原子与双光场耦合系统量子信息保真度研究

讨论了在相位阻尼作用下，一个二能级原子与两个不同光场相互作用时系统的量子信息保真度随时间演化的过程，并对一个任意纯态量子比特通过光场与二能级原子耦合系统进行量子传输的保真度进行了研究，分析了系统作为传输信道对信息的支持程度（即系统的传真度）；着重讨论了相位阻尼和失谐对量子传输保真度的影响，并且获得了通过该信道进行传输的最大保真度。     

二量子比特混合态隐形传输保真度研究

针对二量子比特混合态系统,利用描述态的密度矩阵研究了CHSH违反、混合度与隐形传输保真度的关系。通过共生纠缠度确定了隐形传输保真度的上、下限。结果表明,二量子比特混合态在CHSH违反最大位置或混合度最小位置获得最大隐形传输保真度,并可以通过增加共生纠缠度来提高隐形传输保真度。     

磁场作用下海森堡模型的热纠缠传态

研究了均匀磁场作用下的两量子比特XXZ海森堡模型的热纠缠,并且以此热纠缠混合态作为量子信道传输两量子比特的纠缠纯态.计算出输出态的纠缠度和传态的平均保真度.讨论了温度、磁场、各向异性参数对纠缠度和平均保真度的影响.     

基于信息保真度的最优信息传输

为度量信息被信道噪声干扰后的可恢复程度, 提出基于互信息的信息保真度概念, 并揭示保真度与互信息以及信息恢复方法误差概率之间的内在联系。 理论分析表明, 信道最大信息保真度能反映最优传输消息分布, 在此基础上把最优传输消息分布的求取转化为信息保真度极值问题, 并研究基于最大化信息保真度的最优信息传输。 以二元无记忆信道为例, 对其进行理论和数值分析, 并验证了最大保真度与信道容量以及最优传输消息分布之间的关系。 结果表明, 对较为复杂的信道模型, 基于信息保真度的最优化计算比信道容量的计算更为简洁。     

去极化信道的多次量子纠错

本文利用量子过程层析成像建立了一个适用于多次量子纠错的通用方案,以去极化信道为例,说明了此方案的可行性.发现单次纠错之后等价量子噪声信道.依然可以看作是保真度提高的去极化信道,且保真度的提高有着严格的解析表达式.在对初始信道保真度要求不高的情况下,能够很好地实现多次纠错,让其保真度达到需要的精度.     

利用三能级部分纠缠态的量子密集编码

量子信道为最大纠缠态的密集编码方案中,编码操作可以分为翻转操作和相位操作.存在相位编码操作是实现密集编码的关键,构造了量子信道为三能级部分纠缠态的相位密集编码算符,并给出了存在相位编码的条件.     

非绝热和乐量子计算新进展

量子计算是基于量子力学规律调控量子信息单元进行计算的一种新型计算模型.众所周知,对噪声不敏感的高保真度量子逻辑门是实现大规模量子计算的关键.几何量子计算是利用几何相位来实现量子逻辑门操作的量子计算策略,其特点是利用几何相位的整体性质避免某些局域噪声对量子操作的影响,从而实现高保真度的量子逻辑门.因此,基于几何相位的量子操控是量子信息处理领域中非常重要的研究课题.该文以基于非阿贝尔几何相位的和乐量子计算为例,介绍非绝热和乐量子计算方案的新进展.     

含噪多址量子信道容量定理的求证与应用

含噪多址量子信道的容量研究是实现量子多用户通信的基础.文中利用经典-量子纠缠产生编码定理和量子-量子纠缠产生编码定理求证了含噪多址量子信道容量定理,获得了含噪多址量子信道的经典-量子容量区域和量子-量子容量区域,并将该定理应用到多址量子相位翻转信道中,计算得到量子相位翻转信道的量子-量子容量区域,结果验证了容量定理的有效性,得到量子-量子容量区域是五边形区域.为了计算简便且不失一般性,求证过程考虑采用两输入-单输出信道的含噪多址量子信道模型.     

