甘蔗渣焙烧软锰矿的热重红外联用(TG-FTIR)分析

为探讨甘蔗渣焙烧还原软锰矿过程的反应机理,利用热重红外联用(TG-FTIR)技术在线分析甘蔗渣、矿渣混合物的热失重行为及其热解产物,结果表明:甘蔗渣和矿渣混合物的失重都主要发生在230～500℃,两者的最大失重速率都在380℃,在线红外光谱跟踪产物分析表明,甘蔗渣的热解气体产物中有二氧化碳、烃类、醇类、醛类和酸类等物质,而矿渣混合物的气体产物却主要是二氧化碳。     

低品位软锰矿流态化还原焙烧

采用流化床和马弗炉,进行了流态化还原焙烧与静态堆积焙烧对比实验,前者还原焙烧时间和还原效率明显优于后者．以CO和N2分别作为还原气体和流体介质进行了流态化还原焙烧实验,考察焙烧温度、焙烧时间和还原气氛等对还原效率的影响．在焙烧温度800℃、焙烧时间3min以及CO体积分数10％时,软锰矿中二氧化锰的还原效率大于97％．在此基础上导出了还原动力学方程,并证实还原过程由界面化学反应控制,求得表观活化能为38．817kJ·mol^-1.     

强化氧化对石煤钙化焙烧提钒的影响

研究石煤钙化焙烧参数对提钒效果的影响,确定合理的焙烧参数:当焙烧温度为950℃,焙烧时间3 h,碳酸钙添加量为质量分数6%时,石煤焙烧料中钒的浸出率为63%。在此基础上研究增强氧化对提钒效果的影响,比较通空气和添加MnO2这2种情况下提钒的效果。用化学物相分析和钒价态分析等技术探讨加强氧化提高钒浸出率的原因。空气通入速度为0.48 L/h时,钒的浸出率为69%;MnO2添加量(质量分数)为3%时,钒浸出率为68%。研究结果表明,加强氧化后矿石的结构被破坏,V5+含量提高,生成更多易溶于酸的钒酸钙类物质。     

石煤钠化焙烧料酸浸动力学

研究了石煤钠化焙烧料硫酸浸出过程中,浸出剂初始浓度、搅拌速度和浸出温度对浸出率的影响,并对浸出过程动力学进行了分析. 结果表明:浸出剂初始浓度和浸出温度对钒浸出率有显著影响,搅拌速度对钒浸出率影响不大;该浸出过程符合核收缩模型,与化学反应控制动力学方程式相吻合,浸出反应的表观活化能为50.88kJ·mol-1,浸出过程控制步骤为化学反应控制.     

软锰矿在辉钼矿焙烧过程中的固硫作用

为克服辉钼矿传统焙烧-氨浸工艺中含硫烟气对环境的严重污染, 提出联产钼酸铵和硫酸锰的软锰矿与辉钼矿共同焙烧新工艺, 并从热力学角度和通过热重分析等手段在理论上论证该新工艺的可行性. 根据焙烧产物的性质, 设计了软锰矿和辉钼矿共同焙烧新工艺的工艺流程, 采用分段升温焙烧, 研究了辉钼矿与软锰矿的物料配比对固硫率的影响. 研究结果表明: 加入软锰矿可以显著降低辉钼矿的焙烧温度, 在450～550 ℃时, MoS2的分解率可达100%, 产物以MnMoO4为主;焙烧过程中的固硫率随着MnO2含量增加而升高, 固硫效果非常明显, 当n(MnO2):n(MoS2)=9时, 固硫率接近98%.     

芦丁还原浸出低品位软锰矿的研究

为了研究糖蜜酒精废液中有机物还原浸出软锰矿的机理,采用芦丁为还原剂,在酸性介质中直接浸出低品位软锰矿。通过正交实验和单因素实验,研究了芦丁浓度、硫酸浓度、反应温度、浸出时间等因素对锰浸出率的影响,并对反应过程机理进行了初步探讨。实验结果表明,影响锰浸出率的主要因素依次为反应温度、硫酸浓度、浸出时间和芦丁浓度;当硫酸初始浓度2.35 mol/L,芦丁初始浓度0.041 mol/L,反应温度90℃,浸出时间90 m in时,锰浸出率达94.9%。     

