高山姬鼠体温调节和产热能力的胎后发育

为了阐明高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)胎后发育的体温调节和产热能力,对其出生后1~42日龄幼仔的体温和静止代谢率(resting metabolic rate,RMR)进行了测定。结果表明:1日龄和7日龄时高山姬鼠幼仔体温和RMR随环境温度的升高而升高,14日龄时,高山姬鼠幼仔在低温条件下(5℃、10℃)体温相对较低,此时RMR已有明显的增加:7~14日龄是其体温调节能力快速发育的时期;21日龄时,高山姬鼠幼仔在低温条件下RMR极显著高于其他温度点的RMR,28日龄时,高山姬鼠幼仔RMR在高温(35℃)条件下也表现出增加的趋势;35日龄和42日龄时,能判断高山姬鼠幼仔热中性区(thermal neutral zone,TNZ)在22.5~30℃之间,接近成体水平。以上这些结果说明,高山姬鼠幼仔在胎后发育过程中,为维持恒定的体温,不同发育时期产热机制和能量分配方式不同,发育早期,生理性产热较弱,能量主要用于自身的生长发育;离开母体后,其恒温能力及产热调节能力得到较快的发展,以适应环境的变化。     

年龄和怀卵对鳄蜥选择体温及静止代谢率的影响

2008年8～9月在广东罗坑自然保护区,对大竹园管护站和鳄蜥研究中心的部分人工饲养鳄蜥Shinisaurus crocodilurus进行选择体温和静止代谢率的测定,实验鳄蜥共分为一龄幼蜥组、二龄幼蜥组、三龄亚成体蜥组、成年雄蜥组、非怀孕成年雌蜥组和怀孕雌蜥组6组.结果表明:怀孕雌蜥、一龄幼蜥和二龄幼蜥的选择体温和静止代谢率均显著高于三龄亚成体蜥、成年雄蜥和非怀孕成年雌蜥,而三龄亚成体蜥、成年雄蜥和非怀孕成年雌蜥间的选择体温和静止代谢差异不显著.从选择体温和静止代谢率的年龄差异推测幼蜥发育成熟的时间跨度约为3年.建议在饲养怀卵雌体及幼体鳄蜥时,应注意保持适宜的热环境.     

鸭禽流感母源抗体的消长规律及其免疫效果

为研究鸭禽流感免疫程序,对不同日龄的雏鸭进行禽流感母源抗体的检测,并对雏鸭接种禽流感H5、H9二价油乳剂苗后的HI抗体水平进行了检测。结果表明,雏鸭的母源抗体水平在1日龄达最高值,然后逐渐下降;H5抗体20日龄后降低到4.5log2以下,H9抗体25日龄后降低到4.8log2以下。根据试验采用的免疫方案,对雏鸭在8日龄时进行首免,并多次免疫后可提高H5、H9抗体水平,有效预防禽流感的发生。     

室内饲育西伯利亚鲟的血清性类固醇激素的周年变化

利用放射免疫方法对比观测了室内饲育4龄西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baeri)亚成体和9～11龄西伯利亚鲟的成体血清睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)的周年变化规律，并对4龄西伯利亚鲟亚成体的性腺发育状况进行了组织学检测，以期为西伯利亚鲟后备亲鱼培育和全人工繁殖提供参考数据．结果表明，4龄西伯利亚鲟亚成体的血清性类固醇激素水平与成体接近，T在9—10月份和3月份较高，E2在8—9月份较高．成体雄性西伯利亚鲟，T在排精前升高，排精时仍保持较高值；E2全年较低。雌性西伯利亚鲟，T在产卵前升高，临近产卵和产卵时降为较低值；E2在产卵前一年10—11月份较高，临近产卵和产卵时降为较低值。4龄西伯利亚鲟的性腺成熟系数雄性为4．1％～9．7％，雌性为8．2％～14．5％．组织学观察结果雄性个体的精巢已发育到Ⅲ或Ⅳ期，精巢中有少量成熟精子出现；雌性个体的卵巢发育处于Ⅲ～Ⅳ期，最大卵母细胞直径达到2.Omm。综合以上结果判断，室内饲育4龄西伯利亚鲟雄性个体已接近性成熟，而雌性个体尚未达到性成熟。     

鳄蜥胚后发育的观察

鳄蜥在一龄内发育迅速，二至四龄幼蜥发育缓慢，接近成蜥，鳄蜥性成熟年龄为四年，每年7-9月是鳄蜥最适生长时期，幼蜥出生时体质强弱不同，其发育情况有明显差别。     

棕背伯劳雏鸟鸣声发育的初步研究

2005年3月至5月在南充市郊对棕背伯劳（Lanius schach）的雏鸟4．5日龄到14．5日龄的鸣叫进行了录制．声谱分析结果显示：棕背伯劳的鸣声发育分为两个阶段，4．5日龄到7．5日龄雏鸟的鸣叫均由单音节组成。单独成句．8．5日龄到14．5日龄的雏鸟声普除了单音节外，还出现了双音节、多音节组成的语句．14．5日雏鸟的鸣叫声组成接近成体的威胁鸣叫．     

益生素(微生态制剂)在幼兔生长期的应用研究

主要研究微生态制剂对幼兔生长期生长性能和疾病预防保健等方面的功效.试验结果表明,70日龄时,试验组与对照组相比增重率达到13.3%;105日龄时,试验组与对照组相比增重率达到13.9%,105日龄比70日龄增重效果更加明显,并提高了幼兔的生长速度.结果显示,微生态制剂幼兔专用预混料大大降低了幼兔消化系统疾病的发病率,并降低了兔群消化道疾病发生,提高了成活率,为微生态制剂在幼兔饲料中的添加应用提供了更多理论依据.     

