A calculus for services innovation

Innovation in the services area - especially in the electronic services （e-services） domain - can be systematically developed by first considering the strategic drivers and foci, then the tactical principles and enablers, and finally the operational decision attributes, all of which constitute a process or calculus of services innovation. More specifically, there are four customer drivers （i.e., collaboration, customization, integration and adaptation）, three business foci （i.e., creation-focused, solution-focused and competition-focused）, six business principles （i.e., reconstruct market boundaries, focus on the big picture not numbers, reach beyond existing demand, get strategic sequence right, overcome organizational hurdles and build execution into strategy）, eight technical enablers （i.e., software algorithms, automation, telecommunication, collaboration, standardization, customization, organization, and globalization）, and six attributes of decision informatics （i.e., decision-driven, information-based, real-time, continuously-adaptive, customer-centric and computationally-intensive）. It should be noted that the four customer drivers are all directed at empowering the individual - that is, at recognizing that the individual can, respectively, contribute in a collaborative situation, receive customized or personalized attention, access an integrated system or process, and obtain adaptive real-time or just-in-time input. The developed process or calculus serves to identify the potential white spaces or blue oceans for innovation. In addition to expanding on current innovations in services and related experiences, white spaces are identified for possible future innovations; they include those that can mitigate the unforeseen consequences or abuses of earlier innovations, safeguard our rights to privacy, protect us from the always-on, interconnected world, provide us with an authoritative search engine, and generate a GDP metric that can adequately measure the growing knowledge economy,     

大批量定制生产与敏捷制造方式的比较

大批量定制生产方式和敏捷制造方式都力图实现以大批量的效益进行定制产品生产。介绍了敏捷制造方式,分析了大批量定制生产方式的特点,并比较了这两种方式的异同点。讨论了如何在我国发展大批量定制生产与敏捷制造方式的问题。     

Manufacturing and services: From mass production to mass customization

Manufacturing and services constitute two of the five sectors of every country’s economy;depending on the maturity of the economy,they are-in terms of employment-typically the two largest sectors.The outputs or products of an economy can also be divided into goods products(due to manufacturing,construction,agriculture and mining) and services products.To date,the goods and services products have,for the most part,been mass produced;it is the premise of this paper that recent technological advances-including flexible manufacturing,cloud computing,nanotechnology and smart sensing-can better enable the transformation from mass production to mass customization.We regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains,based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci.From a components perspective,we first consider the value chain of supplier,manufacturer,assembler,retailer,and customer,and then develop a consistent set of definitions for supply and demand chains based on the location of the customer order penetration point.From a management perspective,we classify the methods that are employed in the management of these chains,based on whether supply and/or demand are flexible or fixed.Interestingly,our management taxonomy highlights a very critical research area at which both supply and demand are flexible,thus manageable.Simultaneous management of supply and demand chains sets the stage for mass customization which is concerned with meeting the needs of an individualized customer market.Simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains set the stage for real time mass customization(e.g.,wherein a tailor first laser scans an individual’s upper torso and then delivers a uniquely fitted jacket within a reasonable period,while the individual is waiting).The benefits of real time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced-as "servgoods"-in real time,resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage.     

The next industrial revolution: Integrated services and goods

The outputs or products of an economy can be divided into services products and goods products (due to manufacturing,construction,agriculture and mining).To date,the services and goods products have,for the most part,been separately mass produced.However,in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods,the next - or third - industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it is beginning in this second decade of the 21st Century.The Third Industrial Revolution(TIR) is based on the confluence of three major technological enablers(i.e.,big data analytics,adaptive services and digital manufacturing);they underpin the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods.As detailed in an earlier paper,we regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real-time management of supply and demand chains,based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci.The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced - as servgoods - in real-time,resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers.     