以煤泥为还原剂海滨钛磁铁矿直接还原焙烧反应历程

研究以煤泥为还原剂,印尼某海滨钛磁铁矿在直接还原焙烧过程中,不同焙烧温度下矿物组成变化规律. X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,钛磁铁矿逐渐被还原. 其中铁矿物经过浮士体( FeO) ,最终被还原成金属铁;而钛则经过钛尖晶石最终生成钛铁矿和少部分的铁板钛矿. 在整个直接还原焙烧过程中,金属铁颗粒在1100℃左右生成,然后不断长大,在1250℃时金属铁颗粒明显增多,在之后的保温过程中,金属铁颗粒不断长大,并在此过程中将金属铁从中分离出来.     

碳质石煤与生物质混合焙烧过程的热分析研究

以湖北襄樊的碳质石煤为原料,通过热力学理论分析和热分析实验对石煤与生物质混合共焙烧过程进行研究。结果发现：混合焙烧过程中,各种物质反应的先后顺序为有机质的氧化反应→黄铁矿的氧化反应→钒的氧化反应;生物质的加入为打破石煤中的云母晶格提供了大量的热量,使石煤中的还原性物质反应温度降低且反应时间缩短,对石煤的脱碳与焙烧起相应的促进作用。     

Comparison of the mechanisms of microwave roasting and conventional roasting and of their effects on vanadium extraction from stone coal

Experiments comparing microwave blank roasting and conventional blank roasting for typical vanadium-bearing stone coal from Hubei Province in central China, in which vanadium is present in muscovite, were conducted to investigate the effects of roasting temperature, roasting time, H₂SO₄ concentration, and leaching time on vanadium extraction. The results show that the vanadium leaching efficiency is 84% when the sample is roasted at 800℃ for 30 min by microwave irradiation and the H₂SO₄ concentration, liquid/solid ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time are set as 20vol%, 1.5:1 mL·g-1, 95℃, and 8 h, respectively. However, the vanadium leaching efficiency achieved for the sample subjected to conventional roasting at 900℃ for 60 min is just 71% under the same leaching conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the microwave roasted samples contain more cracks and that the particles are more porous compared to the conventionally roasted samples. According to the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses, neither of these roasting methods could completely destroy the mica lattice structure under the experimental conditions; however, both methods deformed the muscovite structure and facilitated the leaching process. Comparing with conventional roasting, microwave roasting causes a greater deformation of the mineral structure at a lower temperature for a shorter roasting time.     

高硫铝土矿微波焙烧预处理

为了解决高硫铝土矿马弗炉焙烧脱硫效率不高问题,采用微波加热方式对高硫铝土矿进行焙烧,考察了焙烧温度和焙烧时间对矿物中硫含量的影响。用XRD技术对焙烧矿物晶型结构进行了分析,结果表明,微波焙烧温度400℃、焙烧时间2min时,焙烧矿中硫元素含量已低于0.7%;微波焙烧温度550℃、焙烧时间10min时,焙烧矿中硫元素含量为0.23%。微波使黄铁矿分离出S2-,并促使S2-向表面扩散与氧反应生成SO2气体,加速硫的逸出,提高了脱硫效率。     

煤种对红土镍矿中镍选择性还原的影响机理

以某含镍1.86%(质量分数)、铁13.24%(质量分数)的红土镍矿为对象,分别采用石煤和无烟煤作为还原剂,考察了煤种对红土镍矿中镍的选择性还原的影响.结果表明,用石煤作为还原剂能够达到镍选择性还原的目的.X射线衍射及扫描电镜分析研究表明,还原过程中镍、铁先以镍纹石形式存在,随着煤用量增加,逐渐变为以铁纹石形式存在.同时随着煤用量的增加,焙烧后生成的含镍铁矿物中镍的比例逐渐递减,而铁的比例逐渐递增.石煤为还原剂时焙烧产物中主要以镍纹石的形式存在,同时金属铁的生成量比无烟煤作还原剂时低,因此采用石煤作还原剂比无烟煤作还原剂对镍还原具有更强的选择性,可以得到更高镍品位的镍铁精矿.     

