低强度瞬态电磁场作用下电穿孔机理探讨

通过计算离子在细胞膜外与在细胞膜内的吉布斯自由能,并考虑外加电场的影响,分析离子进入细胞膜的自发性,对低强度瞬态电磁场作用下细胞膜的电穿孔机理作出初步探讨.     

平行板纳米通道中生物分子迁移的分子模拟

基于GROMACS程序包,建立了蛋白质分子和离子在平板型纳米通道内的流动模型,对3.1 nm高的平行板纳米通道内的迁移过程进行了分子模拟,并对均方根偏差分布、水分子密度分布、离子浓度分布等模拟结果进行了讨论.结果表明:水分子在壁面附近出现分层现象,并且形成致密层,密度达到2 500 kg/m3,在中间区域分布平稳;蛋白质分子在离子和电场作用下做翻转和平移运动,沿着电场方向通过管道;通过比较通道表面带电和不带电两种情况下的粒子分布,得出通道壁面对溶液中离子的静电作用是出现"电荷倒置"现象的原因.     

交变电场作用下细胞膜离子通道电流的趋肤效应

自然状态下细胞跨膜通道开放后，离子在化学梯度力和膜电场力作用下运动，形成离子电流，维持细胞正常的电生理特性．在外电场作用下，离子通道暴露于感应电磁环境中．作为电生理活动基础的各种离子．在电磁力作用下，其运动状态受到影响，直接导致离子电流值的改变．为量化分析这一作用机理，可根据离子通道的物理性质将其等效为圆柱导体，建立通道的电学模型并推导离子电流密度的分布函数．分析可知，在外加交变电场作用下，细胞膜离子通道电流的径向密度分布发生了变化，越靠近通道壁，离子电流密度越大，即产生趋肤效应。进而影响跨膜通道对离子的通透性。     

电除尘器离子浓度的分布

在静电除尘器中,粒子的荷电模型已经确立,电场和其中的离子浓度影响着粉尘的运动、荷电和沉降.实验利用线板式电除尘模型的一个通道,改变施加在电晕极线的电压值和测量点的位置,利用离子浓度测试仪测量收尘极板处离子的浓度,并对离子浓度的分布进行研究,发现当电压升到25 kV以后,离子浓度上升趋势趋于平缓,离子浓度在1013 m-3的数量级.在相同的电压下,收尘极板上正对电晕线A点的离子浓度都是最大的,离子浓度随距A点距离的增大而减小.     

静电场对碗豆幼苗膜透性影响与跨膜电导率

根据静电场作用下碗豆幼苗膜透性的试验结果,应用分子力学方法研究了离子跨膜输运能量,将植物细胞膜内部模拟为两个介电常烽不同的空间电荷区,建立离子跨膜模型,导出了界面势垒的静电荷密度与界面电导率,并从电子水平研究植物细胞畸变机理。     

陡脉冲不可逆性电击穿恶性肿瘤细胞的机理

电场的基本特性是对处于场中的物质有力的作用.在陡脉冲电场作用下,细胞膜内外表面有很强的电场分布,同时由于细胞膜的介电常数与细胞外液、细胞质的不同,从电磁场理论出发,必然有作用于细胞膜表面的电场应力.仿真计算结果表明,外加电场的作用使得细胞膜受到来自细胞外液与细胞质两个方向的压力,作用在恶性肿瘤细胞膜上的电场应力的数量级比正常细胞大1个数量级.因此,在陡脉冲电场的作用下,恶性肿瘤细胞比正常细胞具有更大的敏感性,这种电场应力的作用势必对恶性肿瘤细胞膜造成巨大的损伤,使得细胞的生存环境和遗传物质受到严重破坏,并导致细胞发生不可逆性电击穿而死亡.     

电磁场耦合忆阻神经网络的放电模式及同步行为研究

神经元电活动依赖于外界刺激及其感应电流,而细胞内部离子穿越细胞膜会诱发时变磁场。此外,每个细胞膜表面都被视为具有复杂电荷分布的带电体,会产生感应电场。因此,在传统的神经元模型中引入电磁场变量并研究电磁场耦合对神经网络集体动力学行为的影响具有实际意义。本文提出一种考虑电场和磁场的神经网络模型,其中采用磁控忆阻器模拟细胞内的电磁感应效应,描述磁通量和膜电位之间耦合。通过数值仿真研究电磁感应对神经网络的放电模式转换以及网络同步行为的影响,发现电场和磁场感应可以诱导神经元电活动模式发生转变,还发现突触连接的增强更能促进神经网络同步行为。本文考虑电磁场对神经元的作用,研究结果可望为认识神经系统的信号编码和传播机制提供新的见解。     

改性海藻酸钠-壳聚糖双极膜的性能及其在电合成乙醛酸中的应用

分别用戊二醛和二价锡离子改性壳聚糖和海藻酸钠,制备改性海藻酸钠-壳聚糖双极膜.用扫描电镜观察膜的形貌,IR分析表明该聚合物膜两边分别含有-NRH2 、-COO-官能团.该膜溶胀率较小,并能稳定存在于酸碱溶液中.将该膜应用于电合成乙醛酸体系,在电场的作用下,双极膜中水解离产生的H 传输入阴极室中,及时地补充了电生成乙醛酸时消耗的H .     

