不同环境温度下典型身管用钢磨损性能研究

通过摩擦磨损、高温硬度及相应的分析试验研究了典型身管用钢32Cr2MoVA、30SiMn2MoVA在室温、200、400以及600℃下的摩擦磨损行为与规律.结果表明:两种材料的摩擦系数在各个温度区间内的区别不大,主要受摩擦氧化物产生与否影响.32Cr2MoVA的磨损率随着温度的提高先降低再提高之后又下降,30SiMn2MoVA的磨损率随着温度的上升而先降低,然后逐渐升高,600℃达到最高.温度、身管钢在高温下的硬度和磨盘材料与滑动销的高温硬度差(Hd--Hp)共同影响磨损表面氧化物层的最终形态.室温至200℃时,身管钢磨损行为主要受表面氧化物层的影响.室温下两种身管钢磨损机理均为黏着磨损及磨粒磨损,200℃时均为氧化轻微磨损.环境温度达到400℃以上时,身管钢以及磨盘材料的基体硬度开始影响磨损行为.400℃时两种身管钢磨损机理均为氧化严重磨损.600℃时,32Cr2MoVA的Hd--Hp减小,磨损表面出现了厚度很大、致密的氧化物层,磨损机理为氧化轻微磨损;而30SiMn2MoVA的Hd--Hp显著增大,试样发生了明显的塑性挤出,为塑性挤出磨损.     

碳化钨涂层高温摩擦磨损行为

采用爆炸喷涂技术制备了碳化钨涂层,利用HT-1000高温摩擦磨损试验机研究了碳化钨涂层高温下摩擦磨损性能,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析了涂层磨损表面形貌、元素分布和相结构.结果表明:碳化钨涂层由雪花片状颗粒堆叠而成,如山地状,结合紧密.定温条件下,摩擦因数随着试验温度升高而减小,试验温度为550℃时,摩擦因数最小;磨损量随着温度升高而增大,550℃时,磨损量由于配副材料的转移出现了负增加.温度低于350℃时,磨损表面具有撕裂、轻微黏着和磨粒磨损痕迹;在550℃时,磨损表面发生了剥落、严重黏着和氧化磨损.连续升温条件下,温度低于300℃时,摩擦因数较小,在350~550℃范围内,摩擦因数波动较大;磨损表面以剥层、黏着和氧化磨损为主.     

耐热钢高温抗冲蚀磨损性能试验

通过自行设计的气流喷砂式高温冲蚀磨损试验机对304和310s耐热钢进行了高温冲蚀磨损试验。对比了2种材料的抗冲蚀性能及其磨损机制。比较分析了温度、冲蚀角度和试样表面氧化膜等因素对冲蚀磨损率的影响规律。结果表明:310s钢的耐冲蚀磨损性能优于304钢,试样表面氧化膜在400℃时抑制了磨粒对试样表面的冲蚀,磨粒对试样表面的微切削是2种材料冲蚀磨损质量损失的主要机制。     

中重型车辆离合器摩擦副材料的高温摩擦磨损性能

为了探讨离合器摩擦副材料在高温下的摩擦磨损机制,采用30CrSiMoVM钢作为与铜基粉末冶金摩擦片配对使用的对偶钢片,在MMU-10G高温端面摩擦磨损试验机上,研究30CrSiMoVM钢和摩擦片组成的摩擦副在室温到600℃之间的摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明:随着温度升高,材料的强度逐渐降低,摩擦界面氧化膜不断形成与脱落,使摩擦副摩擦因数和磨损量总体趋势逐渐增大。在温度为300~500℃时,摩擦副摩擦因数和磨损量均平稳增大,表明摩擦副材料在此温度段摩擦磨损性能较稳定,磨损机制表现为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳磨损;在600℃时,摩擦副材料表层软化,摩擦片摩擦因数和磨损量急剧增大,对偶钢片因表层黏着磨损严重,相对磨损量较小,磨损机制表现为黏着磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳磨损。     

SPAH钢的高温氧化行为

SPAH钢在热轧过程中氧化不仅会影响到产品的表面质量还会影响到材料的收得率.在热轧温度范围733～1 333 K,对该钢进行了热轧试验,利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射等方式研究了其高温氧化行为.研究表明,当温度低于833 K时,钢的高温氧化非常轻微.在钢的温度低于1 133 K时,其表面氧化膜均比较致密.如果温度超过1 133 K,所形成的氧化膜松而脆,而且此时随着温度的升高,表面氧化速率显著增加.进一步数值分析表明,提高轧制过程中的冷却速率或提高轧制速度可以减少表面氧化.     

