Research on key technologies in design of middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

At the middle pylon of a three-pylon two-span suspension bridge, the effect of unbalanced loads on the adjacent spans may result in a series of technical bottlenecks in design, such as stability and anti-slippage between saddles and main cables. This article presents the researches conducted on structure selection and behavior characteristics of middle pylon, interaction mechanism between main cables and saddles and their anti-slippage safety performance, elastic and plastic stability analysis and safety assessment of steel middle pylon, and fatigue design load and method for steel pylon of Taizhou Bridge. According to the research results, a longitudinal inverted Y shape steel middle pylon is used in design, effectively solving many technical difficulties, and this type of pylon has become a suitable middle pylon structural form for many three-pylon two-span suspension bridges.     

Software development of modeling assistant for continuous suspension bridges with multi pylon

Building a reasonable and accurate finite element model is the first and critical step for structural analysis of complicated bridge. In this article, modeling assistant for continuous suspension with multi-pylon is developed based on .Net platform, with VB.Net, C# language and OpenGL graphic technique. With parameterized modeling method, finite element model of this kind of bridge can be built quickly and accurately, and multi-type element modeling with uniform parameters is realized. With advanced graphic technique, three-dimensional model graph can be real-timely previewed for intuitive data check. With an example of practice project, the accuracy and feasibility of this modeling method and practicality of this software are verified.     

Key technology for construction of connection between steel pylon and concrete pile cap of middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge is a suspension bridge with three pylons and two 1080m main spans. The middle pylon is a steel frame with longitudinal herringbone shape and lateral gate shape. The connection between steel pylon and concrete pile cap is a key part to transfer the huge inner force from the pylon to the foundation. Its construction quality is a critical factor to the overall structural loading of the whole bridge, therefore the contact ratio between the bearing steel plate of pylon and concrete pile cap is required to be over 75%. The inclined joint surface in two directions, longitudinally at 39/1920 and laterally at 1/4, posted a challenge to the construction works. Technological tests were carried out to find an optimal construction method by comparison, and finally the Post-Injection method was selected as it can meet the requirement of concrete strength and contact ratio at the connection. The successfully application of the Post-Injection method at Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge has provided an example and reference for similar projects in the future.     

Introduction to steel pylon hoisting of Taizhou Yangtze Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge is the first three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in the world. The middle pylon adopts deep water caisson foundation. The superstructure of the middle pylon employs herringbone shape along the bridge, and portal shape in the transverse direction for the first time in China. In this paper, the basic construction procedure, equipment, construction steps, the key construction technologies and methods of steel pylon are introduced.     

独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥经济及设计参数研究

为得到独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥的合理设计参数范围,通过对拉索、主塔、锚碇、主梁的材料用量和造价进行计算,建立了全桥总造价及单位桥长造价公式,据此开展了独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥合理背索自锚比例、锚碇主跨长度比、边主跨比及塔跨比的研究,并与其他斜拉桥型进行了对比。结果表明:考虑全桥跨越能力时,背索自锚比例宜取0.336~0.487范围内的大值,边主跨比宜取0.487~0.544范围内的小值,考虑单跨跨越能力时反之;当主跨跨度较小时,可取适当小于依据上原则的取值,当主跨跨度较大时反之;塔跨比宜取0.372左右,对应的主跨边索倾角为20.4°左右,跨径较小时取较大值,跨径较大时取较小值,与其他斜拉桥型无明显区别。独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥仅在边跨自锚段空间受地形条件限制时经济性能优于独塔常规斜拉桥,在常规地形并无优势。     

Comparison of seismic capacity/demand ratios of two kinds of foundation schemes of Taizhou Bridge

Pile group foundation and caisson foundation are two common foundation schemes of long-span bridges, and the seismic performances of the two kinds of foundations are different. Taking Taizhou Bridge as an example, which is the first kilometer level three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in the world, two foundation schemes are designed for the middle pylon, and two whole bridge models with two different foundation schemes of the middle pylon are established respectively in this paper. The effects of foundation-soil interaction are simulated by equivalent linear soil springs whose stiffnesses are calculated according to m method. Seismic capacity/demand ratios of the two models are calculated. The following conclusions can be drawn: the weak positions of the two schemes are not the same; if caisson foundation is adopted for the middle pylon, the weak position is the bearing capacity of the middle pylon foundation, while if pile group foundation is adopted for the middle pylon, the weak position is the bearing capacity of the side pylon foundation.     