利用四维的二粒子纠缠态传送一个未知的二维二粒子量子态

利用四维的二粒子最大纠缠态作为量子信道可成功地传送一个未知的二维二粒子量子态,其成功几率及态的保真度均为100%。若量子信道为部分纠缠态,也可以几率传送此量子态,其成功几率由部分纠缠态的最小Schm idt系数决定,态的保真度为100%。     

一种新的量子密钥分发、认证协议

为了提高量子密钥的分发效率,降低信道要求,并在密钥分发过程中实现身份认证,提出了一种新的量子密钥分发协议,在该协议中载波光子的发送与接收仅由一方完成.该协议只有一条量子信道,通过在量子信道的中段对光子进行偏振调制,可将欲传递的信息附加到光子上;同时,该协议通过通信双方的共享信息进行身份认证,避免了以往同类协议中不安全的经典信道.该协议属于偏振光类型的量子传输协议.当收发均由一方进行时,能有效地提高光子的利用效率,并增强安全性能.     

Experimental entanglement purification of arbitrary unknown states

Distribution of entangled states between distant locations is essential for quantum communication over large distances. But owing to unavoidable decoherence in the quantum communication channel, the quality of entangled states generally decreases exponentially with the channel length. Entanglement purification--a way to extract a subset of states of high entanglement and high purity from a large set of less entangled states--is thus needed to overcome decoherence. Besides its important application in quantum communication, entanglement purification also plays a crucial role in error correction for quantum computation, because it can significantly increase the quality of logic operations between different qubits. Here we demonstrate entanglement purification for general mixed states of polarization-entangled photons using only linear optics. Typically, one photon pair of fidelity 92% could be obtained from two pairs, each of fidelity 75%. In our experiments, decoherence is overcome to the extent that the technique would achieve tolerable error rates for quantum repeaters in long-distance quantum communication. Our results also imply that the requirement of high-accuracy logic operations in fault-tolerant quantum computation can be considerably relaxed.     

基于弱测量和量子反弱测量的三能级量子系统稳定研究

利用弱测量和量子反弱测量方法研究了一个V-型三能级量子系统处在振幅耗散退相干环境作用下的问题.得到了相应的最优化条件、保真度以及成功率解析表达式.通过数值模拟,发现到当弱测量和量子反弱测量强度在满足一定条件下,该退相干的三能级量子系统能有效稳定.     

Experimental purification of two-atom entanglement

Entanglement is a necessary resource for quantum applications--entanglement established between quantum systems at different locations enables private communication and quantum teleportation, and facilitates quantum information processing. Distributed entanglement is established by preparing an entangled pair of quantum particles in one location, and transporting one member of the pair to another location. However, decoherence during transport reduces the quality (fidelity) of the entanglement. A protocol to achieve entanglement 'purification' has been proposed to improve the fidelity after transport. This protocol uses separate quantum operations at each location and classical communication to distil high-fidelity entangled pairs from lower-fidelity pairs. Proof-of-principle experiments distilling entangled photon pairs have been carried out. However, these experiments obtained distilled pairs with a low probability of success and required destruction of the entangled pairs, rendering them unavailable for further processing. Here we report efficient and non-destructive entanglement purification with atomic quantum bits. Two noisy entangled pairs were created and distilled into one higher-fidelity pair available for further use. Success probabilities were above 35 per cent. The many applications of entanglement purification make it one of the most important techniques in quantum information processing.     

伊辛模型中的纠缠动力学

伊辛模型是最简单的海森堡模型,对该模型中纠缠的研究将极大地推动固态量子计算机的发展.在考虑系统相位消相干的基础上,研究了带有Dzyaloshinski-Moriya(DM)相互作用的两量子比特伊辛链中的纠缠动力学问题后发现:相位消相干和DM相互作用对纠缠的影响依赖于系统初态的形式.对某些初态来说,系统纠缠始终不变;对另外一些初态来说,系统纠缠随时间振荡并逐渐减小,增加DM相互作用将减小纠缠和振荡周期,增加相位消相干率也将减小纠缠,但振荡周期不变.     

Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics.

Quantum communication holds promise for absolutely secure transmission of secret messages and the faithful transfer of unknown quantum states. Photonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum communication. However, owing to losses and decoherence in the channel, the communication fidelity decreases exponentially with the channel length. Here we describe a scheme that allows the implementation of robust quantum communication over long lossy channels. The scheme involves laser manipulation of atomic ensembles, beam splitters, and single-photon detectors with moderate efficiencies, and is therefore compatible with current experimental technology. We show that the communication efficiency scales polynomially with the channel length, and hence the scheme should be operable over very long distances.     