23-8N气门钢的高温摩擦磨损特性

研究了23-8N气门钢采用完全时效和固溶+时效热处理后的高温摩擦磨损性能,并对其金相组织、物相组成等进行了分析.结果表明:随着温度的升高,两种不同热处理试样的摩擦系数和磨损体积均呈现出先减小后增大的趋势;常温下,完全时效处理试样耐磨性较好,试样表面出现了犁沟和片状磨屑,表现为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;而高温时,由于固溶时效处理试样的表面氧化膜更厚,其耐磨损性能更好;在400℃时,两种试样表面被致密的氧化膜覆盖,所以其磨损量最小,该温度下试样的磨损形式以轻微的氧化磨损为主;在500~650℃时,随着温度的升高,试样的磨损量逐渐增加,磨损机制也发生转变,由轻微氧化磨损转变为严重磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和氧化膜的疲劳剥落.     

韧性材料冲蚀磨损的机理研究

在自行设计的冲蚀磨损试验台上,用石英砂对典型的韧性材料(A3钢),在不同速度、不同冲击角度下进行了冲蚀磨损试验.研究了喷砂量、冲击角、冲击速度与磨损量的关系,并用扫描电镜和表面形貌仪观察、测量了冲蚀表面的形貌,讨论了韧性材料的冲蚀磨损机理.     

配副体积比对干滑动摩擦学特性与表面形貌的影响

由于摩擦热介入摩擦过程 ,金属干摩擦副双方的相对体积比影响材料的干摩擦磨损性能。试验结果表明 :在铸铁 /40Cr钢干滑动摩擦配副中 ,随着盘 /销体积的增大 ,配副的摩擦因数降低 ,磨损率增大 ;不同配副体积比条件下的摩擦表面具有不同的形貌特征 ,高的盘 /销体积比具有犁沟型表面形貌。这种形貌不利于摩擦热从摩擦表面的有效导出 ,从而使摩擦表面具有更高的温度 ;在实际运行条件下 ,对火车闸瓦的磨损速率检测也证明 :配副体积比对闸瓦磨损速率的影响与销盘试验所得研究结果具有相同的规律     

TC4钛合金板带高温成形性能研究

以TC4钛合金板带为研究对象,重点对其高温下的强度和热导率以及表面氧化皮等进行试验研究和分析.TC4钛合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度以及屈强比均随温度的升高而降低.所测合金的比热容范围为0.61~1.14 J/（kg·K）,热辐射系数为0.58.TC4合金表面氧化缺陷层主要由外侧含氧量较高的氧化皮和内侧的富氧层组成.随加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,富氧层会向合金基体延伸使其氧化层厚度增加.在较高的应变速率和较低的变形温度下,TC4合金的变形抗力增加明显.应力-应变曲线随应变速率的降低由加工硬化型向动态再结晶型转变,变形温度越高其发生动态再结晶的临界变形量越小.     

冲击功对低碳高合金钢冲击腐蚀磨损性能的影响

文章通过改变冲击功和试验时间,利用SEM与光学显微镜观察表面形貌和亚表层裂纹,研究了在冲击、腐蚀和磨粒磨损协同作用下冲击功对低碳高合金钢磨损性能的影响,以及不同冲击功下磨损失效机理随时间的变化。试验结果表明,在2.0J和2.7J冲击功下,材料主要表现为磨粒磨损;在3.5J冲击功下,材料表现为冲击磨损。同时,在各个冲击功下,材料的磨损机理在冲击应力的循环作用下随时间发生明显变化。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-