单根碳纳米管的低温电输运性质

报道了单根碳纳米管的低温电输运测量结果,特别关注了由于碳纳米管在长度方向的尺寸较小时产生的库仑阻塞性质,碳纳米管的低温电输运出现了零偏置反常和库仑振荡。因此碳纳米管在小的尺寸和低温时不仅出现能量量子化而且可以出现电荷量子化-量子点的行为。     

Laser-plasma acceleration of quasi-monoenergetic protons from microstructured targets

Particle acceleration based on high intensity laser systems (a process known as laser-plasma acceleration) has achieved high quality particle beams that compare favourably with conventional acceleration techniques in terms of emittance, brightness and pulse duration. A long-term difficulty associated with laser-plasma acceleration--the very broad, exponential energy spectrum of the emitted particles--has been overcome recently for electron beams. Here we report analogous results for ions, specifically the production of quasi-monoenergetic proton beams using laser-plasma accelerators. Reliable and reproducible laser-accelerated ion beams were achieved by intense laser irradiation of solid microstructured targets. This proof-of-principle experiment serves to illuminate the role of laser-generated plasmas as feasible particle sources. Scalability studies show that, owing to their compact size and reasonable cost, such table-top laser systems with high repetition rates could contribute to the development of new generations of particle injectors that may be suitable for medical proton therapy.     

Microwave devices: carbon nanotubes as cold cathodes

To communicate, spacecraft and satellites rely on microwave devices, which at present are based on relatively inefficient thermionic electron sources that require heating and cannot be switched on instantaneously. Here we describe a microwave diode that uses a cold-cathode electron source consisting of carbon nanotubes and that operates at high frequency and at high current densities. Because it weighs little, responds instantaneously and has no need of heating, this miniaturized electron source should prove valuable for microwave devices used in telecommunications.     

A powerful bursting radio source towards the Galactic Centre

Transient astronomical sources are typically powered by compact objects and usually signify highly explosive or dynamic events. Although high-time-resolution observations are often possible in radio astronomy, they are usually limited to quite narrow fields of view. The dynamic radio sky is therefore poorly sampled, in contrast to the situation in the X-ray and gamma-ray bands in which wide-field instruments routinely detect transient sources. Here we report a transient radio source, GCRT J1745-3009, which was detected during a moderately wide-field monitoring programme of the Galactic Centre region at 0.33 GHz. The characteristics of its bursts are unlike those known for any other class of radio transient. If located in or near the Galactic Centre, its brightness temperature (approximately 10(16) K) and the implied energy density within GCRT J1745-3009 vastly exceed those observed in most other classes of radio astronomical sources, and are consistent with coherent emission processes that are rarely observed. We conclude that it represents a hitherto unknown class of transient radio sources, the first of possibly many new classes that may be discovered by emerging wide-field radio telescopes.     

免疫组织化学在扫描电镜上的应用与进展

本综述文章介绍了若干个免疫组织化学标记物的检查方法,如胶体金、铁蛋白、外源凝集素、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)、二次电子像、背散射电子像等在扫描电镜上的应用。本技术需要有高分辨率的扫描电镜,并装备的场区发射电子枪、二次电子和背射电子检测器,还要有临界点干燥器、喷碳仪以及胶体金结合物(抗体、蛋白A、链抗生物素蛋白、外源凝集素等)、铁蛋白结合物、HRP—结合物等。     

Determination of electron orbital magnetic moments in carbon nanotubes

The remarkable transport properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are determined by their unusual electronic structure. The electronic states of a carbon nanotube form one-dimensional electron and hole sub-bands, which, in general, are separated by an energy gap. States near the energy gap are predicted to have an orbital magnetic moment, mu(orb), that is much larger than the Bohr magneton (the magnetic moment of an electron due to its spin). This large moment is due to the motion of electrons around the circumference of the nanotube, and is thought to play a role in the magnetic susceptibility of CNTs and the magnetoresistance observed in large multiwalled CNTs. But the coupling between magnetic field and the electronic states of individual nanotubes remains to be quantified experimentally. Here we report electrical measurements of relatively small diameter (2-5 nm) individual CNTs in the presence of an axial magnetic field. We observe field-induced energy shifts of electronic states and the associated changes in sub-band structure, which enable us to confirm quantitatively the predicted values for mu(orb).     

缺陷对单壁碳纳米管电子结构调制的第一性原理计算

用密度泛函理论计算不同浓度点空位缺陷对扶手型和锯齿型碳纳米管电子结构的调制, 并对其键长、 缺陷形成能、 带隙及电子态密度进行分析. 结果表明： 随着缺陷浓度的增加, 邻近碳原子间化学键键长减小, 扶手型碳纳米管带隙打开, 由金属性质变为半导体性质, 锯齿型碳纳米管带隙逐渐变小; 碳原子缺失使缺陷附近未成键的悬键电子局域在Fermi能级附近形成额外的电子态而改变了碳纳米管的电子结构.     