Wind tunnel study on wind induced vibration of middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Full aero-elastic model tests are carried out to investigate wind-induced vibration of middle steel pylon of Taizhou Bridge. Model of the pylon under different construction periods is tested in both uniform and turbulent flow field. And the yaw angle of wind changes from transverse to longitudinal. Through full aero-elastic model testing, wind-induced vibration is checked, which includes vortex resonance, buffeting and galloping. Vortex resonance is observed and further studies are carried out by changing damping ratio. Based on wind tunnel testing results, wind-resistance of middle pylon is evaluated and some suggestions are given for middle pylon’s construction.     

翼吊发动机吊架结构等效建模及减振特性分析

为了验证翼吊发动机吊架结构设计对发动机振动传递的减振效果,必须对其进行相关的结构动力学分析。本文根据实际发动机吊架结构,采用ANSYS软件建立了吊架结构的等效模型,并对其进行了振动模态分析;在发动机三种典型工况（起飞、巡航、空慢）的实测载荷作用下,分析了吊架结构的减振特性,并研究了吊架结构减振效果与结构动刚度的关系。研究结果表明,发动机吊架结构设计具有较好的减振效果,但由于吊架结构的动刚度随激振力频率变大而增大,其高频减振效果稍有降低。     

自锚式悬索桥主要构件刚度对结构的影响分析

分别分析了自锚式悬索桥的主塔刚度、主缆刚度、吊索刚度和加劲梁刚度对桥梁的主缆、吊索、加劲梁、桥塔和桥墩内力、结构位移、结构动力特性的影响,讨论了设计中各构件尺寸确定的顺序.得出的有益结论可为该类桥的设计提供技术参数方面的参考.     

缆索承重桥梁桥塔自立状态涡激共振及其控制

在建的某大跨度悬索桥位处东南沿海,桥塔施工时期处于台风多发期,设计风速较高.对比其他同类型的桥塔,该桥桥塔发生涡振的可能性较大,有必要在初设计阶段评价桥塔涡振性能,并考虑采取有针对性的涡振控制措施.通过裸塔气动弹性模型风洞试验,分析了桥塔在多种工况中的涡振响应特点,表明涡振效应不容忽略.比较了气动措施、机械措施以及桥塔动力特性形态和风环境因素对于涡振响应的影响.     

钢锚箱连接对索塔锚固体系受力性能的影响

 为明确多节段钢锚箱式索塔锚固体系的传力机理,以杭州湾跨海大桥北通航孔桥为例,采用有限元分析软件(ANSYS11.0),研究了钢锚箱之间连接与不连接两种方式对索塔锚固体系受力性能的影响。结果显示,钢锚箱之间是否连接对锚固体系各节段以及节段内各构件承担的水平力影响较小,对各节段整体承担的竖向力无影响,而对各节段钢锚箱及塔壁承担的竖向力影响较大;钢锚箱之间是否连接对钢锚箱板件应力、混凝土塔壁应力以及栓钉剪力的分布规律具有明显影响,与钢锚箱不连接体系相比,钢锚箱连接体系各构件的应力或剪力分布更为均匀。     

Study in the design and manufacture process ofthe elastic cable anchor box in steel box girder of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge is a large span suspension bridge with three pylons. The elastic cables are installed to connect the steel tower and the steel box girder. The constraints can increase the safety coefficient of the middle saddle, and improve the stress conditions of the middle pylon and decrease the deflection in the middle of the main girder, as well as the longitudinal displacement of the main girder caused by live loads. The anchorage boxes of the elastic cable are installed in the wind fairing outside the vertical web plate of the box girder. Two anchor boxes form a pair and are arranged parallelly. Eight anchor boxes are installed in the bridge. In this paper, the design scheme and the technical difficulties in manufacturing are briefly discussed with the precision control techniques.     

结构参数变化对自锚式悬索桥动力特性的影响

自锚式悬索桥的动力特性主要包括体系的自振频率和主振型,它是自锚式悬索桥动力分析的基础和前提.通过建立空间有限元模型及工程实例,给出了前20阶频率和相应的振型,分别计算了恒载、加劲梁刚度、塔架刚度、矢跨比等结构参数变化对自锚式混凝土悬索桥动力特性的影响,并与相同跨径和结构参数的1座地锚式悬索桥进行了比较,对影响规律做了详细的讨论.     