电流变液体的双电层模型

运用双电层模型计算了电流变液体中两球形粒子在外电场作用下的相互作用力，并用该模型分析了电流变液体的抗剪应力与外电场Ｅ０，热力学温度Ｔ，电流变液体中离子浓度ｎ０的关系，提出了今后电流变液体双电层模型的进一步研究方向。     

离子交换膜的选择透过性机理

分析了传统的双电层理论或Donnan膜平衡理论在解释离子交换膜的选择透过性机理上存在的局限性,提出了"空穴传导双电层"假说,认为离子交换膜在溶液中由于反离子的迁移在膜内留下"离子空穴",同时在膜的两侧形成"双电层"结构,"空穴"和"双电层"共同作用的结果使溶液中与反离子同号的离子能够通过离子交换膜,而与反离子异号的离子无法进入离子交换膜,从而使其具有选择透过性.在此基础上,用"空穴传导双电层"假说对离子交换膜在无电场和有电场作用的选择透过性进行了合理的分析.     

味觉电化学传感器的研究——可兴奋性脂膜对有味物质的响应

本文研究了酸味物质，甜味物质和咸味物质对膦脂膜味觉电化学传感器的影响，发现盐酸能降低该传感器的膜电位绝对值，同时降低膜电阻，食盐对膜电阻没有影响，而能提高膜电位的绝对值；蔗糖对膜电位影响甚微，但能显著提高膜电阻。     

介质击穿模型参数对雷电先导放电数值模拟的影响

为研究介质击穿模型参数的选取对雷电先导放电数值模拟结果的影响,以雷云荷电模型和WZ模型为基础,模拟计算了三维先导放电通道在50 m空间分辨率下的分形维数和先导临近对地面电场峰值的增强程度.统计分析结果表明:分形维数随着概率指数和电场击穿阈值的增大而减小,但随着通道内电场的增大先减小而后基本趋于稳定,且概率指数对分形维数的影响程度最为剧烈,电场击穿阈值次之,通道内电场的影响相对最弱;地面电场峰值的增强程度随着通道内电场和电场击穿阈值的增大而减小,但随着概率指数的增大先减小而后基本趋于稳定,且通道内电场对地面电场峰值增强程度的影响最为剧烈,概率指数次之,电场击穿阈值的影响相对最弱.     

基于源电荷模式的改进型地闪先导在有耗大地情况下电场分布特征

基于源电荷先导模式建立了适用于有耗大地情况下先导电场的计算模型,并利用人工引雷观测数据对模型进行了验证。运用新模型通过对有耗大地情况下地闪先导电场影响因素的模拟分析,结果表明当先导通道电荷密度分别呈线性、均匀和指数分布形式时,其模拟的地闪先导电场幅值都随着先导通道高度的增大而趋于稳定,对先导电场起有效作用的是先导通道贴近地面的一定高度内电荷分布且与离通道的距离有关;先导电荷的传播速度对先导电场波形的半峰值宽度有显著影响,而大地相对介电常数同时影响着先导电场波形的幅值和半峰值宽度,且随着相对介电常数值的增大影响逐渐减小,当相对介电常数为20时与理想情况仅仅相差5%。     

乙醇-水溶液的渗透蒸发膜分离(英文)

报导一种用于渗透蒸发分离乙醇-水溶液的长寿命复合膜,它是通过在不对称多孔镍基片沉积等离子体聚合物薄层而制成的.根据等离子体聚合条件的不同分离膜可以是乙醇优先透过性的或水优先透过性的,其中等离子体聚吡咯烷膜的水分离系数可达3.7,等离子体聚(N-乙烯基比咯烷酮+甲烷)的乙醇分离系数可达2.7基于多孔镍基片在溶剂中的结构稳定性和等离子体聚合物的交联网络,这种复合分离膜有希望发展成为一种抗溶剂,长寿命的渗透蒸发膜。     

A proton pore in a potassium channel voltage sensor reveals a focused electric field

Voltage-dependent potassium channels are essential for the generation of nerve impulses. Voltage sensitivity is conferred by charged residues located mainly in the fourth transmembrane segment (S4) of each of the four identical subunits that make up the channel. These charged segments relocate when the potential difference across the membrane changes, controlling the ability of the pore to conduct ions. In the crystal structure of the Aeropyrum pernix potassium channel KvAP, the S4 and part of the third (S3B) transmembrane alpha-helices are connected by a hairpin turn in an arrangement termed the 'voltage-sensor paddle'. This structure was proposed to move through the lipid bilayer during channel activation, transporting positive charges across a large fraction of the membrane. Here we show that replacing the first S4 arginine by histidine in the Shaker potassium channel creates a proton pore when the cell is hyperpolarized. Formation of this pore does not support the paddle model, as protons would not have access to a lipid-buried histidine. We conclude that, at hyperpolarized potentials, water and protons from the internal and external solutions must be separated by a narrow barrier in the channel protein that focuses the electric field to a small voltage-sensitive region.     