内配煤用量对某难选铁矿石压块直接还原焙烧的影响

针对某种低品位复杂难选铁矿石,研究原矿压块—直接还原—磨矿磁选工艺的影响因素和机理.将矿石破碎到粒径小于4mm后,加入一定量黏结剂C和内配煤压块,通过对压块、直接还原焙烧和磨矿磁选条件进行试验确定最佳工艺条件,采用X线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对原矿在不同内配煤用量下压块后直接还原反应机理进行研究.研究结果表明:在原矿直接还原反应中,不仅包括铁氧化物向金属铁的还原,而且存在低价铁氧化物与原矿中脉石之间的反应,生成了铁橄榄石和铁尖晶石.提高内配煤用量,有利于铁氧化物和铁橄榄石等的还原.内配煤用量较高时焙烧块中生成的金属铁晶粒出现明显地连接和长大,与脉石矿物边缘界限明显,从而其回收率较用量低时有明显升高.得到铁(晶)位为90.05％,回收率91.26％的直接还原铁产品.     

无烟煤还原硫化焙烧高硅低铁低品位锡中矿回收锡

A new method for separating and recovering tin from a low-grade tin middling with high Si content and low Fe content by roasting with anthracite coal was researched by studying the reaction mechanism and performing an industrial test, in which the Sn was sulfurized into SnS(g) and then collected using a dust collector. The Fe–Sn alloy may be formed at roasting temperatures above 950°C, and like the roasting temperature increases, the Sn content and Sn activity in this Fe–Sn alloy decrease. Also, more FeS can be formed at higher temperatures and then the formation of FeO–FeS with a low melting point is promoted, which results in more serious sintering of this low-grade tin middling. And from the thermodynamics and kinetics points of view, the volatilization of the Sn decreases at extremely high roasting temperatures. The results of the industrial test carried out in a coal-fired rotary kiln show that the Sn volatilization rate reaches 89.7% and the Sn is concentrated in the collected dust at a high level, indicating that the Sn can be effectively extracted and recovered from the low-grade tin middling with a high Si content and low Fe content through a reduction–sulfurization roasting process.     

Optimization of reaction conditions for the electroleaching of manganese from low-grade pyrolusite

In the present study, a response surface methodology was used to optimize the electroleaching of Mn from low-grade pyrolusite. Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate was used in this reaction as a reducing agent in sulfuric acid solutions. The effect of six process variables, including the mass ratio of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate to pyrolusite, mass ratio of sulfuric acid to pyrolusite, liquid-to-solid ratio, current density, leaching temperature, and leaching time, as well as their binary interactions, were modeled. The results revealed that the order of these factors with respect to their effects on the leaching efficiency were mass ratio of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate to pyrolusite > leaching time > mass ratio of sulfuric acid to pyrolusite > liquid-to-solid ratio > leaching temperature > current density. The optimum conditions were as follows: 1.10:1 mass ratio of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate to pyrolusite, 0.9:1 mass ratio of sulfuric acid to pyrolusite, liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.7:1, current density of 947 A/m2, leaching time of 180 min, and leaching temperature of 73℃. Under these conditions, the predicted leaching efficiency for Mn was 94.1%; the obtained experimental result was 95.7%, which confirmed the validity of the model.     

复杂银铜精矿的沸腾焙烧综合回收工艺

采用沸腾焙烧综合回收工艺对呷村复杂银铜精矿难浸出问题进行实验,以沸腾焙烧脱硫、脱砷→硫酸浸出铜、锌→氯盐浸出锑、银→NaClO3氧化浸金→碳铵转化铅的工艺进行处理,实现铜、锌、银、锑、铅、金、砷和硫等有价元素的综合回收.在硫酸化沸腾焙烧过程中控制1·1倍空气过剩系数、0·25~0·35m·s-1的工况炉膛线速度以及600~630℃的焙烧温度,可以避免高铅复杂银铜精矿的烧结,脱硫率为49·68%,烟气中SO体积分数为5·5%可满足制酸要求.     

