组织工程三维多孔支架制备方法

随着老龄化社会的到来,组织工程的研究已成为现代生物医用工程技术中最为活跃的研究领域之一。三维多孔的组织工程支架作为骨组织工程学的关键环节,已成为近年来研究的热点。本文就近年来国内外三维多孔组织工程支架制备方法进行综述,希望能为今后的研究提供参考．     

CPP/PLLA软骨组织工程支架复合材料降解性能研究

采用溶媒浇铸/粒子滤取技术与气体发泡相结合的方法制备出CPP/PLLA软骨组织工程支架复合材料,测试了该支架复合材料的物理力学性能和降解性能.研究结果表明,CPP/PLLA软骨组织工程支架复合材料具有适宜的孔隙率,良好的降解性能和物理力学性能,以及三维连通、微孔、网状微观结构.因此,该复合材料有望成为软骨组织工程支架材料之一.     

聚乙烯醇-透明质酸-胶原组织工程支架研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、透明质酸(HA)和胶原蛋白(Col)为组分,构建组织工程三维多孔支架.将聚乙烯醇分别与不同质量的胶原和透明质酸复合,测定复合材料的含水率和膨胀率.扫描电镜观察材料横截面的表面形态.结果是不同分子质量的PVA与不同配比的Col和HA复合,得到的复合支架材料含水率为57.97%～81.26%,膨胀率为150.00%～459.20%.不同配比的复合支架材料具有不同的内部孔洞结构.结果表明,PVA-HA-Col复合支架材料具有较高的含水率和膨胀率,内部孔洞网络丰富,可作为组织工程支架材料.     

CPP/PLLA软骨组织工程支架复合材料制备及其性能表征

采用溶媒浇铸/粒子滤取技术与气体发泡相结合的方法制备了三维、连通、微孔网状结构的CPP/PLLA软骨组织工程支架复合材料.测试了CPP/PLLA软骨组织工程支架复合材料的物理、力学性能并借助扫描电镜对其微结构进行了观察.结果表明,支架复合材料的初始物理、力学性能和微结构满足软骨组织工程对其支架材料的要求.     

组织工程多孔管状支架的低温挤出成形

聚乙二醇/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PEG/PBT)-1,4二氧六环溶液体系在温度低于20℃时可变成凝胶态。将数字挤压/喷射技术与热致相分离技术结合,提出了一种新型多孔管状支架成形技术——低温挤出成形技术。构建了基于该技术的成形平台,研究了成形温度对支架宏观形貌、孔隙率、力学性能等的影响。该技术成形的支架孔隙率最高可达95%,微孔尺寸分布为35~48μm,支架弹性模量为61.9~106 kPa。人类颌下腺细胞种植实验表明:支架具有良好的细胞亲和性,在涎腺组织工程中具有良好的应用前景。     

组织工程用聚乳酸梯度支架的制备及分形研究

采用改进的溶液浇铸/粒子沥滤工艺,将聚乳酸（PLLA）与致孔剂粒子粉碎后,制备了双层和多层孔径梯度变化的PLLA泡沫支架。扫描电镜观察表明,材料内部界面处存在一定的扩散现象,且界面处孔的连通性好,通过调整致孔剂粒子的粒径以及PLLA与致孔剂粒子的比例,可有效地调控支架的各项参数（材料大小、孔径、孔隙率）。对材料进行分形研究,表明梯度多孔支架内部无明显界面,孔径过渡平缓。     

软骨组织工程新进展

软骨组织工程技术为治疗骨、软骨疾病提供了一种新的方法,其主要技术路线是,通过种子细胞和生物活性支架的体外共培养实现软骨组织的再生,并最终完成组织的修复与重建。种子细胞的选择、支架的构建,培养条件的优化对软骨再生有重要作用,从而成为目前软骨工程领域的研究重点。     

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun poly-L-lactide/gelatin graded tubular scaffolds: Toward a new design for performance enhancement in vascular tissue engineering

In this study, a new design of graded tubular scaffolds have been developed for the performance enhancement in vascular tissue engineering. The graded poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and gelatin fibrous scaffolds produced by electrospining were then characterized. The morphology, degradability, porosity, pore size and mechanical properties of four tubular scaffolds (graded PLLA/gelatin, layered PLLA/gelatin, PLLA and gelatin scaffolds) have been investigated. The tensile tests demonstrated that the mechanical strength and also the estimated burst pressure of the graded scaffolds were significantly increased in comparison with the layered and gelatin scaffolds. This new design, resulting in an increase in the mechanical properties, suggested the widespread use of these scaffolds in vascular tissue engineering in order to prepare more strengthened vessels.     