中华龙鸟的伪装术

<正>1996年,人们发现了长有羽毛的恐龙——中华龙鸟的化石。由于化石保存了中华龙鸟的部分羽毛,我们得知其拥有一条黄白相间的条纹状尾巴。如今,来自英国的研究人员复原了中华龙鸟全身的羽毛颜色,发现其外貌特征似曾相识:背部颜色深而腹部颜色浅,脸上还长有眼镜状斑纹。该研究结果已于2017年10月26日发表在Current Biology上。     

不同龄期鹌鹑的静止代谢率与恒温水平

成鹑在15～40℃时的静止代谢率呈“U”型曲线,25℃时最低,其正常体温41.52±0.40℃。一日龄雏鹑的体温已相当恒温水平时71.57％,但至20～21日龄才恒温。一日龄的静止代谢率较低,仅相当成鸟的80％左右;2日龄后,较成鸟为高;而20℃时较35℃时高;温暖的饲养环境,可减少能量消耗。     

不同龄期鹌鹑的静止代谢率与恒温水平

成鹑在15～40℃时的静止代谢率呈“U”型曲线,25℃时最低,其正常体温41.52±0.40℃。一日龄雏鹑的体温已相当恒温水平时71.57％,但至20～21日龄才恒温。一日龄的静止代谢率较低,仅相当成鸟的80％左右;2日龄后,较成鸟为高;而20℃时较35℃时高;温暖的饲养环境,可减少能量消耗。     

Variation in egg size and nestling growth rate in relation to clutch size and laying sequence in great tits Parus major

The objectives of this study were to examine (1) optimal clutch size in great tits (Parus major) nesting in nest boxes; (2) variation in egg morphology and nestling growth rate with position in the laying sequence; and (3) hatching asynchrony and nestling survival as determined by infrared nest cameras. We collected data from 73 clutches in artificial nest boxes in the Zuojia Natural Preserve area in Jilin Province, China, in 2005 and 2006, using infrared cameras to match laying order to hatching order for four nests. Egg morphology and growth rate were significantly affected by clutch size and position in the laying order. Overall, egg size and growth rate increased with position in the laying order. In general, it was difficult to detect asynchronous hatching from observations alone, but data from our infrared cameras showed that early-laid eggs tended to hatch before later-laid eggs, leading to hatching asynchrony. However, females invested more into last-laid eggs and nestlings, reducing size asynchrony among the chicks and leading to higher survival rates of nestlings. Our results, therefore, provide support for the"brood survival"hypothesis rather than for the"brood reduction"hypothesis.     

紫蓬山区金腰燕繁殖生态研究

作者报道了1996年4－7月安徽紫蓬山区的金腰燕繁殖生态．结果表明,金腰燕4月初开始繁殖,巢营在室内檐下,窝卵数5．5枚,孵化期18天,育雏期28天,雏鸟体重增长的方程为     

Female bluethroats enhance offspring immunocompetence through extra-pair copulations

Female birds frequently copulate with extra-pair males, but the adaptive value of this behaviour is poorly understood. Some studies have suggested that 'good genes' may be involved, where females seek to have their eggs fertilized by high-quality males without receiving any material benefits from them. Nevertheless, it remains to be shown that a genetic benefit is passed on to offspring. Here we report that nestling bluethroats, Luscinia svecica, sired by extra-pair males had a higher T-cell-mediated immune response than their maternal half-siblings raised in the same nest. The difference could not be attributed to nestling body mass, sex or hatching order, but may be an effect of paternal genotype. Extra-pair young were also more immunocompetent than their paternal half-sibs raised in the genetic father's own nest, which indicates an additional effect of maternal genotype. Our results are consistent with the idea that females engage in extra-pair copulations to obtain compatible viability genes, rather than 'good genes' per se.     

紫蓬山区三种鹭雏鸟生命表的研究

本文报道了紫蓬山区池鹭、白鹭和夜鹭雏鸟的生命表,并对三者的存活曲线进行了比较,结果表明,池鹭、白鹭和夜鹭雏鸟分别在９－１３、８－９、１１－１４日龄的千分死亡率较高,０日龄期望的雏期分别为１７．９７、２３２０、２４．７７天,存活曲线都为Ａ型,但池鹭雏的最凸,夜鹭雏的最四三种鹭雏鸟的生命表和存x活曲线的研究对于了解雏鸟存活情况,以及制定种群的保护措施具有重要的意义．     

Chicken genomics: feather-pecking and victim pigmentation

Feather-pecking in domestic birds is associated with cannibalism and severe welfare problems. It is a dramatic example of a spiteful behaviour in which the victim's fitness is reduced for no immediate direct benefit to the perpetrator and its evolution is unexplained. Here we show that the plumage pigmentation of a chicken may predispose it to become a victim: birds suffer more drastic feather-pecking when the colour of their plumage is due to the expression of a wild recessive allele at PMEL17, a gene that controls plumage melanization, and when these birds are relatively common in a flock. These findings, obtained using an intercross between a domestic fowl and its wild ancestor, have implications for the welfare of domestic species and offer insight into the genetic changes associated with the evolution of feather-pecking during the early stages of domestication.     

