A Bayesian reconstruction of the methodology of scientific research programmes

The paper is concerned with explaining some of the principal theoretical developments in elementary particle physics and discussing the associated methodological problems both in respect of heuristics and appraisal. Particular reference is made to relativistic quantum field theory, renormalization, Feynman diagram techniques, the analytic S-matrix and the Chew — Frautschi bootstrap.     

Whewell’s tidal researches: scientific practice and philosophical methodology

Primarily between 1833 and 1840, William Whewell attempted to accomplish what natural philosophers and scientists since at least Galileo had failed to do: to provide a systematic and broad-ranged study of the tides and to attempt to establish a general scientific theory of tidal phenomena. I document the close interaction between Whewell’s philosophy of science (especially his methodological views) and his scientific practice as a tidologist. I claim that the intertwinement between Whewell’s methodology and his tidology is more fundamental than has hitherto been documented.     

基于位置的信息服务在海洋渔业中的应用与展望

基于位置的信息服务日益成为研究和应用的热点,服务的种类和内容不断拓展。然而,其在海洋渔业领域还属于起步和探索阶段。鉴于这种背景,在总结归纳基于位置信息服务的结构组成、服务过程和应用分类的基础上,从关键技术的选择、应用领域及其发展程度等角度对基于位置的海洋渔业信息服务进行了分析。总的来说,基于位置开展海洋渔业的信息服务主要可用于渔船船舶轨迹的动态管理、海上作业安全的信息化保障、渔业捕捞努力量的有效监控、渔场海况预报服务信息推送等四个方面;结合合理利用和保护海洋渔业资源的要求,以渔船动态位置为基础信息,对渔业捕捞努力量进行有效调控并开展面向单船的海洋渔业信息可定制化精细服务是亟待深入的研究方向。     

Properties and causes: An approach to the problem of hypothesis in the scientific methodology of Sir Isaac Newton

This article considers the differential absorption and integration of refugee physicists into various countries during the 1930s, and the social and intellectual factors responsible for this, focusing particularly on the social functions of the British and American university at that period, as well as continuing ideological struggles in the Soviet Union. More generally, the issue of the relative absorption of refugee physicists is used to examine the nature of the physics communities and other institutions of the host societies.     

Value-entanglement and the integrity of scientific research

Throughout much of the 20th century, philosophers of science maintained a position known as the value-free ideal, which holds that non-epistemic (e.g., moral, social, political, or economic) values should not influence the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results. In the last few decades, many philosophers of science have rejected this position by arguing that non-epistemic values can and should play an important role in scientific judgment and decision-making in a variety of contexts, including the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results. Rejecting the value-free ideal creates some new and vexing problems, however. One of these is that relinquishing this philosophical doctrine may undermine the integrity of scientific research if practicing scientists decide to allow non-epistemic values to impact their judgment and decision-making. A number of prominent philosophers of science have sought to show how one can reject the value-free ideal without compromising the integrity of scientific research. In this paper, we examine and critique their views and offer our own proposal for protecting and promoting scientific integrity. We argue that the literature on research ethics and its focus on adherence to norms, rules, policies, and procedures that together promote the aims of science can provide a promising foundation for building an account of scientific integrity. These norms, rules, policies, and procedures provide a level of specificity that is lacking in most philosophical discussions of science and values, and they suggest an important set of tasks for those working in science and values—namely, assessing, justifying, and prioritizing them. Thus, we argue that bringing together the literature on research ethics with the literature on science and values will enrich both areas and generate a more sophisticated and detailed account of scientific integrity.     

包容型领导对员工从错误中学习的影响机制研究

本文选取包容型领导作为前因变量,探讨其对员工从错误中学习的影响过程;并以个体认知角度进一步探究这一影响过程的中介机制和边界条件。通过对回收到的207份有效企业员工问卷进行实证分析,结果表明:包容型领导对员工从错误中学习有显著正效应,心理安全感在这二者之间发挥中介作用,另外,心理安全感对员工从错误中学习的影响受到个体自我效能感的调节作用。     

公立医院社会网络、知识获取与创新绩效关系的实证分析

以知识获取为中介变量,构建公立医院社会网络影响公立医院创新绩效的概念模型。通过对长三角地区197家公立医院进行问卷调查和结构方程建模分析,发现公立医院社会网络对创新绩效的影响依赖于知识获取,但不同知识获取的中介作用机制有差异;显性知识获取在公立医院社会网络影响公立医院创新绩效的过程中发挥完全中介作用,而隐性知识获取发挥部分中介作用。在此基础上,为公立医院如何通过社会网络提高知识获取能力和创新绩效提供理论指导与对策建议。     

黄芪多糖对帕金森大鼠模型的治疗作用及机制探讨

目的观察黄芪提取物黄芪多糖(APS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的效果,探索APS治疗PD的作用机制。方法建立PD大鼠模型,采用行为学、ELISA等检查方法,观察模型成功后黄芪多糖组(APS组)治疗1天、7天、14天的大鼠旋转行为及第14天的黑质病理变化、脑组织中炎性细胞因子含量变化,并与对照组(PD组)比较。结果 APS组旋转圈数较PD组减少,与阳性对照组相当,酪氨酸羟化酶含量显著高于PD组,黑质b FGF蛋白表达均较PD组减少,脑组织中炎性细胞因子含量亦明显减少。结论黄芪多糖可能通过免疫调节作用治疗帕金森大鼠模型。     

Publishing and the classics: Paley’s Natural theology and the nineteenth-century scientific canon

This article seeks a new way to conceptualise the ‘classic’ work in the history of science, and suggests that the use of publishing history might help avoid the antagonism which surrounded the literary canon wars. It concentrates on the widely acknowledged concept that the key to the classic work is the fact of its being read over a prolonged period of time. Continued reading implies that a work is able to remain relevant to later generations of readers, and, although some of this depends upon the openness of the original text, much more depends on the actions of subsequent publishers and editors in repackaging the work for later audiences.This is illustrated through an examination of the long publishing history of William Paley’s Natural theology (1802). Over the course of the century, Natural theology was read as a work of gentlemanly natural theology, as a work which could be used in a formal or informal education in science, and as a work of Christian apologetic. These transformations occurred because of the actions of the later publishers and editors who had to make the work suit the current interests of the literary marketplace. Comparisons are made to Constitution of man, Vestiges of the natural history of creation and Origin of species.     

Popper’s response to Dingle on special relativity and the problem of the observer

Dingle contended that Einstein’s special theory of relativity was physically impossible for the simple reason that it required clocks to be simultaneously faster and slower than each other. McCrea refuted Dingle using an operationalist argument. An operational response did not satisfy Popper, who wrote an unpublished essay to counter Dingle’s claim. Popper developed an analysis that avoided operationalism by using a system of coinciding clocks, contending that this system showed that special relativity withstood Dingle’s criticism that it was not a symmetrical and consistent physical theory. However, Popper mistakenly included an asymmetric calculation in his analysis. Once this is corrected, the amended result supports Dingle’s position. Popper went on to argue that to avoid determinism, special relativity had to be reconciled with absolute time; this too supports Dingle. Popper’s failure to refute Dingle calls into question his claim that ‘the observer’ is superfluous to special relativity.