知识产权保护、R&D投入与区域绿色创新绩效

从区域绿色创新绩效内涵出发构建二维评价体系,基于2009~2017年中国省级面板数据,运用Super-SBM模型对各区域绿色创新绩效进行测度,并通过中介效应模型探究知识产权保护对区域缘色创新绩效的影响及其作用路径。研究结果表明：知识产权保护的增加会通过R&D投入正向影响区域绿色创新效率与效益;R&D投入中人力资源投入对区域创新绩效的作用效果强于研发经費投入效果;知识产权保护对区域绿色创新效益的影响较区域绿色创新效率更为显著,知识产权保护对区域缘色创新效益具有非线性影响,存在最优保护区间;中国区域绿色创新绩效存在明显的异质性,多数地区处于低绿色创新效率与低绿色创新效益区间。     

FDI,自主创新与经济增长的时空脉冲分析

文章运用1997-2012年我国各省份的面板数据,构建了半参数面板空间向量自回归模型,运用脉冲响应函数分析了FDI,自主创新,经济增长之间时间上以及空间上的脉冲影响.研究结果表明:1)FDI对经济增长的时空滞后效应为正;自主创新对FDI的空间滞后效应为0.8;自主创新对经济增长的时空滞后效应为负;经济增长对FDI,自主创新,经济增长的时间滞后效应为正,且经济增长对FDI,自主创新的空间滞后效应分别为-0.86,-0.43.2)FDI和自主创新冲击源为江苏时,与江苏省近邻的山东和浙江有较显著的响应,响应6期后基本收敛至零;经济增长冲击源为广东省时,其他城市的响应6期后基本收敛至零,对其他城市的冲击较小.     

知识源异质性视角下知识溢出与区域创新绩效关系——基于知识产权保护的门槛效应分析

从知识源异质性视角,将知识溢出划分为省际知识溢出与国际知识溢出双渠道,采用2009~2016年中国30个省（市、自治区）的面板数据构建非线性面板门槛模型,以知识产权保护为门槛变量,实证分析双渠道知识溢出与区域创新绩效的非线性关系。结果表明：双渠道知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响均显著存在以知识产权保护为双重门槛的复杂非线性特征,且具有相同的门槛区间;知识产权保护处于小于-4.348和[-4.348,-2.286]、大于-2.286时,省际知识溢出的弹性系数分别为0.294、0.279和0.339,促进作用先降后升;国际知识溢出的弹性系数分别为-0.094、-0.128和0.146,溢出效应先负后正;省际知识溢出的促进效应整体更强。根据实证结果提出了降低省际知识溢出壁垒、合理控制国际知识溢出以及提高知识产权保护水平等方面的区域创新绩效提升策略。     

基于Web Services的服务合成技术研究综述

从分布式发展的角度分析了基于Web服务的新一代分布式计算范式特征以及生命周期模型,指出了Web服务合成的概念、特点和目标。对服务合成的方式与分类以及Web服务合成逻辑与结构类型进行了分析,同时将常用的Web服务合成方式划分为4种策略,即:基于系统架构(framework)的静态合成策略;基于工作流(workflow)的动态合成策略;基于语义网络(semantic web)的自动服务匹配与合成策略以及基于软件体系结构生命周期的综合式服务合成策略。在此基础上,对目前Web服务合成技术的主要研究领域与发展趋势以及服务合成过程中存在的主要问题与挑战进行了分析与综述。     

知识产权保护能力对重大科研项目技术创新影响的权变模型

对重大科研项目团队采用问卷调查的方法,本文检验知识产权保护能力对重大科研项目技术创新的影响,以及领导社会资本和技术整合能力的调节作用. 数据分析结果表明: 知识产权保护能力显著正面影响重大科研项目技术创新; 领导社会资本和技术整合能力都显著调节知识产权保护能力对重大科研项目技术创新的影响,即相对于领导社会资本低时,知识产权保护能力对领导社会资本高的重大科研项目技术创新影响更大; 相对于技术整合能力低时,知识产权保护能力对技术整合能力高的重大科研项目技术创新影响更大. 上述结论有助于认清知识产权保护能力在提升重大科研项目技术创新方面的作用,并为提高重大科研项目技术创新提供了管理思路.     