超大跨度V塔斜拉桥的经济与力学特性

建立了超大跨度V塔斜拉桥和常规直立索塔斜拉桥的有限元分析模型.通过对比研究,给出了V塔斜拉桥的一些经济、力学特性.和常规直立索塔体系斜拉桥相比,当V塔斜拉桥的塔柱倾角为对应跨最外侧拉索倾角之半时,节省量最优,但此时塔柱材料用量仅节省6%,拉索用量节省1%,总节省量并不大.V塔斜拉桥能够降低塔高,减小拉索悬挂长度,增大拉索倾角,使得结构整体刚度增加,稳定性系数得以提高,算例中塔根弯矩比常规体系小26%左右.另外,V塔体系能更好地抵抗横向风荷载的作用,满足斜拉桥向更大跨度方向发展的需求.     

独塔混凝土宽箱梁斜拉桥结构设计与分析

南京六合新城龙池路跨滁河大桥主桥为100 m+85 m独塔混凝土宽箱梁斜拉桥,结构新颖,受力复杂.介绍该桥结构设计,建立三维空间有限元模型,对其成桥运营状态下主塔及宽箱梁的受力性能进行空间受力分析.结果表明,该桥设计合理,子结构在理论成桥状态下受力良好.     

Construction and alignment control of the middle steel pylon of Taizhou Bridge

In this paper, the general construction procedure of the steel middle pylon is briefly introduced. The alignment control of the pylon is carried out during the whole process of the construction. The control concept is extended to the manufacture stage. The manufacturing alignment errors are strictly controlled in the segments precast process in factory, and the errors are recognized and predicted precisely during the installation stage. The adjusting joints are employed to amend the accumulated errors, which ensure that the steel pylon alignment could satisfy the precision requirements after installation.     

大跨径三塔缆索承重桥梁力学参数敏感度分析

建立了主跨为1 400m的三塔悬索桥、三塔斜拉桥和三塔斜拉-悬吊协作体系3种桥型的有限元分析模型.考虑几何非线性效应,利用ANSYS参数化设计语言(APDL)编制了计算程序,分析了主梁的最大挠度、索塔塔顶最大位移及主缆抗滑移系数对主梁刚度、索塔刚度、塔梁约束刚度、矢跨比、中央扣等参数的敏感程度,并进一步确定了主梁刚度和索塔刚度合理取值范围.结果表明:主梁刚度对悬索桥影响较小;主塔刚度是3种桥型的核心参数;塔梁约束可改善3种桥型的力学性能;减小矢跨比或设置中央扣可提高结构刚度,但会降低主缆抗滑性能.     

基于ANSYS的主塔施工阶段静风受力分析

帆型桥体造型优美,倒映在水中的桥影恰似一艘帆船,给人以简约大方,迎风前行的感觉。某斜拉桥在横向桥采用单柱式塔型,纵桥向采用了帆型桥塔,主塔迎风面积较大,风对帆型结构产生的侧向推力也较大,有必要对桥塔施工过程进行抗风分析。为验算某斜拉主塔施工过程中,桥塔抗风是否符合安全要求,本文利用有限元程序ANSYS对其中三个工况进行分析计算。在模型中设置横撑和拉杆,对比有无横撑和拉杆对桥塔的影响,为工程施工提供参考依据。验算不均匀风速对帆型桥塔的影响,为结构设计提供参考依据。     

Aerodynamic problems of cable stayed bridges spanning over one thousand meters

The elongating of cable-stayed bridge brings a series of aerodynamic problems. First of all,geometric nonlinear effect of extreme long cable is much more significant for cable-stayed bridge spanning over one thousand meters. Lateral static wind load will generate additional displacement of long cables,which causes the decrease of supporting rigidity of the whole bridge and the change of dynamic properties. Wind load,being the controlling load in the design of cable-stayed bridge,is a critical problem and needs to be solved. Meanwhile,research on suitable system between pylon and deck indicates fixed-fixed connection system is an effective way for improvement performance of cable-stayed bridges under longitudinal wind load. In order to obtain aerodynamic parameters of cable-stayed bridge spanning over one thousand meters,identification method for flutter derivatives of full bridge aero-elastic model is developed in this paper. Furthermore,vortex induced vibration and Reynolds number effect are detailed discussed.     

Wind tunnel study of aerodynamic wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Segment sectional model tests are carried out to investigate the wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge, which has complicated three-dimensional flow due to its feature of double columns. Through the force measuring tests, aerodynamic force coefficients of every segment of the pylon columns have been obtained. It is found that the tested aerodynamic force coefficients are much smaller than those given by codes. The interference effects of aerodynamic force coefficients between columns of pylon are discussed. The results show that the interference effect is the most evident when the yaw angle is about 30 ° from transverse direction. This kind of interference effect can be described as diminutions in transverse aerodynamic force coefficients and magnifications in longitudinal aerodynamic force coefficients of downstream columns.