试析英汉词义历时演变特征

本文简要梳理了英汉词义历时演变过程中所呈现出的规律性特征,结合大量的古汉语文言文,现代汉语和英语词汇作为语料,为二语习得者对英汉一词多义现象辨析提供了一个新的参考视角,即词义的本义和词源义。     

商务英语词义的假性透明

引介＂词义透明＂这一概念,反证商务语境中英语词义存在的＂假性透明＂语言现象,并将＂假性透明＂术语运用于论述一般用途英语词汇对商务英语词汇习得的负迁移。以财富期刊网2 000多个商务英语语词为语料,依据商务英语的特点和学生常犯的错误,将商务英语中容易造成词义＂假性透明＂的语词分为假朋友、多义聚合和词化表达3类。认为＂假朋友＂是两种语言或同一语言不同变体中,形式相同,但意义完全不同的词或词组;指出词化表达凸显了商务英语简洁高效的语言特点,但其整体义不是单个词义的累加,应作为商务英语词汇习得显性教学的重点。     

关于同义词的定义问题

我校中文系今年用的现代汉语教材是陆仁昌先生主编,东北师大出版的《现代汉语教程》.本教材对同义词的定义作了如下的描述:同义词是语音不同而语义相同或相近的一组词语.这个定义科学不科学、它符合不符合汉语的实际,有待于探讨.无须争论的是,同义词是词在意义上的分类的结果之一.词汇里,词与词间的同义关系,是由于它们指称的事物、现象、关系(包括语法关系)的相同或相近决定的.指称的对象相同,词义的逻辑内容一致的一些词,是等义关系词;指称的对象相似,词义的逻辑内容大同小异的一些词,是近义关系的词.这是同义词的两个方面.     

"以"字考

古代汉语教学中的难点之一是一词多义的解释.弄清词的多个义项在特定语体环境中的具体运用,有助于对古代文选的熟悉和对词义的把握.要正确把握词义,就要了解词的本义,及其引申、假借而产生的变义.古代汉语中常用虚词"以"字是一个典型的例子.考释"以"字的源流及其演变轨迹.了解怎样掌握词义的方法,对于人们把握或研究古代汉语词义定会有所补益.     

基于话题分布相似度的无监督评论词消歧方法

基于话题信息、词的位置关系和互信息等特征, 提出一种无监督的跨语言词义消歧算法。该算法仅利用在线词典和web搜索引擎, 通过上下文信息选择评论句中多义评论词的词义。实验结果表明, 所提出的词义消歧算法具有较高准确率, 对于具有较多候选词义的评论词仍能表现出较好的性能。     

言语环境中的词义

每一个词 ,其意义在词典中都是有限的 :或单义项 ,或多义项 ,这种词义是语言中的词义。但在实际使用中 ,词义却又会发生变化 ,或具体化 ,或有新的所指 ,或临时变异。这时的词义即为言语中的词义。本文拟对言语中的词义变化作一简单分析 ,找出其变化的规律和特点     

“萨满”词考

中外学者对“萨满”一词的来源及词义，历来说法不一，如果从中国古代少数民族语言及历史文献出发，对“萨满”一词的词源与词义进行重新考释，可以认为“萨满”一词不是外来语，而是中国古代女真语，其义不是“激动，不安和疯狂的人”，而是“智者”。     

试论主导"上""下"二词使用发展的认知原型特征

本文试以认知原型特征来解释“上”“下”二词在现代汉语中的不对称使用格局和具体用法的差异。认知原型特征是词源义隐含的空间认知的方式和特点,是主导词义发展及有效派生词义内核与共性,并以词义共性的形式保留在现有的常用词项中。认知原型特征的差异是造成“上”“下”使用差异的本源性动因。全文以二词作方位词、趋向动词和作补语的词义分析和对比归纳并逐步验证“上”“下”不同的原型语义特征对二词使用差异的影响力。     

也谈词的义项发展和分类——与高等教育出版社《现代汉语》（增订四版）中的义项分类商榷

本文就原文中词的引申义是由基本义直接或间接转化而来的;词义的分类分为：基本义和转义,这两个观点进行了商榷。本文赞同的观点是：词义的其它义项是由词的本义直接或间接转化而来的。词的义项分类可以分为：基本义和非基本义;也可分为：本义和转化义等。     

授受关系的反义同形词

古代汉语中兼具两个相反义的词很多,在这些词中,有一类兼具“授”、“受”两个相反义。“授”即“给予”、“交出”、“付给”;“受”即“索要”、“收取”、“接受”。这类词两个相反义的形成与古汉语中的词义引申有关。因为“授”、“受”是一个交接过程的两个方面,两者关系密不可分,可以相互引申。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~