一株具有羽毛降解活性的益生菌的筛选和应用

利用以羽毛为唯一碳氮源的培养基,从市售的益生菌中分离筛选可高效降解羽毛的菌株,发现菌株HUBM2摇瓶培养7d,可将大部分的羽毛降解.该菌株经16SrDNA测序鉴定是地农芽孢杆菌.为缩短降解周期,利用该菌研究不同羽毛预处理方法对羽毛降解效率的影响,发现用0.02％的NaOH溶液处理15 min的羽毛降解效率最高.用稀碱处理的羽毛为唯一碳氮源,从接种量、培养基2个方面对HUBM2降解羽毛的条件进行优化,经过优化后,羽毛降解周期从7d减少到2d,羽毛降解率达到80％.测定降解产物中小肽和益生菌的含量,结果显示,发酵液中益生菌含量为1.4×109 CFU/mL,小肽和氨基酸含量为0.41 mg/mL.     

鹌鹑伴性羽基因用于遗传学实验的设计与分析

鹌鹑的栗羽、黄羽和白羽是Z染色体上两个有连锁关系的基因座B b和Y y相互作用的结果。B b和Y y两基因座在雄性表现出一定的互换率 ,在雌性为完全连锁。通过以下几种杂交实验 :(1)白羽系×龙城系 ;(2 )黄羽系×龙城系 ;(3)白羽系×黄羽系 ,可以验证伴性遗传规律 ,说明B b和Y y基因间的互作关系。利用 [白羽 (♂ )×黄羽 (♀ ) ]×黄羽 (♀ )或 [黄羽 (♂ )×白羽 (♀ ) ]×白羽 (♀ )可以测定基因座B b的Y y之间的互换率。利用鹌鹑羽色基因进行遗传学实验具有材料来源广 ,实验周期短 ,实验效果明显等特点 ,是大专院校进行有关遗传学实验的理想材料。     

厦门几种猛禽体内的重金属分布

测定厦门4种猛禽:草鸮(Tytocapensis)、东方角鸮(Otus sunia)、燕隼(Falco subbuteo)和红隼(Falcotinnunculus)体内铜、锌、铅、镉的含量,研究以上4种元素在猛禽不同组织中的分布规律.结果表明:在草鸮和东方角鸮的5种组织中,羽毛、肌肉、肝脏和心脏的重金属分布规律是Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd,在骨头中为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd;在燕隼和红隼体内5种组织中的重金属分布规律也为Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在猛禽的肝脏、心脏以及骨骼中的含量较高,而在肌肉中的含量较低.猛禽体内的重金属含量主要受环境污染程度、食性以及鸟类富集重金属能力的影响.     

次生林中5种次级洞巢鸟对巢址的再利用研究

在吉林省左家自然保护区的次生林内,对1996年标记的被5种次级洞巢鸟利用并保存下来的104个巢址进行了4年的再利用跟踪调查.所标记的巢址被5种次级洞巢鸟、2种初级洞巢鸟和花鼠所利用.标记巢址总的再利用率为55.16%,次级洞巢鸟对标记巢址的再利用率为51.29%,说明次级洞巢鸟利用过的巢址仍是其后续繁殖的重要资源.每种次级洞巢鸟都偏爱同一种类以前利用过的巢址,被同种鸟重复利用的巢繁殖成功率明显高于只被利用过一次的巢,表明被同一鸟种多次利用的树洞是该种鸟繁殖更适宜的巢位.次级洞巢鸟对标记巢址存在交叉利用现象,且对再利用的巢址具有选择性;影响次级洞巢鸟巢址再利用的因子主要包括洞口类型、洞口水平直径、洞内径、洞深、洞距地面高和洞口垂直直径.次级洞巢鸟在对巢址资源的再利用过程中不存在明显的时滞现象.     

Flock-feeding on fish schools increases individual success in gulls

Flock-foraging and the role of white plumage in gulls and other seabirds have been the subject of much debate. At first sight it seems that competition within the flock would render flock formation against the interest of the bird who finds the fish school, as the fish must then be shared with birds joining the flock. However, it is also possible that flock formation is neutral or even beneficial to the individual members, including the bird that found the fish (the 'first finder'). Here we show that the fishing success of individual black-headed gulls, Larus ridibundus, increases with flock size up to at least eight birds. Part of the reason is that the fish school is more vulnerable when attacked by several gulls. The first gull to reach a fish school therefore benefits from being joined by others, and conspicuous white upper parts in gulls may act as a means of attracting other gulls to the flock and hence improving hunting success.