黑耳鸢羽毛的扫描电镜观察

羽毛是鸟类案件现场比较容易获得的一类物证,本研究选取黑耳鸢的飞羽、尾羽、体羽和绒羽,利用扫描电镜对其显微结构进行观察.结果表明:黑耳鸢的飞羽、体羽和尾羽均由有钩羽小枝和无钩羽小枝组成,绒羽主要由节状羽小枝组成.飞羽、尾羽和体羽的有钩羽小枝的羽小钩数和纤毛数以及绒羽的节状羽小枝的节直径、节间距和节基长均不尽相同.与相关研究进行比较表明几类羽毛的各项指标在不同的物种间存在或多或少的差异,可以为通过羽毛对物种进行鉴别提供依据.     

暗腹雪鸡与藏雪鸡羽毛显微结构比较

羽毛是鸟类特有的皮肤衍生物,鸟羽显微结构具有较强的稳定性和种间特异性,鸟羽显微结构特征,可为鸟类物种的鉴定提供依据。应用扫描电镜对暗腹雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)与藏雪鸡(Tetraogallus tibetanus)的飞羽、绒羽和尾羽的显微结构进行观察。结果表明:飞羽和尾羽主要由有钩羽小枝和无钩羽小枝构成;绒羽主要由节状羽小枝构成。对飞羽和尾羽的羽小钩数、纤毛数、腹齿数以及绒羽的节直径、节间距和基节长进行显著性分析,发现尾羽的羽小钩数、纤毛数、腹齿数、绒羽的节直径与基节长在二者间差异显著,而绒羽的节间距和飞羽的几个指标在二者间差异均不显著。利用羽毛的显微结构来区分暗腹雪鸡与藏雪鸡时,尾羽的羽小钩数、纤毛数、腹齿数和绒羽的节直径、基节长是对二者进行识别的可选指标。     

红角鸮、斑头鸺鹠和黄腿渔鸮尾羽的观察与比较

选择鸮形目鸱鸮科的红角鸮、斑头鸺鹠和黄腿渔鸮的尾羽中正羽和绒羽进行测量与扫描电镜观察,并记录正羽羽片长度、宽度和羽干长度以及绒羽节状羽小枝的基节长度和节间距,然后进行数据分析.结果表明这3种鸟类尾羽中正羽的羽片宽度和羽干长度有显著差异,尾羽中绒羽的节状羽小枝基节长度和其他节长度均具有极显著差异.通过尾羽的正羽羽片宽度和羽干长度以及绒羽的羽小枝特征差异可以比较鉴别这3种鸟类.     

白鹭和大白鹭羽毛显微结构观察

【目的】探讨鸟类羽毛微观结构的差异,并据此鉴别鸟类。【方法】选取白鹭(Egretta garzetta)和大白鹭(E. alba)的飞羽、胸羽、尾羽及蓑羽4类羽毛作为研究对象,利用扫描电镜观察4类羽毛的羽小钩、腹齿及纤毛等微观结构的数量,利用SPSS 18.0对所观察的数据进行分析比较。【结果】飞羽中除腹齿数外,有钩羽小枝基柄长、羽小钩数、纤毛数以及无钩羽小枝基柄长在白鹭和大白鹭间均存在极显著差异;胸羽和尾羽有钩羽小枝的基柄长、腹齿数、羽小钩数、纤毛数以及无钩羽小枝的基柄长和腹齿数在白鹭和大白鹭间均存在显著或极显著差异;蓑羽纤毛数和基柄长在白鹭和大白鹭间存在极显著差异。【结论】除飞羽的腹齿外,所选的其他指标均可为白鹭和大白鹭的鉴别提供参考。     

10种隼形目鸟类尾羽羽小枝扫描电镜观察

选择10种隼形目鸟类尾羽,利用扫描电镜观察其显微结构,同时测量中央尾羽内、外翈宽度。结果表明:有钩羽小枝的羽小钩数,纤毛的粗细、长短、数量,腹齿数,无钩羽小枝的腹齿数以及羽小枝末端是否呈节状等特征在不同种类间存在差异。单因素方差分析表明中央尾羽内、外翈宽度的比值在某些种类间存在差异,用于显微结构分析的3个指标在2个物种间至少有1个指标差异显著。     

