Dendrite morphology and evolution mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloys grown along the o0014 and o0114 orientations

Nickel-based single crystal superalloys oriented along the o0014 and o0114 lattice directions were produced by a bottom seeding technique in an attempt to understand the evolution mechanism of the dendrite grown along different orientations in the present study. The changes in primary dendrite arm spacing for single crystal with different orientations are also discussed. It was found that the dendrite morphologies of single crystal superalloy grown along o0114 were different from that of o0014. Firstly, the dendrites showed the irregular cruciforms and array in rows in a transverse section. Secondly, no typical primary dendrites were observed but the dendrite morphologies appeared like the letter ‘‘V’’ or ‘‘W’’ in a longitudinal section. The primary dendrite arms grew along the o0014 orientation from the bottom of the sample in the o0014 orientation. However, in the o0114 orientation, the single crystal developed by continuous side-branching along the [001] and [010] orientations. The primary dendrite arm spacing was as the function of the deviation angle f. It indicates that with the increase in the deviation angle f, the primary dendrite arm spacing first increased, and then decreased.     

Effect of temperature and stress on high temperature creep behavior of Ni3Al-based single crystal superalloy

The creep behavior and dislocations mechanism of the Ni₃Al-based single crystal alloy IC6SX with [001] orientation were investigated under the testing conditions of 1100 ?°C/137 ?MPa, 1100 ?°C/120 ?MPa and 1070 ?°C/137 ?MPa. It was observed that the temperature and stress had a significant effect on the high temperature creep life of the single crystal alloy. As the temperature was reduced from 1100 ?°C to 1070 ?°C, the creep life increased from 65.07 ?h to 313.8 ?h. As the stress was reduced to 120 ?MPa, the creep life increased to 243.3 ?h. Under the high temperature and low stress condition the dislocations entered the γ′ phase by climbing caused by the atomic diffusion, instead of slipping.     

Effects of temperature and stress on the creep behavior of a Ni3Al base single crystal alloy

The creep behavior and microstructure of a Ni3Al base single crystal alloy IC6SX with [001] orientation under the testing conditions of 760 ℃/593 MPa, 980 ℃/205 MPa, and 1100 ℃/75 MPa were investigated. The experimental results showed that Alloy IC6SX had good creep resistance and its creep resistance at elevated temperatures was similar to the second generation nickel-base single crystal alloy containing Re. TEM analysis indicated that the dislocation configuration and movement pattern were different under different temperature and stress conditions. It has been found that under the test condition of 1070 ℃/137 MPa the dislocations moved within the γ channel during the primary creep stage, and the motion of dislocations were prevented by the matrix of γ′ phase, which reduced the creep rate of the alloy. In the secondary creep stage, dislocations cut into the γ′ phase from the γ/γ′ interface. However in the third creep stage, the dislocation pileups were observed in both γ and γ′ phase, and dislocation multiplication occurred when the dislocations with different Burgers vector met and reacted each other.     

High temperature oxidation behavior of aluminide on a Ni-based single crystal superalloy in different surface orientations

An investigation on oxidation behavior of coated Ni-based single crystal superalloy in different surface orientations has been carried out at1100 ℃. It has been found that the {100} surface shows a better oxidation resistance than the {110} one, which is attributed that the {110}surface had a slightly higher oxidation rate when compared to the {100} surface. The experimental results also indicated that the anisotropic oxidation behavior took place even with a very small difference in the oxidation rates that was found between the two surfaces. The differences of the topologically close packed phase amount and its penetration depth between the two surfaces, including the ratio of α-Al2O3 after 500 h oxidation, were responsible for the oxidation anisotropy.     

热处理对第二代镍基单晶合金DD11显微组织及持久性能的影响

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对铸态、固溶态和时效态的第二代镍基单晶合金DD11的显微组织进行定量表征,并测试了不同一级时效处理后的合金1 100℃/140MPa和980℃/250MPa条件下的持久性能。结果表明:合金经过1 320℃/6h固溶处理后,(γ+γ′)共晶相全部溶解,凝固偏析显著降低,合金组织均匀。一级时效温度低于1 160℃时,γ′相为方形,一级时效温度高于1 180℃时,γ′相为球形,γ通道显著变宽,并在通道内析出细小的γ′相。随一级时效温度提高,合金的持久寿命先增大后降低。持久性能与γ′相尺寸、体积分数及形态密切相关。     