骨组织工程材料PLGA/TCP的温度-黏度性能

为研究骨组织工程材料的成形性,基于低温沉积制造工艺,研究了PLGA/TCP配制成浆料的温度、黏度、成形性之间的关系。探讨了材料的黏度随温度的变化关系,通过对不同温度的材料进行成形试验,表明材料的黏度对宏观成形效果起着决定性的作用,而温度变化使试样的宏观和微观结构具有较大差异。因此要实现宏观上的结构和外形的精确成形,必须要保证材料的黏度。对于孔隙率、微孔大小等微观结构的不同要求,可以通过改变温度参数即黏度来适应成形性的要求。     

基于活塞挤出的组织工程支架低温沉积制造工艺

快速成形(RP)工艺可实现个性化制造和可控的材料、结构组成,因此在组织工程中得到广泛应用。该文设计开发基于活塞挤出的材料喷头,对挤出工艺进行探讨与研究,提出采用压力自释放方案解决其流涎问题,并将其应用于低温沉积制造(LDM)工艺。实验表明,基于活塞挤出的LDM工艺可以成形组织工程支架,并且具有广泛的材料适应性,可成形多种生物材料,尤其可成形其他RP工艺难于成形的胶原材料。     

胶原支架材料的制备与表征

分别采用真空高温脱水和化学交联剂1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳化二亚胺处理经冷冻干燥后的胶原海绵材料,制备组织工程支架,讨论反应条件对胶原性能的影响,测定胶原支架的力学强度和降解特性.结果发现,不同的处理方法都能保持胶原海绵的三维多孔结构,孔隙率可达到90%;真空高温脱水获得的胶原海绵材料力学强度较小,但断裂伸长率略大;碳化二亚胺交联胶原海绵材料力学强度相对较高,抗张强度为380 kPa左右.胶原海绵交联后,降解速率显著小于未经交联的胶原材料.细胞培养试验表明成纤维细胞可以在支架材料上正常生长.两种交联方法处理胶原海绵,其细胞生长行为差异无显著性,适合于作为组织工程支架.     

骨组织工程聚左旋乳酸多孔框架快速成形研究

为制备用于骨组织工程的细胞载体框架结构 ,对快速成形技术制备聚左旋乳酸多孔框架结构的若干基础问题进行了研究。提出了聚左旋乳酸快速成形的精密挤出成形工艺 ,研究了此工艺制备多孔框架结构的设备与工艺过程 ,分析了制备的多孔框架结构应用于组织工程人工骨的可行性。制备的多孔框架结构具有合适的分子量、孔隙结构、孔隙率、机械强度和生物降解性能 ,可以用作骨组织工程的组织再生框架结构     

聚乳酸多孔支架的制备研究

分别采用粒子滤出法和冷冻干燥粒子滤出复合法制备了聚乳酸多孔支架.在粒子滤出法中,采用氯化钠和碳酸氢铵作为造孔剂制备多孔支架;在冷冻干燥法中,采用碳酸氢铵和冰颗粒作为造孔剂制备多孔支架.实验结果表明:采用氯化钠或碳酸氢铵做造孔剂,生成的多孔支架有造孔剂残留;采用冰颗粒造孔则无残留.研究认为,采取适当的工艺措施,加速造孔剂向环境的传质过程,是降低支架中造孔剂残留的有效途径,并提出了在实际中可采取的改进措施,包括选用易于滤出的材料、提高氯仿和造孔剂含量、提高温度和真空度、采用特殊气氛、提高过滤溶液的流动性.     

组织工程相关生物材料

从材料科学与生命科学相融合的观点出发,介绍了组织工程及相关生物材料.侧重讨论了生物材料表面的细胞相容性,阐明了在结构类和代谢类组织工程体系的本体特征,并展望了生物材料仿生化的发展趋势.     