彩色交流等离子体显示板气体放电中平均电子能量的计算

由局域近似假设,推导出彩色交流等离子体显示板（ＡＣ－ＰＤＰ）气体放电中平均电子能量的计算公式,该由公式的计算结果表明,随着Ｘｅ分压强与总气压之比ｘＸｅ或气压ｐ的增加,平均电子能量下降,而由电场强度发迹造成的能量变化的幅度减小,根据此计算结果,对ｘＸｅ和ｐ对彩色ＡＣ－ＰＤＰ光电性能的影响进行了理论分析,分析结果表明：随着ｘＣｅ的增加,着火电压、记忆范围、高度和光效均增加;随着ｐ的增加,记忆范围、高度     

单壁碳纳米管尺寸和手性对α-丙氨酸分子手性转变限域的影响

用量子化学ONIOM(B3LYP/6-31++g*:UFF)方法,考察扶椅型单壁碳纳米管SWCNT(5,5),(6,6),(7,7)、锯齿型SWCNT(9,0),(10,0),(11,0)和螺旋型SWCNT(8,2),(8,3),(8,4),(9,1),(9,2),(9,3)中的α-Ala分子结构和手性转变机制.结果表明:与单体相比,当α-Ala分子限域在直径小的SWCNT中时,其C—C—C键角、C—C—N—C二面角和H—N—H键角增加较大,其他结构参数值略有增减;只存在H先在羧基内转移,手性碳上的H再以羰基11O为桥梁转移的反应通道;当α-Ala分子限域在SWCNT(5,5),(9,0),(8,2),(9,1)中时,羧基内H转移和H从手性碳转移到羰基的能垒较低;α-Ala分子限域在SWCNT中的H转移反应能垒随管径的减小而降低;不同手性的SWCNT对H转移反应能垒影响较小.     

Three-dimensional tubular carbon aerogel for supercapacitors

A three-dimensional elastic carbon nanotube aerogel is fabricated via a simple solution-based strategy using Te nanowires as templates, which can be recycled. The pipe diameter and wall thickness of the carbon nanotube are strongly dependent on the diameter of the Te nanowires and carbon source. The obtained free-standing carbon nanotube aerogel with a large specific surface area (up to 1865 m2?g-1) is promising as an electrode material for supercapacitors. After combination with MnO₂, the capacitor exhibits a specific capacitance of 360.4 F?g-1 at a current of 1 A?g-1 and retention of 97% after 2000 cycles. The high power capabilities and good stability make it a promising candidate as an electrode for supercapacitors.     

Monoenergetic beams of relativistic electrons from intense laser-plasma interactions

High-power lasers that fit into a university-scale laboratory can now reach focused intensities of more than 10(19) W cm(-2) at high repetition rates. Such lasers are capable of producing beams of energetic electrons, protons and gamma-rays. Relativistic electrons are generated through the breaking of large-amplitude relativistic plasma waves created in the wake of the laser pulse as it propagates through a plasma, or through a direct interaction between the laser field and the electrons in the plasma. However, the electron beams produced from previous laser-plasma experiments have a large energy spread, limiting their use for potential applications. Here we report high-resolution energy measurements of the electron beams produced from intense laser-plasma interactions, showing that--under particular plasma conditions--it is possible to generate beams of relativistic electrons with low divergence and a small energy spread (less than three per cent). The monoenergetic features were observed in the electron energy spectrum for plasma densities just above a threshold required for breaking of the plasma wave. These features were observed consistently in the electron spectrum, although the energy of the beam was observed to vary from shot to shot. If the issue of energy reproducibility can be addressed, it should be possible to generate ultrashort monoenergetic electron bunches of tunable energy, holding great promise for the future development of 'table-top' particle accelerators.     

多壁碳纳米管负载镍-磷合金催化剂的制备及其乙醇电催化氧化性能

采用改良的化学镀法制备得到了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)负载镍-磷(Ni-P)合金粒子催化剂。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等测试手段对催化剂的物性进行了表征。测试结果表明,圆球状的非晶态Ni-P纳米粒子均匀分散在多壁碳纳米管的侧壁,粒径大约为100nm。进一步通过循环伏安法(CV)对催化剂乙醇氧化的电催化性能进行了研究,结果表明MWCNT/Ni-P催化剂对于碱性介质下的乙醇氧化反应有着优异的电催化性能。     

Electronic Structure and Electron-transport Properties of Peanut-shaped C60 Polymers with a Negative Gauss Curvature

1 Results When a C60 film was irradiated with electron-beam (EB) with an incident energy of 3 kV, a peanut-shaped C60 polymer with metallic properties was formed[1], as shown in Fig.1. To elucidate the origin of the metallic properties of the peanut-shaped polymer, we examined the valence photoelectron spectra of the polymer using in situ high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy and found that the electronic states of the polymer came across the Fermi level (EF)[2]. Interestingly, the spectral shape i...     

Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation

The discovery of buckminsterfullerene (C60) and its production in macroscopic quantities has stimulated a great deal of research. More recently, attention has turned towards other curved graphitic networks, such as the giant fullerenes (Cn, n > 100) and carbon nanotubes. A general mechanism has been proposed in which the graphitic sheets bend in an attempt to eliminate the highly energetic dangling bonds present at the edge of the growing structure. Here, I report the response of carbon soot particles and tubular graphitic structures to intense electron-beam irradiation in a high-resolution electron microscope; such conditions resemble a high-temperature regime, permitting a degree of structural fluidity. With increased irradiation, there is a gradual reorganization of the initial material into quasi-spherical particles composed of concentric graphitic shells. This lends weight to the nucleation scheme proposed for fullerenes, and moreover, suggests that planar graphite may not be the most stable allotrope of carbon in systems of limited size.     

Simple method to rapidly fabricate chain-like carbon nanotube films and its field emission properties

A simple process to fabricate chain-like carbon nanotube (CNT) films by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) was developed successfully. Prior to deposition, the Ti/Al₂O₃ substrates were ground with Fe-doped SiO₂ powder. The nano-structure of the deposited films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The field electron emission characteristics of the chain-like carbon nanotube films were measured under the vacuum of 10-5 Pa. The low turn-on field of 0.80 V/μm and the emission current density of 8.5 mA/cm2 at the electric field of 3.0 V/μm are obtained. Based on the above results, chain-like carbon nanotube films probably have important applications in cold cathode materials and electrode materials.     

Synthesis of carbon nanotube array using corona discharge plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

A corona discharge phasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition with the features of atmospheric pressure and low temperature has been developed to synthesize the carbon nanotube array ,The array was synthesized from methane and hydrogen mixture in anodic aluminum oxide template channels in that cobalt was electrodeposited at the bottom.The characterization results by the scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy indicate that the array consists of carbon nanotubes with the diameter of about 40 nm and the length of more than 4 μm, and the carbon anotubes are mainly restrained within the channels of templates.     

Preparation and electrochemical property of CMC/MWCNT composite using ionic liquid as solvent

Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium(CMC)/multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT) composite was prepared by dissolving CMC with ionic liquid as solvent.The microstructure and electrochemical properties of CMC/MWCNTs were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD) system and electrochemical workstation.The experimental results indicated that the CMC dissolved with ionic liquid could be uniformly enwrapped on the surface of MWCNTs,and the coating thickness of CMC was about 5.4 nm.There are obvious oxidation peaks in the cyclic voltammograms curves of glassy carbon electrode coated with a CMC/MWCNT composite in H2O2 phosphate buffer solution.The MWCNT content and ultrasonic time strongly affected the dispersivity and electrochemical property of CMC/MWCNT composite.While the MWCNT content and ultrasonic processing time was 2 wt% and 2 h respectively,CMC/MWCNT composite exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity.     

High-quality electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding

Laser-driven accelerators, in which particles are accelerated by the electric field of a plasma wave (the wakefield) driven by an intense laser, have demonstrated accelerating electric fields of hundreds of GV m(-1) (refs 1-3). These fields are thousands of times greater than those achievable in conventional radio-frequency accelerators, spurring interest in laser accelerators as compact next-generation sources of energetic electrons and radiation. To date, however, acceleration distances have been severely limited by the lack of a controllable method for extending the propagation distance of the focused laser pulse. The ensuing short acceleration distance results in low-energy beams with 100 per cent electron energy spread, which limits potential applications. Here we demonstrate a laser accelerator that produces electron beams with an energy spread of a few per cent, low emittance and increased energy (more than 10(9) electrons above 80 MeV). Our technique involves the use of a preformed plasma density channel to guide a relativistically intense laser, resulting in a longer propagation distance. The results open the way for compact and tunable high-brightness sources of electrons and radiation.     

在多孔Al2O3膜板上制备取向碳纳米管

在阳极氧化法制备的多孔Al2O3膜板上用CⅧ技术制备出了大面积且高度取向的碳纳米管及阵列,用透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)观察了碳纳米管阵列的表面形貌和单根碳纳米管的精细结构．分析了不同沉积条件对碳纳米管及阵列生长特性的影响．结果表明,阳极氧化法制备的Al2O3多孔膜板的高取向性使沉积生长其中的碳纳米管阵列也具有极佳的取向性和可控性．