为什么动物园里的天鹅不会飞掉

当我们去动物园玩时，经常可以看到成双成对的白天鹅在宽阔的湖面上悠闲自得地游来游去，它们还会尽情地展现自己美丽的身姿，吸引游客驻足观赏。天鹅是一种善飞的鸟类，为什么它们会在动物园安居下来，不远走高飞呢？原来，鸟类能够飞翔是因为它们拥有了翅膀和羽毛。鸟类身上的羽毛真正具有飞翔功能的是飞羽和尾羽，飞羽长在翅膀上，尾羽则长在尾部。力，生活在非洲的鸵鸟尽管跑得很快，却因为没有飞羽而无法展翅蓝天。根据这个道理，送到动物园的天鹅首先要被拔去飞羽，幼鸟则要割去指骨或腕掌关节，使飞羽无处着生。没飞羽分初级飞羽、次…     

在盐城地区越冬的白肩雕

白肩雕(Apuila heliaca)隶属隼形目、鹰科,是一种大型猛禽.其形态与金雕大小相仿,体羽主要为黑褐色,头顶、枕部及上颈黄褐色,部分肩羽为白色,腰部棕黄色.两翼及尾羽黑褐色,内侧飞羽与尾羽均具棕黄色羽端.下体棕黄色,胸与腹部具暗褐色羽缘,呈纵走斑纹,尾下覆羽艳棕黄色.覆腿羽黑褐色,跗蹠黄色,爪黑色.白肩雕繁殖于     

福建罗源有金雕分布

1996年9月18日,笔者从罗源获得一猛禽(活体),经鉴定系金雕(亚成体)(Aquila chrysaetos daphanea Menzbier),现就其形态描述如下: 形态特征: 头顶黑褐,后颈暗赤褐色,具黑色纤细轴纹,羽端淡;上体暗褐色,有紫色光泽;肩羽基部灰白,有褐色斑;初级飞羽黑褐色,内侧初级飞羽内甲羽近羽基的一半为乳灰白色,并具宽而不规则的黑横斑;尾羽同背,尾羽先端黑色,余为灰褐色,尾上覆羽端部黑褐色;下体褐色具黑色羽干纹,胸部中央具淡色纵纹。覆腿羽淡,混有污白羽伸至趾基,覆腿羽具纤细纵纹。     

鸡双梳羽管螨(Syringophilus bipectinatus)的生物学研究

鸡双梳羽管螨寄生在鸡的羽管里面,其卵、前期若虫、后期若虫、成虫都在羽管内发现.它寄生在鸡的初级飞羽、次级飞羽、三级飞羽、初级复羽、次级复羽、小翼羽、尾羽、尾部复羽.雌成虫是羽管螨的传播阶段,它从鸡羽管的上脐部分出来,进入新生羽毛未封闭的上脐,又在其中生长、发育、繁殖.雏鸡的稚羽是从成年鸡身上出来的雌成螨侵入的第一套羽毛,稚羽一般感染不厉害,只初级复羽和次级飞羽有些感染,而到第一期婚羽,感染则急剧扩大,上述八种羽毛均可严重感染.雌成螨在雏羽中的第一次发现是在雏鸡孵出后35—42天,鸡双梳羽管螨生活史如下:雌成虫(?)卵(?)幼虫(?)前期若虫(?)后期若虫(?)雌成虫(?)卵(?)幼虫(?)前期若虫(?)后期若虫(?)雌成虫或雄成虫.鸡双梳羽管螨传播仅发生在鸡的孵雏和脱毛期.     