固溶热处理对一种第三代镍基单晶高温合金组织及高温持久性能的影响

研究了固溶热处理对一种Re含量为6.5%(质量分数)的第三代单晶高温合金组织及持久性能的影响,实验结果表明:合金铸态下存在明显的凝固偏析,枝晶间区域存在大量的(γ+γ′)共晶组织。固溶过程中,共晶组织在1 335℃以上开始快速溶解,但难熔元素,尤其是Re元素的偏析需要在1 360℃以上才能有明显改善;经过1 365℃固溶后疏松含量增加至0.21%(体积分数),接近铸态下疏松含量的5.2倍。铸态及经1 360℃和1 365℃固溶热处理后合金的持久性能测试结果显示:固溶热处理显著改善了合金的持久性能,且固溶温度越高,持久性能越高。在高温持久加载过程中,铸态合金的裂纹主要沿枝晶间分布,在(γ+γ′)共晶组织处萌生;当固溶温度较低时,且枝晶干处析出了较多的TCP(topologically close-packed)相,未能充分降低Re元素的偏析可能是导致枝晶干处TCP相大量析出的主要原因;当固溶温度较高时,TCP相析出量较少。     

[110], [112], [111]晶向钨纳米线拉伸微结构演变

采用嵌入原子势,使用分子动力学方法,模拟研究了[110]、[112]和[111]三个晶向钨纳米线的拉伸弛豫过程的微观破坏机理.并引入共近邻分析方法、配位数及中心对称参数法来分析它的结构和形状的演化过程.结果表明:不同晶向的纳米线拉伸时具有不同的力学性能,[111]晶向具有最大的弹性模量、屈服应变、屈服强度与断裂应变,其次是[110]晶向,最后是[112]晶向.晶向对弹性模量的影响较小,但对屈服应变、屈服强度、断裂应变影响较大.模拟结果还表明:这三个晶向均具有弹性、损伤、屈服及颈缩断裂四个阶段,且发现[112]晶向具有强化阶段,即应力随应变的增加而增加,重新恢复承载能力,但其断裂应变最小.并给出了这三种不同晶向拉伸断裂的机理.     

High temperature creep mechanisms of a single crystal superalloy: A phasefield simulation and microstructure characterization

The high temperature creep behavior of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy was studied by combined experimental and numerical methods. The creep test results showed that the creep curves exhibited a three-stage feature. The qualitative explanations for each stage of the creep curves were carried out based on the microstructure characterizations of γ/γ′ phases and dislocations. An elastoplasticity incorporated phase-field model was developed to provide quantitative understanding on directional coarsening(rafting) of γ′ phase. The simulation results showed that the directionality of γ′ coarsening was induced by both dislocation activity in γchannels and elastic inhomogeneity between γ and γ' phases, therein the dislocation activity played a major role.This findings provide new insights into the design of novel single crystal superalloys with improved creep properties.     

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni3Al-based superalloys: A review

Ni₃Al-based alloys have drawn much attention as candidates for high-temperature structural materials due to their excellent comprehensive properties.The microstructure and corresponding mechanical properties of Ni₃Al-based alloys are known to be susceptible to heat treatment.Thus,a significant step is to employ various heat treatments to derive the desirable mechanical properties of the alloys.This paper briefly summarizes the recent advances in the microstructure evolution that occurs during the heat treatment of Ni₃Al-based alloys.Aside fromγ′phase andγphase,the precipitations ofβphase,α-Cr precipitates,and carbides are also found in Ni₃Al-based alloys with the addition of various alloying elements.The evolution in morphology,size,and volume fraction of various types of secondary phases during heat treatment are reviewed,involvingγ′phase,βphase,α-Cr precipitate,and carbides.The kinetics of the growth of precipitates are also analyzed.Furthermore,the influences of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Ni₃Al-based alloys are discussed.     

Influence of Mo and Ta additions on solidification behavior of Ni3Al single crystal alloys

Ni3Al(Ni75Al25) and Ni3Al–2Mo/Ta(Ni73.5Al24.5Mo/Ta2) single crystals were prepared by the Bridgman method under high temperature gradient(~170℃/cm) at the withdrawal rates of 5 and 20 μm/s. The experimental results showed that the addition of Mo decreased the liquidus and solidus temperatures, and the addition of Ta increased the liquidus and solidus temperatures. Meanwhile, both Mo and Ta additions were found to increase the solidi fi cation range of experimental alloy. It has been found that for solidi fi cation of stoichiometric Ni3Al at low withdrawal rate(5 μm/s), β/γ'eutectic first solidi fied from liquid(L→β+γ') and then β phase completely transformed into pure γ'(β→γ') after the completion of solidi fi cation. However, at high withdrawal rate of 20 μm/s, the remaining β phase was found in the as-cast microstructure of Alloy Ni3Al. Different from stoichiometric Ni3Al, the solidi fi cation sequence of Alloy Ni3Al–2Mo was identi fi ed as L→β+γ'+Mo-rich phase(ternary eutectic reaction). In addition, the addition of Ta led to the formation of primary γ'phase and then subsequent intercellular/interdendritic β/γ'eutectic microstructure. Based on above study, a new Ta and Mo containing Ni3Al based single crystal alloy with superior tensile strength at ultra-high temperature(1100℃) was designed.     