Uncovering benefits and risks of integrated product service offerings — Using a case of technology encapsulation

The objective of this article is to uncover benefits and risks of Integrated Product Service Offering （IPSO） in a systematic manner. To do so, it adopts an explorative longitudinal in-depth case study （development of an IPSO based on a new technology） and adds insights to the existing literature. The article first proposes a theoretical and generic framework termed the PCP （Provider - Customer - Product） triangle with associated information flow and uncertainty. Second, various types of benefits and risks are presented based on the framework. Among others, the benefit of keeping IPR （Intellectual Property Rights） with the provider and the risk of regulation change are new findings from the case study. In addition, the case study reveals that IPSO is regarded as a positive contributor to innovation. Applying the framework and classification of benefits and risks as norms to other cases has yet to be done for verification. However, the framework contributes scientifically to a better understanding of the benefits and risks of IPSO. In addition, this framework is advantageous with its easiness to understand, which contributes practically to the dissemination of IPS0 insight to industry.     

中国制造业需求驱动研发模式及创新效应研究

基于投入产出模型和社会网络分析相结合的方法,分解了不同类型需求驱动中国制造业研发投入的模式,研究了网络特征在研发投入与创新产出关系中的调节作用.结论表明,技术密集型制造业的研发投入是国内最终需求和中间需求共同驱动的,资本密集型制造业的研发投入结构则为中间需求主导型.各类需求引致的研发投入均对中国制造业创新产出具有显著的促进作用,且贡献由高到低依次为国外最终需求、国内最终需求和中间需求,因此最终需求是驱动研发投入进而实现创新产出的主要动力.生产网络特征在研发推动创新产出中具有显著的中介效应,中心度与各类需求引致的研发投入交互促进了创新产出的增长,上游度限制了中间需求驱动的研发投入对创新产出贡献的发挥.     

机载图像处理引擎实时仿真平台

针对航空电子系统中图像处理模块数字化设计的趋势,建立了一个完整的机载图像处理实时仿真平台。该平台以电子系统级设计（ESL）方法为基础,利用Handel-C语言将视频处理系统中关键算法模块抽象为知识产权核（intellectual property core）,同时进行系统级仿真与验证,并通过FPGA实现。解决了单纯用软件实现算法实时性差、难以协同设计验证的问题。座舱综合显示和视景增强子系统被用来作为案例在该平台上实现,验证了平台仿真的实时性。     

企业与科研院所合作网络的复杂性评价——以黑龙江省为例

在引入复杂性科学分析工具的基础上,分析企业与科研院所合作网络的复杂系统特征,结合结构学派研究方法和复杂性研究方法,基于管理墒理论的原理,从结构复杂性、功能复杂性和信息转化复杂性(信息转化率)三维评价尺度的视角,建立区域企业与科研院所合作网络复杂性状况的评价模型.以黑龙江省为例,对黑龙江省2011—2013年企业与科研院所合作网络的实证分析,实证研究表明黑龙江省合作网络复杂度逐年提升,合作网络日趋完善.     

HEALTHCARE： A COMPLEX SERVICE SYSTEM

Healthcare is indeed a complex service system, one requiring the technobiology approach of systems engineering to underpin its development as an integrated and adaptive system. In general, healthcare services are carried out with knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Indeed, the engineering design of a healthcare system must recognize the fact that it is actually a complex integration of human-centered activities that is increasingly dependent on information technology and knowledge. Like any service system, healthcare can be considered to be a combination or recombination of three essential components — people (characterized by behaviors, values, knowledge, etc.), processes (characterized by collaboration, customization, etc.) and products (characterized by software, hardware, infrastructures, etc.). Thus, a healthcare system is an integrated and adaptive set of people, processes and products. It is, in essence, a system of systems which objectives are to enhance its efficiency (leading to greater interdependency) and effectiveness (leading to improved health). Integration occurs over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, while adaptation occurs over the monitoring, feedback, cybernetic and learning dimensions. In sum, such service systems as healthcare are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of these systems. Moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation.     