Optical pumping of a single hole spin in a quantum dot

The spin of an electron is a natural two-level system for realizing a quantum bit in the solid state. For an electron trapped in a semiconductor quantum dot, strong quantum confinement highly suppresses the detrimental effect of phonon-related spin relaxation. However, this advantage is offset by the hyperfine interaction between the electron spin and the 10(4) to 10(6) spins of the host nuclei in the quantum dot. Random fluctuations in the nuclear spin ensemble lead to fast spin decoherence in about ten nanoseconds. Spin-echo techniques have been used to mitigate the hyperfine interaction, but completely cancelling the effect is more attractive. In principle, polarizing all the nuclear spins can achieve this but is very difficult to realize in practice. Exploring materials with zero-spin nuclei is another option, and carbon nanotubes, graphene quantum dots and silicon have been proposed. An alternative is to use a semiconductor hole. Unlike an electron, a valence hole in a quantum dot has an atomic p orbital which conveniently goes to zero at the location of all the nuclei, massively suppressing the interaction with the nuclear spins. Furthermore, in a quantum dot with strong strain and strong quantization, the heavy hole with spin-3/2 behaves as a spin-1/2 system and spin decoherence mechanisms are weak. We demonstrate here high fidelity (about 99 per cent) initialization of a single hole spin confined to a self-assembled quantum dot by optical pumping. Our scheme works even at zero magnetic field, demonstrating a negligible hole spin hyperfine interaction. We determine a hole spin relaxation time at low field of about one millisecond. These results suggest a route to the realization of solid-state quantum networks that can intra-convert the spin state with the polarization of a photon.     

Decoherence in crystals of quantum molecular magnets

Quantum decoherence is a central concept in physics. Applications such as quantum information processing depend on understanding it; there are even fundamental theories proposed that go beyond quantum mechanics, in which the breakdown of quantum theory would appear as an 'intrinsic' decoherence, mimicking the more familiar environmental decoherence processes. Such applications cannot be optimized, and such theories cannot be tested, until we have a firm handle on ordinary environmental decoherence processes. Here we show that the theory for insulating electronic spin systems can make accurate and testable predictions for environmental decoherence in molecular-based quantum magnets. Experiments on molecular magnets have successfully demonstrated quantum-coherent phenomena but the decoherence processes that ultimately limit such behaviour were not well constrained. For molecular magnets, theory predicts three principal contributions to environmental decoherence: from phonons, from nuclear spins and from intermolecular dipolar interactions. We use high magnetic fields on single crystals of Fe(8) molecular magnets (in which the Fe ions are surrounded by organic ligands) to suppress dipolar and nuclear-spin decoherence. In these high-field experiments, we find that the decoherence time varies strongly as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The theoretical predictions are fully verified experimentally, and there are no other visible decoherence sources. In these high fields, we obtain a maximum decoherence quality-factor of 1.49?×?10(6); our investigation suggests that the environmental decoherence time can be extended up to about 500 microseconds, with a decoherence quality factor of ～6?×?10(7), by optimizing the temperature, magnetic field and nuclear isotopic concentrations.     

利用超导量子干涉仪制备N比特团簇态（英文）

利用两个超导量子干涉仪与腔场的相互作用,提出一种实现标准两比特量子相位门的方案。利用构造的两比特相位门,还提出了一种制备N比特团簇态的方案。在此方案中,量子信息被编码在两个超导量子干涉仪的相对稳定的基态上。在两个超导量子干涉仪与单模腔场的相互作用过程中,由于超导量子干涉比特的激发态被绝热地消去,激发态所引起的消相干得到了有效的抑制。此外,还讨论方案的实验可行性。     

Decoherence of quantum superpositions through coupling to engineered reservoirs

The theory of quantum mechanics applies to closed systems. In such ideal situations, a single atom can, for example, exist simultaneously in a superposition of two different spatial locations. In contrast, real systems always interact with their environment, with the consequence that macroscopic quantum superpositions (as illustrated by the 'Schrodinger's cat' thought-experiment) are not observed. Moreover, macroscopic superpositions decay so quickly that even the dynamics of decoherence cannot be observed. However, mesoscopic systems offer the possibility of observing the decoherence of such quantum superpositions. Here we present measurements of the decoherence of superposed motional states of a single trapped atom. Decoherence is induced by coupling the atom to engineered reservoirs, in which the coupling and state of the environment are controllable. We perform three experiments, finding that the decoherence rate scales with the square of a quantity describing the amplitude of the superposition state.