Effect of long term aging on microstructure and stress rupture properties of a nickel based single crystal superalloy

A nickel based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation was prepared by the screw selecting method in the directionally solidified furnace. The long term aging (LTA) of the alloy after full heat treatment was performed at 1040 1C for 200–800 h. The microstructure and stress rupture properties at 980 1C/250 MPa and 1070 1C/140 MPa of the alloy long term aged (LTAed) for different time were investigated. The coarsening g0 phase and the broadening g matrix channel are observed in the samples LTAed at 1040 1C, but the g0 morphology is still in cubic shape after LTA for 800 h. No TCP phase precipitates after LTA for 400 h, while needle shaped and granular TCP phase forms in dendritic core of the alloy after LTA for 600 h. With increasing aging time, the volume of the TCP phase increases and it grows from the dendritic core to the interdendritic region along a fixed direction. The composition of the TCP phase is mainly composed of Re and W. With increasing aging time the rupture life of the alloy at 980 1C/250 MPa and 1070 1C/140 MPa all turns shorter. Finally, the relationship between the microstructure and the stress rupture properties is discussed.     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and properties of a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling

In view of the special requirements for strength, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling, the Al-6.2 Zn-2.5 Mg-1.6 Cu alloy was prepared by increasing Cu content on basis of Russian Series 1953 alloy. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and properties of the alloy was characterized by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM), and investigated by tensile test at room temperature, thermal exposure test and corrosion test. The results show that the strength after T6 aging treatment exhibit a decrease trend as an increase of the solution temperature from465 °C to 480 °C. After the solution treated by the rate of 470 °C/1 h, second phases dissolve into the matrix very well and the strength property reaches optimum. The alloy has better comprehensive properties treated by a solution treatment of 470 °C/1 h and then followed by an aging treatment of 120 °C/24 h + 170 °C/1 h + 120 °C/24 h. Under the aging state, the precipitated phases inside the grains are suitable in size, while on the grain boundary distribute discontinuously and the precipitate-free zone is obvious. Besides, the alloy still maintain high tensile properties. The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are 650 MPa, 686 MPa,12.0%, respectively. The yield strength retention after heat exposure is 92%. The alloy has good corrosion resistance and the exfoliation corrosion degree. The average corrosion rate in the H_2S and CO_2 environment is 0.0024 mm/a, which is far less than the required 0.12 mm/a. It is insensitive to H_2S and CO_2 environments.     

Effect of thermal exposure on the stress-rupture life and microstructure of a low Re-containing single crystal alloy

In this paper, the stress-rupture tests of a low Re-containing single crystal alloy IC21 before and after thermal exposure at 1100 ℃for various periods of time were conducted under the test condition of 1100 ℃/137 MPa, and the microstructure of the tested specimens was characterized by SEM and TEM. The experimental results showed that the stress rupture life of this alloy was over 150 h after the standard heat treatment of1320 ℃, 10 h/AC t 870, 32 h/AC, however the stress rupture life decreased with the increase of exposure time due to the microstructure degradation. The TEM analysis revealed that the interface mismatch dislocation networks were well established. It was observed that these mismatch networks could form at 1100 ℃ even after thermal exposure for 1 h without the external stress, which is quite different from that in the traditional single crystal superalloys.     

热处理工艺对热挤压变形粉末高温合金FGH95组织与性能的影响

对比研究了FGH95合金在不同热加工工艺和热处理制度下合金的组织及γ′的分布,用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察了不同热处理制度处理后合金的组织及时效后γ′的中心暗场相,测试了室温(20℃)和高温(650℃)材料的拉伸性能,并对高温瞬时断裂区断口进行了对比分析. 结果表明:相同热处理工艺,HIP温度越高,时效析出的γ′相尺寸越大;不同热处理制度均能够改变γ′的分布;盐浴冷却明显增大中等尺寸γ′相数量,显著提高合金高温塑性.     