PLLA/TCP复合骨组织载体框架的低温挤出成形

为制备骨组织工程的细胞与因子的三维载体框架,提出了聚左旋乳酸/磷酸三钙(PLLA/TCP)复合材料快速成形的低温挤出成形工艺,研究了此工艺制备骨组织载体框架的设备与工艺过程。分析了制备的载体框架的孔隙结构、孔隙率、力学性能,并通过犬桡骨20mm节段性缺损的修复实验分析了制备的载体框架的生物相容性、体内降解性能和骨传导性能。制备的载体框架具有良好的综合性能,可以作为骨组织再生修复的载体框架。     

Distribution of bone marrow stem cells in large porous polyester scaffolds

This work examined the optimal syringing depth during in vitro cell loading in order to even cell distribution after syringing a drop of cell suspension in cylinder poly（lactide-co-glycolide） （PLGA） porous scaffolds. The scaffolds of 10 mm height and 10 mm diameter were fabricated via room-temperature compression molding ＆ particulate leaching technique based on spherical porogens. In vitro tests were employed for such examinations： a global observation of a cell-loaded scaffold stained by the 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） technique and a quantitative measurement of spatial distribution of cells after slicing the cell-loaded scaffolds into layers. It was found that an even distribution of cells was soon achieved only if the initial cell suspension was seeded on the layer that was below the top surface but above the middle of scaffolds. The availability of in vitro osteoblastic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells in such a kind of spherical-pore PLGA scaffolds was meanwhile confirmed.     

Perspectives on the prevention and treatment of infection for orthopedic tissue engineering applications

The emergence of orthopedic tissue engineering devices as viable clinical solutions demands that the field address significant clinical complications associated with the implantation of foreign materials in the body, especially infection. While tissue engi- neering has focused on the development of methods to regenerate and repair, until recently there has been a relative dearth of literature regarding the intersection of tissue engineering and infection. In particular, local delivery of antimicrobials has long been of clinical interest, but only recently has that been translated into the realm of tissue engineering. In this perspective, we briefly review major modes of local delivery for infection prevention and treatment and discuss possible strategies for preventing implant-associated infections.     

Screening of functionalized self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds with angiogenic activity for endothelial cell growth

Promotion of angiogenesis in tissue engineering is of vital significance to the survival of transplants,which leads the way of tissue regeneration.In this study,we screened six short peptides with potentially angiogenic activities to functionalize self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds RADA16-I(Ac-(RADA)_4-CONH_2).Fluorescence microscopy images of endothelial cells morphology on peptide scaffolds exhibited good cell attachments and Survivals on these six functionalized peptide scaffolds, especially ...     

Preparation and evaluation of biomimetric nano-hydroxyapatite-based composite scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering

In the present study,novel biomimetic composite scaffolds with a composition similar to that of natural bone were prepared,using nano-hydroxyapatite,collagen,and phosphatidylserine.The scaffolds possess an interconnected porous structure with a porosity of 84%.The pore size ranges from several micrometers up to about 400 m.In-vitro studies in simulated body fluids showed that the morphologies of the products derived from mineralization can be regulated by the extracellular matrix components of the scaffolds;this in turn leads to creation of a large number of hydroxyapatite crystals on the scaffold surface.The regulatory properties of collagen and phosphatidylserine also influenced the cell response to the composite scaffolds.MC3T3-E1 cells attached and spread on the surfaces of the materials and interacted with the substrates;this may be the result of charged groups on the composite materials.Radiological analysis suggested that calluses and bone bridges formed in defects within 12 weeks.These composite scaffolds may therefore be a suitable replacement in bone-tissue engineering.     

Negative cooperative effect of cytotoxicity of a di-component initiating system for a novel injectable tissue engineering hydrogel

Chemically cross-linked hydrogels constitute a novel injectable tissue engineering material. At present, one of the key problems is to find an appropriate initiator. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity in vitro of a water-soluble redox initiating system consisting of ammonium persulfate (APS) and N, N, N‘, N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED). Gelation time of PEG diacrylate macromer in phosphate buffer saline solution was first adjusted to guarantee that the examined initiator concentrations are sufficiently high to trigger polymerization of macromers. NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were employed to examine cytotoxicity via MTT measurements and optical microscopic observations. It has been found that the combined APS/TEMED system exhibits negative cooperative effect, for the underlying cytotoxicity is even lower than that of APS or TEMED at certain concentrations.