玉米秸秆和稻草-硫酸还原浸出低品位软锰矿

研究了以低品位软锰矿为原料,用玉米秸秆和稻草为混合还原剂,在硫酸介质中还原浸出锰的效果.通过单因素实验确定了玉米秸秆和稻草-硫酸还原浸锰的适宜工艺条件,该适宜工艺条件如下:软锰矿粒径为109μm,玉米秸秆和稻草的质量比为1∶1.5,玉米秸秆和稻草还原剂与软锰矿的质量比为3∶10,硫酸浓度为3.0 mol/L,液固比为10 m L/g,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为80 min.在适宜的浸出工艺条件下,软锰矿中锰的浸出率可达97%以上,锰的浸出效果较好.     

钒离子指示电极在石煤焙烧料浸出动力学研究中的应用

以湘西吉首某地石煤矿为原料,在850℃焙烧6 h后,采用酸浸法从焙烧料提取钒,用钒离子指示电极在线跟踪石煤浸出过程中五价钒浓度的变化,研究浸出过程中的动力学;考察矿石粒径、pH值和浸出温度对浸出过程E--t曲线的影响.研究结果表明:钒离子指示电极电势测定结果受杂质Fe3+的影响很小,可以用于跟踪石煤焙烧料浸出过程中钒离子浓度的变化;硫酸浸出后,矿石粒度越小,溶液的酸度越大,浸出温度越高,五价钒离子越容易浸出.采用等高线法求算出石煤焙烧料浸出过程在高温段区的表观活化能Ea为1.56 kJ/mol,受扩散步骤控制;在低温段区的表观活化能Ea为3.99 kJ/mol,受化学反应步骤控制.     

Reductive leaching of manganese from low-grade pyrolusite ore in sulfuric acid using pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust as a reductant

Manganese (Mn) leaching and recovery from low-grade pyrolusite ore were studied using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) as a leachant and pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust as a reductant. The effects of the dosage of pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust to pyrolusite ore, the concentration of sulfuric acid, the liquid/solid ratio, the leaching temperature, and the leaching time on manganese and iron leaching efficiencies were investigated. Analysis of manganese and iron leaching efficiencies revealed that a high manganese leaching efficiency was achieved with low iron extraction. The optimal leaching efficiency was determined to be 20wt% pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust and 3.0 mol/L H₂SO₄ using a liquid/ solid ratio of 6.0 mL/g for 90 min at 90℃. Other low-grade pyrolusite ores were tested, and the results showed that they responded well with manganese leaching efficiencies greater than 98%.     

高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧及微生物脱磷试验

以湖北鄂西某高磷鲕状赤铁矿为研究对象,采用还原焙烧-弱磁选方法进行试验,并用黑曲霉对磁选后精矿进行微生物浸出脱磷研究.试验结果表明,正交实验得出各因素对精矿品位的影响顺序从大到小依次为焙烧温度、焙烧时间、还原剂比例、磨矿粒度.最佳焙烧-弱磁选条件为焙烧温度900℃、焙烧时间25 min、还原剂配比6％、磨矿粒度-0.074 mm95.08％,在此条件下获得精矿品位57.25％、回收率90.20％的较好的选别指标.黑曲霉对精矿中的磷元素具有较强的脱除能力,微生物浸出作用8d后,在较低的矿浆浓度下矿石的脱磷率为79.68％,矿石中的含磷量由0.85％降低到0.17％.该研究为微生物用于铁矿石的脱磷提供了理论依据.     

红土镍矿选择性还原焙烧过程中的相变转化

针对传统选矿方法难以回收低品位红土镍矿中有价金属镍的问题,采用选择性还原焙烧法研究了不同焙烧温度以及不同焙烧时间条件下红土镍矿(Ni品位为1.49％)中发生的微观结构变化以及相变转化.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜及X射线能谱分析等测试手段分析表明,在不同焙烧温度及不同时间条件下经选择性还原后的红土镍矿中,镍氧化物逐渐被还原成镍铁合金相,铁氧化物主要转变成浮氏体相,硅酸盐主要以橄榄石形式存在.最后通过还原焙烧磁选试验证实,还原剂为烟煤,添加剂为NCS,两者用量分别为原矿质量的2％和7％,在1200℃条件下焙烧50 min,磁选分离得到镍铁产品中镍品位为9.78％,镍的回收率为92.06％,镍铁回收率差为62.51％,实现了红土镍矿中镍铁的选择性还原.