System waste in education and research: A Delphi study in India

A concept of system waste has been developed, and reported in the literature, to focus explicitly on waste and its reduction. In this study, which is a part of the authors' ongoing research on system waste, an attempt has been made to estimate current and future system waste in education and research (EDR) in India. The concept of system waste, which is defined as “any unnecessary input to and/or any undesirable output from any system,” is complex, multifaceted, subjective and not generally clearly understood. Its study is a fit case for the use of qualitative group problem-solving techniques. Delphi is the technique which has been used here to learn about system waste. A two-round Delphi study was conducted in 1990 in EDR in which teachers, educational administrators, planners, and parents participated. The paper describes the study and its results.     

On integration and adaptation in complex service systems

The services sector employs a large and growing proportion of workers in the industrialized nations, and it is increasingly dependent on information and communication technologies. While the interdependences, similarities and complementarities of manufacturing and services are significant, there are considerable differences between goods and services, including the shift in focus from mass production to mass customization （whereby a service is produced and delivered in response to a customer＇s stated or imputed needs）. In general, services can be considered to be knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Like manufacturing systems, an efficient service system must be an integrated system of systems, leading to greater connectivity and interdependence. Integration must occur over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, and must include methods concerned with the component, the management, and the system. Moreover, an effective service system must also be an adaptable system, leading to greater value and responsiveness. Adaptation must occur over the dimensions of monitoring, feedback, cybernetics and learning, and must include methods concerned with space, time, and system. In sum, service systems are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of such systems. Moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation. The paper concludes with several insights, including a plea to shift the current misplaced focus on developing a science or discipline for services to further developing a systems engineering approach to services, an approach based on the integration and adaptation of a host of sciences or disciplines （e.g., physics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, sociology, etc.）. In fact, what is required is a services-related transdisciplinary - beyond a single disciplinary - ontology or taxon     

On Passing Through 80

The focus of this passage through age is on the sources of fun in the professional life of the author. Cited are (1) denying the obvious, (2) revealing that most social systems do not pursue the objectives they proclaim, (3) replacing conceptual confusion with order, (4) exposing intellectual con men, and (5) designing organizations that can avoid the ubiquitous traps that immobilize them.     

关于容量可变制造系统的最优生产策略

一般来说,自动化制造系统都能在一定的范围内上、下调整其输出水平,这种能力被称为制造系统的容量可变性［１］。然而经典的生产库存模型并不考虑容量可变性,而是假定机器在单位时间内的生产量是恒定的常数。本文通过将单位时间的生产量作为决策变量、单位产品的生产费用看成是单位时间生产量的函数,建立了允许短缺的容量可变制造系统的最优生产批量模型,针对一类特别的单位费用函数出示了寻求最优生产策略的一个简单算法。并给出了应用实例。     

数字系统模块化分割原理及其在EDA中应用

为了加快数字系统的设计仿真，提高设计效率，提出了IP核模块化仿真方法。应用数字系统模块化分割原理，通过将数字系统分解为若干个子模块，在EDA(Electronic Design Automation)中先建立子模块系统的IP(Intellectual Property)核，再应用子模块IP核构造数字系统进行数字仿真。证明了数字系统的可分割性理论基础。应用仿真结果表明：采用IP核模块化仿真方法能够简化数字系统设计仿真，提高设计效率。所提出的IP核模块化仿真方法具有较好的实用价值。     

离散混沌测量矩阵构造及其性能研究

若测量矩阵满足约束等距性(restricted isometric property, RIP),则样本能够完美恢复出原始信号。而对于给定矩阵很难验证其是否满足RIP需求,因此,本文采用李雅普诺夫指数作为一种针对离散混沌测量矩阵的验证指标。首先分析了RIP与李雅普诺夫指数之间的联系,然后给出了一种分段式混沌映射构造方法用以提高混沌性能,并从理论和仿真上证明了该方法的有效性。实验结果表明,这种方法不仅提高了混沌序列的随机性和自相关性,而且所生成的测量矩阵也具有更好的性能。因此,引进李雅普诺夫指数是一种有效的验证离散混沌测量矩阵性能的方法,提高李雅普诺夫指数能够提高混沌测量矩阵的性能。