你好,东方白鹳

正我认为,看一种鸟的气质,得看它安静时的神态和面对危险的反应。到辽宁法库獾子洞国家湿地公园寻东方白鹳,我看到的是它的机警。东方白鹳飞翔时,颈部向前伸,腿蹬到尾羽后,尾羽展开呈扇状,初级飞羽散开,姿态优美。它如果认为有     

Moulting tail feathers in a juvenile oviraptorisaur

Xu et al. describe the extraordinarily preserved feathers from two subadults of the oviraptorisaur Similicaudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. The preserved tail feathers of the juvenile specimen (STM4.1) show a morphology not previously observed in any fossil feathers. The tail feathers of an older, immature specimen (STM22-6) show a typical closed pennaceous structure with a prominent, planar vane. I propose that the feathers of the tail of the juvenile specimen are not a specialized feather generation, but fossilized 'pin feathers' or developing feather germs.     

Mapping stem cell activities in the feather follicle

It is important to know how different organs 'manage' their stem cells. Both hair and feather follicles show robust regenerative powers that episodically renew the epithelial organ. However, the evolution of feathers (from reptiles to birds) and hairs (from reptiles to mammals) are independent events and their follicular structures result from convergent evolution. Because feathers do not have the anatomical equivalent of a hair follicle bulge, we are interested in determining where their stem cells are localized. By applying long-term label retention, transplantation and DiI tracing to map stem cell activities, here we show that feather follicles contain slow-cycling long-term label-retaining cells (LRCs), transient amplifying cells and differentiating keratinocytes. Each population, located in anatomically distinct regions, undergoes dynamic homeostasis during the feather cycle. In the growing follicle, LRCs are enriched in a 'collar bulge' niche. In the moulting follicle, LRCs shift to populate a papillar ectoderm niche near the dermal papilla. On transplantation, LRCs show multipotentiality. In a three-dimensional view, LRCs are configured as a ring that is horizontally placed in radially symmetric feathers but tilted in bilaterally symmetric feathers. The changing topology of stem cell activities may contribute to the construction of complex feather forms.     

鸭的羽毛组成成分比较分析

用氨基酸分析仪测定北京鸭、金定鸭及其杂种大土北鸭羽毛的氨基酸组成,发现不同种的鸭毛所含的氨基酸种类相同,但相应的各种氨基酸的含量却有差别。大土北鸭羽毛的异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸和脯氨酸的含量接近于北京鸭;半胱氨酸、谷氨酸(包括谷氨酰胺)、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸的含量接近于金定鸭;天冬氨酸(包括天冬酰胺)的含量略低于两亲本;赖氨酸的含量显著低于两亲本;丙氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸和缬氨酸的含量高于两亲本;丝氨酸的含量则与两亲本相近。经光谱分析表明,三种鸭毛所含金属元素的种类亦相同,且铜含量相差无几;北京鸭羽毛的锌、铁含量明显高于金定鸭;大土北鸭羽毛的锌含量接近于金定鸭,而铁含量则接近于北京鸭。     

The morphogenesis of feathers

Feathers are highly ordered, hierarchical branched structures that confer birds with the ability of flight. Discoveries of fossilized dinosaurs in China bearing 'feather-like' structures have prompted interest in the origin and evolution of feathers. However, there is uncertainty about whether the irregularly branched integumentary fibres on dinosaurs such as Sinornithosaurus are truly feathers, and whether an integumentary appendage with a major central shaft and notched edges is a non-avian feather or a proto-feather. Here, we use a developmental approach to analyse molecular mechanisms in feather-branching morphogenesis. We have used the replication-competent avian sarcoma retrovirus to deliver exogenous genes to regenerating flight feather follicles of chickens. We show that the antagonistic balance between noggin and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a critical role in feather branching, with BMP4 promoting rachis formation and barb fusion, and noggin enhancing rachis and barb branching. Furthermore, we show that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for inducing apoptosis of the marginal plate epithelia, which results in spaces between barbs. Our analyses identify the molecular pathways underlying the topological transformation of feathers from cylindrical epithelia to the hierarchical branched structures, and provide insights on the possible developmental mechanisms in the evolution of feather forms.     

