持低劣组。通过超微结构定量分析，发现记忆保持良好组海马ＣＡ３区和大脑皮质感觉运动区的突触后膜致密物质均显著地密于记忆保持低劣组。同时，记忆保持良好组出现了棘器和穿孔性突触，而记忆低劣组没有出现。另外，还测量了突触界面曲率、突触活性区长度和突触间隙宽度，所得数据在２组间无显著性差异。结果提示：突触后膜致密物质厚度与记忆保     

大鼠海马发育过程中CRMPs家族mRNA的表达

目的:探讨大鼠海马发育过程中坍塌反应调节蛋白(CRMPs)家族mRNA的表达规律.方法:用RT-PCR方法检测大鼠发育不同阶段CRMPs家族mRNA的表达.结果:RT-PCR实际扩增长度与设计长度相吻合.内参照β-actin电泳条带在发育各时期灰度无明显差异.CRMP-1 mRNA以新生鼠和幼年鼠表达最多,成年大鼠弱表达(P<0.05).CRMP-2从胚胎鼠至幼年鼠呈现逐渐增加的趋势,成年鼠相对较低(P<0.05).CRMP-3以幼鼠和成年大鼠表达较多,其中幼鼠表达最多(P<0.05),新生鼠表达最少(P<0.05).CRMP-4在胎鼠、新生鼠和幼年鼠表达量接近,成年鼠表达相对较低(P<0.05).CRMP-5在各个阶段均呈较高表达,以新生鼠和成年鼠表达较多,其中成年大鼠表达最多(P<0.05),胎鼠表达最弱(P<0.05).结论:从胚胎期至幼年期,CRMPs家族除CRMP-4稳定于高表达水平外,其余成员表达量均逐渐增多,其中CRMP-3和CRMP-5区别于其他成员,在成年期表达量继续增高.     

Si_3N_4／3Cr2W8V钢摩擦副滑动摩擦磨损性能

测定了销－盘式热压Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／３Ｃｒ２Ｗ８Ｖ钢摩擦副在室温干摩擦磨损条件下的的摩擦系数及Ｓｉ３Ｎ４销的磨损系数．对陶瓷销的磨损面进行了ＳＥＭ显微形貌观察、Ｘ射线分析；并探讨了陶瓷销的磨损机理．研究结果表明：Ｓｉ３Ｎ４陶瓷的磨损以微区脆性断裂为主要机理．