Small vertical movement of a K+ channel voltage sensor measured with luminescence energy transfer

Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to voltage changes across electrically excitable cell membranes. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are homotetramers with each subunit constructed from six transmembrane segments, S1-S6 (ref. 2). The voltage-sensing domain (segments S1-S4) contains charged arginine residues on S4 that move across the membrane electric field, modulating channel open probability. Understanding the physical movements of this voltage sensor is of fundamental importance and is the subject of controversy. Recently, the crystal structure of the KvAP channel motivated an unconventional 'paddle model' of S4 charge movement, indicating that the segments S3b and S4 might move as a unit through the lipid bilayer with a large (15-20-A) transmembrane displacement. Here we show that the voltage-sensor segments do not undergo significant transmembrane translation. We tested the movement of these segments in functional Shaker K+ channels by using luminescence resonance energy transfer to measure distances between the voltage sensors and a pore-bound scorpion toxin. Our results are consistent with a 2-A vertical displacement of S4, not the large excursion predicted by the paddle model. This small movement supports an alternative model in which the protein shapes the electric field profile, focusing it across a narrow region of S4 (ref. 6).     

Study of the selective effect on cells induced by nanosecond pulsed electric field with the resistor-capacitor circuit model

A resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit model is proposed to study the effect of nanosecond pulsed electric field on cells according to the structure and electrical parameters of cells. After a nanosecond step field has been applied, the variation of voltages across cytomembrane and mitochondria membrane both in normal and in malignant cells are studied with this model. The time for selectively targeting the mitochondria membrane and malignant cell can be evaluated much easily with curves that show the variation of voltage across each membrane with time. Ramp field is the typical field applied in electrobiology. The voltages across each membrane induced by ramp field are analyzed with this model. To selectively target the mitochondria membrane, proper range of ramp slope is needed. It is relatively difficult to decide the range of a slope to selectively affect the malignant cell. Under some conditions, such a range even does not exist.     

The principle of gating charge movement in a voltage-dependent K+ channel

The steep dependence of channel opening on membrane voltage allows voltage-dependent K+ channels to turn on almost like a switch. Opening is driven by the movement of gating charges that originate from arginine residues on helical S4 segments of the protein. Each S4 segment forms half of a 'voltage-sensor paddle' on the channel's outer perimeter. Here we show that the voltage-sensor paddles are positioned inside the membrane, near the intracellular surface, when the channel is closed, and that the paddles move a large distance across the membrane from inside to outside when the channel opens. KvAP channels were reconstituted into planar lipid membranes and studied using monoclonal Fab fragments, a voltage-sensor toxin, and avidin binding to tethered biotin. Our findings lead us to conclude that the voltage-sensor paddles operate somewhat like hydrophobic cations attached to levers, enabling the membrane electric field to open and close the pore.     

觏丽建筑——空间膜结构

本文结合膜结构的建筑形式，对膜结构的材质、特点和选用进行了详细的比较分析，总结了膜结构的优点，提出了空间膜结构从帐篷到永久建筑应用的有利条件，展现了空间膜结构广阔的应用前景，成为我国现代建筑的靓丽景观。     

Electron microscopic analysis of KvAP voltage-dependent K+ channels in an open conformation

Voltage-dependent ion channels serve as field-effect transistors by opening a gate in response to membrane voltage changes. The gate's response to voltage is mediated by voltage sensors, which are arginine-containing structures that must move with respect to the membrane electric field. We have analysed by electron microscopy a voltage-dependent K(+) channel from Aeropyrum pernix (KvAP). Fab fragments were attached to 'voltage sensor paddles' and identified in the electron microscopy map at 10.5 A resolution. The extracellular surface location of the Fab fragments in the map is consistent with the membrane-depolarized, open conformation of the channel in electrophysiological experiments. Comparison of the map with a crystal structure demonstrates that the voltage sensor paddles are 'up' (that is, near the channel's extracellular surface) and situated at the protein-lipid interface. This finding supports the hypothesis that in response to changes in voltage the sensors move at the protein-lipid interface rather than in a gating pore surrounded by protein.