北京雨燕幼鸟羽毛生长发育研究初报

北京雨燕是中国北方常见鸟类,作者于1985年4月至1988年8月对北京雨燕幼鸟羽毛发育进行了初步研究。研究表明,幼鸟羽毛发育有严格的规律性。在呼和浩特地区常见窝雏数为两雏鸟,所以仅对两雏幼鸟的羽毛发育进行描述。刚孵化的北京雨燕全身裸露,8日龄时长出飞羽鞘与尾羽鞘,18日龄时羽毛覆满全身。30日龄时两翅可在背部重迭。背部羽毛生长早于腹部羽毛。幼乌离巢时羽毛分布情况与成体相似,仅羽色比成体为淡。     

羽毛状沙丘辨析

近年来,随着库姆塔格沙漠研究的深入,中国学者对羽毛状沙丘的争论愈来愈多。本文综合分析了国内外沙丘分类学中关于羽毛状沙丘的论述,确认羽毛状沙丘是复合线形沙垄的变型,其中沙垄主脊构成"羽柄",而叠加其上的次级沙丘脊歧出主沙丘脊,构成"羽毛"。对比分析世界其他沙漠与中国库姆塔格沙漠所谓羽毛状沙丘的形态学特征发现,库姆塔格沙漠所谓的羽毛状沙丘实际上是典型的赛夫沙丘,不应视为羽毛状沙丘。以往根据遥感影像确定的羽毛状沙丘的"羽毛"部分是由地表沉积物反照率对比形成的羽毛状图案,与垄间地的沙埂没有很好的对应关系。羽毛状沙丘是在比较复杂的风况和沙源供应不够充分的条件下形成的。因此本文认为以往关于库姆塔格沙漠羽毛状沙丘的不确切认识概念应予以纠正。     

鸮形目7种鸟类腹部羽毛的扫描电镜观察

在对涉案野生动物的鉴定中,羽毛常作为现场物证成为鉴定依据。为探讨鸮形目7种鸟类腹部羽毛作为鉴定依据的可行性,利用扫描电镜观察其腹部羽毛的羽小枝间距、节间距和节直径等显微结构。结果发现:草鸮科与鸱鸮科鸟类可通过羽小枝间距和节间距鉴定区分。而在物种水平上,羽小枝间距、节间距和节直径等虽然在不同物种间具有高灵敏性的差异,但其种内变异度大,作为鉴定依据还需结合更多的显微结构指标。研究结合涉案动物鉴定的实践应用需求,发现羽毛显微结构具有作为鉴定依据的应用前景。     

A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers

Recent coelurosaurian discoveries have greatly enriched our knowledge of the transition from dinosaurs to birds, but all reported taxa close to this transition are from relatively well known coelurosaurian groups. Here we report a new basal avialan, Epidexipteryx hui gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. This new species is characterized by an unexpected combination of characters seen in several different theropod groups, particularly the Oviraptorosauria. Phylogenetic analysis shows it to be the sister taxon to Epidendrosaurus, forming a new clade at the base of Avialae. Epidexipteryx also possesses two pairs of elongate ribbon-like tail feathers, and its limbs lack contour feathers for flight. This finding shows that a member of the avialan lineage experimented with integumentary ornamentation as early as the Middle to Late Jurassic, and provides further evidence relating to this aspect of the transition from non-avian theropods to birds.     

The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx, the earliest known flying bird (avialan) from the Late Jurassic period, exhibits many shared primitive characters with more basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs (the clade including all theropods more bird-like than Allosaurus), such as teeth, a long bony tail and pinnate feathers. However, Archaeopteryx possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail, together with a wing feather arrangement shared with modern birds. This suggests some degree of powered flight capability but, until now, little was understood about the extent to which its brain and special senses were adapted for flight. We investigated this problem by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the braincase of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx. Here we show the reconstruction of the braincase from which we derived endocasts of the brain and inner ear. These suggest that Archaeopteryx closely resembled modern birds in the dominance of the sense of vision and in the possession of expanded auditory and spatial sensory perception in the ear. We conclude that Archaeopteryx had acquired the derived neurological and structural adaptations necessary for flight. An enlarged forebrain suggests that it had also developed enhanced somatosensory integration with these special senses demanded by a lifestyle involving flying ability.