循环热处理及形变对TC17钛合金片层组织球化和取向的影响

将循环热处理与形变相结合,利用电子背散射衍射等手段探究该工艺对TC17钛合金片层组织球化和取向的影响.结果表明:TC17钛合金在两相区进行单纯的循环热处理其片层组织球化程度有限,而经过循环热处理+压缩变形后,其魏氏组织消失,片层α相得到明显球化,但是其取向均匀性仍没发生较大变化.此外,变形中两相的再结晶速度及其强韧性导致了两相取向的差异性.α相的再结晶速度快于β相,在变形过程中,α相的各向异性首先降低;另一方面,由于α相比β相硬度高,热变形过程中,α相的变形程度小于β相,应变主要集中在与α相邻近的较软的β相,从而导致α相的取向均匀性高于β相.     

Research on crystal growth and properties of a new nonlinear optical crystal: Bismuth borate BiB3O6

BiB₃O₆ (BIBO) single crystals with sizes of 44 mm × 24 mm × 10 mm and weight of 24.7 g have been successfully grown by the top-seeded method. In this note, the preparation of seed, the growth of crystal and some problems encountered are reported. The lattice parameters of BIBO area =7.1203(7)?,b = 4.9948(7)?,c = 6.5077(7)?,β= 105.586(8) ?,V=222.93(5)?³, which were determined by BRUKER-P4 four-circle diffractometer. BIBO is biaxial crystal and the relative orientation of (X, Y, Z) with regard to (a, b, c) is:X // b, (Y, c) =47.2°, (Z, a) = 31.6°, determined by the X-ray analysis combined with polarized microscopy. The second-harmonic-generation (SHG) conversion efficiency of the sample for 1.064 μm light is up to 67.7%. We have also obtained the third harmonic generation (THG) of 1.064 μm, namely, 1.064 μm + 0.532 μm →0.355 μm. BIBO crystal is free of moisture and hygroscopy.     

热处理工艺对Mg-RE-Zn-Zr系合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

通过气体保护制备了Mg-RE-Zn-Zr[RE-Ce-40La（wt％）的富铈稀土]合金,并对合金进行了热处理,测试了不同状态下合金的硬度、抗拉强度及伸长率等力学性能,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪及扫描电镜对合金显微组织、拉伸断口进行了分析。结果发现,采用T6热处理工艺后,合金的晶粒尺寸明显细化,硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率显著提高,分别提高了11％,24％,7．3％和102％。     

热处理对<110>取向TbDyFe合金磁致伸缩性能和力学性能的影响

采用区熔定向凝固方法制备<110>取向的TbDyFe超磁致伸缩合金,用管式炉氩气保护,在不同温度下进行2 h的均匀化热处理,研究热处理条件的变化对TbDyFe合金取向、组织、磁致伸缩性能以及力学性能的影响.结果表明:热处理不改变TbDyFe合金的轴向择优取向,热处理后网状的g-稀土相向球状转变,磁致伸缩系数提高,提高的...     

Deformation and damage features of a Re/Ru-containing single crystal nickel base superalloy during creep at elevated temperature

The deformation and damage features of a 4.5%Re/3.0%Ru-containing single crystal nickel-based superalloy during the creep in the temperature range of 1040–1070 °C and stress range of 137–180 MPa was investigated by means of creep properties measurement and contrast analysis of dislocation configuration. The results showed that the alloy exhibited a better creep resistance in the range of the testing temperatures and stresses, the deformation mechanism of the alloy during steady state creep was dislocations climbing over the rafted γ′ phase.In the latter period of creep, the deformation mechanism of the alloy was dislocations shearing into the rafted γ′phase. It is believed that the dislocations shearing into γ′ phase may cross-slip from {111} to {100} planes for forming the K-W locks to restrain the slipping and cross-slipping of dislocations on {111} plane. As the creep goes on, the alternate slipping of dislocations results in the twisted of the rafted γ′ phase to promote the initiation and propagation of cracks along the γ/γ′ interfaces up to creep fracture, which is considered to be the damage and fracture feature of alloy during creep at high temperature.     

用光谱和EPR谱确定CsMgCl3:Ni2+和CsCdCl3:Ni2+的局域结构

采用半自洽场（semi-SCF）自由Ni^2＋的3d轨道波函数、点电荷-偶极子模型和Ni^2＋-6X-（X=F,Cl,Br,I）络合物的μ-κ-α模型,建立了结构参数与光谱、EPR谱之间的定量关系,利用完全对角化方法,由光谱和电子顺磁共振（EPR）谱,确定了CsMgCl3：Ni^2＋和CsCdCl3：Ni^2＋晶体在77K温度时的Ni^2＋占位和局域结构参数,统一解释了CsMgCl3：Ni^2＋和CsCdCl3：Ni^2＋晶体的结构、光谱和EPR谱.此外,还讨论了高阶微扰方法、参量拟合方法等问题.所得理论结果与实验值符合得很好.